PROBLEM SET 2

Instruction: Write each statement in symbolic form and determine whether the argument is valid
or invalid using critical row.

a. If Caroline is late (l), we will not pursue our plan (~p). We did not pursue our plan. Therefore,
Caroline was late.

l→ ~p
l p ~p l →~ p ~p l
~p T T F F F T
∴l T F T T T T
F T F T F F
F F T T T F

b. If you are Mathematician (m), then you are logical (l). You are mathematician. Therefore, you
are logical.

m→l m l m→l m l
m T T T T T
∴l T F F T F
F T T F T
F F T F F

VALID

c. He will attend PLM (p) or UP (u). He did not attend UP. Therefore, he attended PLM.

p u p∨u ~u p
p∨u T T T F T
~u T F T T T
∴p F T T F F
F F F T F

VALID