CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

Stress is a feeling of strain that can be either physical or emotional.

Numerous situations that worsen a person's sentiments of resentment, irritation,
and anxiety lead to stress in that person's life. Stress is the body's reaction to a
demand or challenge. Although it may occasionally be advantageous, persistent
stress can have a negative impact on one's health. Stress levels might change
depending on how a person responds to a certain situation. Some people simply
don't care and are unconcerned by stress; they view it as a minor nuisance and
get on with their life. Stress is considered as a damaging, physiological, and
behavioral process that happens when the person seeks to achieve their goals on
a daily basis. Others worry about themselves more than is necessary, which has a
detrimental impact on their health .The causes of stress. Problems that threaten
to interfere with people's ability to function normally or that already do so people
to behave differently (Auerbach and Grambling, 1998).Malach, Pines, and Keinan
(2007) defined stress as the knowledge of disparity between Environmental
requirements (stressors) and a person's ability to meet them Auerbach and
Grambling (1998) considered any situation that can result in a risk or threat to
that is possible to view stress as positive.

Related Study
International Journal of Academic Research economics and management
sciences Vol. 7 , No. 3, July 2018, E-ISSN: 2226-3624 © 2018 HRMARS 103 Stress is
defined as a person’s psychological and physiological response to the perception
of a demand or challenge. Students are most frequently affected by stress due to
their academic and personal life. Students face various challenges, difficulties and
a whole lot of pressure in today’s competitive world. Students get to be trained in
handling stress and should get out from it. Stress is the process by which an
individual or a person reacts when opened to external or internal problems and
challenges. "the organism processes numerous systems to coordinate such
adaptive responses both at systematic and cellular levels "by this, stress has direct
effect on the brain and the whole anatomy of the body as such failure to adapt to
a stressful condition can result in brain malfunction, physiological problem and
also many areas of psychological challenge's in the form of depression, anxiety,
pain and burnout. Physiologically, stress-related diseases in the form
reproduction, cardiovascular, metabolism and gastrointestinal diseases are
determined by great areas of genetic and developmental factors which are
different from a person to a person but also symptoms of this disease may be
similar sometimes among individuals (Hell hammer & Hell hammer 2008. vii).
According to (Wheeler 2007,2), stress is physics word which refers to the amount
of force used on an object and it relates in real life as to how certain issues that
carry force applied to human life. Examples financial difficulties, health challenge
issues, conflicts with friends, all carry force or pressure on person's body -mind
and spirit. Some of the pressure or force originate from the environment but
most often comes from within a person's head in the form of worry, anxiousness,
regret, discouragement and low confidence. Therefore, stress is basically force
applied to a person and may result in a strain which is as a result of an
unmanaged stress that is when a person is not able to handle a challenge or
problem encountered strain result. To some people, the effect is minimal which
means they are able to endure pressure whiles in others the effect is enormous
and have an adverse effect. Stress is explained by (Pargman 2006, 5) as “An
uncertain reaction to external and internal factors” that means a negative or
positive reaction to environmental stimuli. In this regard, it is how the totality of
your body relate to changes and unfamiliar situations that present itself in the
course of time. During such a period, vital organs such as sexual organs, heart
rate, blood pressure, stroke volume, respiratory rate in the body react speedily.
Many hormonal responses are at peak.

As a Senior High School student we tend to be very vulnerable when handling situations that
are stressful, According to George Essel (2020), in his article entitled “Causes of students’ stress,
its effects on their academic success, and stress management by students’ he states in there that
There are factors that causes stress and first is the Relationship Factors, the term relationship
talks about how people are connected and the connection can be through blood, marriage,
adoption and other legal ways like neutralization for a country and registration. Environmental
Factors, where the students live and plays a major role in how their life will be in school.
Academic Factors is also one of the causes of stress to students, especially those students who
are pressured in getting certain results. Personal Factors would probably be the last factor that
causes stress to students, this factor deals about yourself. The four factors that causes stress to
SHS students, namely:
Relationship Factors, Environmental Factors, Academic Factors, and Personal Factors.
The first factor is the Relationship factor it caused stress to students because for instance,
others came from broken families, it is really hard having a broken family because they feel like
they are lonely and sometimes because over-thinking, cases like these leads into depression or
anxiety, relationship issues can also be conflicts with a friend, working or socializing with people
you are not familiar with, and contact with strangers. The student turns out to be stressed about
these issues and begins to think a lot about ways on how to solve their problems which leads to
them being distracted or having divided attention from academic work. In view of this
relationship, it might look very simple and easy to handle but at the long run, they really cause so
much stress than one can imagine especially in the life of students. Secondly, Environmental
factors it caused stressed to students because the biotic factors such as food availability, the
presence of predators, infection with pathogenic organisms or interactions with conspecifics, as
well as abiotic factors such as temperature, water availability and toxicants, common
environmental stressors are temperature, noise and crowds commonly here in the Philippines
where the surrounding is hot and crowded and there are some place here where the houses is
pretty close or what they call "squatter area" it is not only about the community they are into but
also how the environment in their school feels like, Some students turn to adapt to new
environment whiles others also feel discomfort being in a new environment. The environment
student finds themselves in can stress them up which may cause them not focus on their studies
or other academic issues and work. The third one is the Academic Factors this is the common
factors for students especially when they are pressure in passing projects when the deadline is
near, reporting, poor time management, assignments and of course especially for SHS students,
the research paper can also be a nerve-wrecking. In personal factors, stress exist when you have a
problem like how you view your body or having physical problem for example, when you are
having an insecurity about your skin-complexion, you tend to feel ashamed and conscious with
your physical appearance and scared to be judged by other people. Personal factor is also when
you lack having good attitude and problem in communicating with others. There also other
factors that causes the students to be stressed, according to Patrick Owusu (2017), Lack of
vacations or Breaks, the human body is in such a way that it needs some rest and break from time
to time. In a situation where students have to be in the learning and teaching environments for
long period of times affects the cognitive thinking of the students. Computer problems, we are in
the era of technological world and as a result of that most aspect of the human life is adapting to
changes to suit the environment to avoid difficulty, these changes do not only affect humans but
also institutions. Fear, fear is one of the biggest problem student face each day in and out in their
academic life. Fear in a student can be about failure or talking in public. Future worries, the
thought of how the future will turn out is a burden for most students, especially if the field of
their studies is one that has difficulties in finding a job. Unrealistic expectations, the o
expectations of students which in the real life seems impossible and most often their colleagues
or friends make fun of them whenever they talk about it.
Students need to take a break in order to unwind and clear their brains after all the exhausting
days and sleepless nights they have experienced. When kids spend a lot of time working in
school, they get too worn out and sluggish to continue their studies and other required
schoolwork. Long-term, these emotions lead to tension in the pupils because they lack the energy
to participate in the teaching and learning process. The majority of students lack the computer
skills necessary for academic work since they only use their computers to check social media,
play games, and browse pointless websites, rather than using them wisely. The hardest challenge
for a pupil to overcome is facing their fear. When a student fear failing, they are always hesitant
to take initiative, even when they know it's the right thing to do, or to speak up for what they
believe in. As a result, they become anxious whenever they face situations like these.

According to Stephen William (1990) in his book kittled " Managing Pressure for Peak
performance - posture approaches to stress defines or start of the process of stress, which is
the final outcome or the possible response to pressures. According to him pressure becomes
stress and the process by which pressure become stress is called stress process" Marshall and
Cooper (1981) argued that stress is a different phenomenon form of pressure. Stress is
something more than mere pressure. It carries strong overtones of the breakdown of normal
human performance. When students consider their future plans, they become anxious. The
majority of these thoughts center on whether or not they will be a burden on society or a
valuable tool for it. Finally, they had expectations for themselves. These expectations are
sometimes feasible, but because of how improbable they sound and the pressure their
environment is putting on them, they make people ponder what they must do to achieve them
and become anxious trying to find ways to do so. Students experience stress as a result of the
pressure to achieve high academic standards, balance extracurricular activities with studying,
and spend time with family. It can be challenging to balance these demands all at once.
According to Douglas Carlson (2016), stress has three detrimental consequences on kids. First,
there is a connection between stress levels and poor sleep quality. According to the Anxiety and
Depression Association of America, 70% of people who report ongoing stress have problems
falling or staying asleep. Teenagers need at least eight hours of sleep per night to perform at
their best, but only around 15% of them receive that much, according to the National Sleep
Foundation. Sleep deprivation has a negative influence on focus, learning, and stress
management. memory recall, listening, and problem-solving. Second, stress increases student
rage, which suggests that it may be the cause of some students' propensity for bullying.
According to the Mayo Clinic, stress heightens irritability and anger, which raises the risk of
furious outbursts and social disengagement. Students who are under stress may not only lash
out at other students but also avoid adhering to rules and treating teachers with respect. They
could behave disrespectfully online as well. Thirdly, stress lowers grades because it makes it
difficult for students to concentrate during class or when studying. Their emphasis on anger
may cause their whole work to deteriorate. Students may even quit school or stop attending
lessons as a result of stress. The National Election, according to Health Assessment, more than
25% of students claim that stress has negatively impacted their academic performance or
capacity to complete a course. It may not be a top priority for pupils to complete their studies
when they are under stress at home. The stress levels of pupils in the classroom are strongly
influenced by the stress levels of the teachers, according to study. At any time, stressors could
appear and interfere with your ability to focus and study. Both stress and lack of sleep can
negatively affect one's physical and emotional well-being. Depending on their age and other
considerations, experts advise that people aim for 7-9 hours of sleep each night. According to
research, sleep plays an important role in facilitating a variety of biological functions. These
consist of both mental and physical adjustments, such as muscle restoration. Lack of sleep can
lead to low energy, a bad mood, trouble concentrating, and a general inability to function
normally, which makes you unproductive when working on assignments for class or other
significant chores. For example, when students are under pressure, a person approaches them,
and for no apparent reason, they unthinkably lash out in rage at that person. Your conflicted
emotions are growing, and you are unsure of how to possible restrain your temper. According
to research, stress lowers scores. When students are under stress or dealing with several issues,
they are less likely to prioritize their academic work. Sometimes, the feelings people are
experiencing are too much to handle. A pupil is put in settings that are challenging for them to
handle when stress is attacking their senses. But according to Mellisa Venable (2018),
persistently high levels of stress are associated with higher incidence of anxiety, depression,
cardiovascular disease, and other potentially fatal conditions. When a person is exposed to
stressors, or events that create stress, we experience a variety of physical, emotional,
behavioral, and cognitive reactions. Increased stress levels have some terrible repercussions.
Although it could appear that stress is truly uncontrollable, you actually have a lot more power
than you might think. Everyone, including you, can help the world overcome stress. Jennifer
Koebele (2019) asserts that teachers and staff can assist pupils by minimizing the amount of
homework they provide. Together, teachers can prevent assigning excessive amounts of
homework on the same nights or arranging assessments on the same day. No of their age,
students can benefit from moving around the classroom, working at "stations," taking
stretching breaks, etc. Keep the kids moving. Play music; studies have shown that it aids in
relaxation and concentration. The use of classical music in the classroom and during home
study sessions can benefit the students. Set aside time to organize; in lower grades, desks can
get disorganized rapidly, and in higher grades, lockers can also spiral out of control. Sharpening
pencils and throwing away outdated papers can give students a sense of control. Listen, it
doesn't have to take up a lot of class time to discuss topics that are upsetting the kids. Students
can put their worries aside by spending even five minutes discussing them, writing them on the
board, and dealing with them later.
Students sometimes ask for consideration when an unexpected crisis occurs and they are unable to
do their schoolwork on time, but some students abuse the teacher's good nature and use it as an
excuse. Teachers and staff can truly help students manage stress in these situations. Parents play a
significant part in helping kids manage stress. Simply demonstrating your support and caring for your
children is more than enough for them, and it helps them to feel less stressed and exhausted since
you've given them the motivation to work hard and do their best. The neighborhood may contribute by
creating a clean environment, even with only one piece of trash can be a significant benefit because
cleanliness lessens environmental problems, and anxious students will feel calm and at ease in clean
neighborhood or surroundings. Last but not least, the anxious student can help himself. Since breathing
becomes unpredictable when we are stressed, it is beneficial to practice using the natural manner of
breathing from the diaphragm. Lay down and put one hand on your chest and the other on your abs.
Breathe in through nose and out through mouth.

Theoretical Framework
According to the book called The Stress Proof Brain of Melanie
Greenberg (2017) that Stress is, unfortunately, a natural part of life—
especially in our busy and hectic modern times. But you don’t have to
let it get in the way of your health and happiness. Studies show that the
key to coping with stress is simpler than you think—it’s all about how
you respond to the situations and things that stress you out or threaten
to overwhelm you. Melanie Greenberg explains that stress is can affect
our health and can cause illness, comprehensive tools based in
mindfulness, neuroscience, and positive psychology to help you put a
stop to unhealthy responses to stress—such as avoidance, tunnel
vision, negative thinking, self-criticism, fixed mindset, and fear. Instead
discover things that empowering you to master your emotional
responses, overcome negative thinking, and create a more tolerant,
stress-proof brain.
Conceptual Framework
This study shows the interrelation of independent and dependent variables wherein
the dependent variables are the stressors and the indicators of stress while the
independent variable is the effects of stress to the SHS students. The results of this
study will be the basis for the output which is Stress Management Program.

Independent Variables Dependent Variables Output

Effects of stress Stress

-Stressors to the SHS Management
-Indicators of Students
stress

Definition of Terms
For better and clearer understanding of this study, the following terms are defined
operationally and conceptually:
Stress – this term refers to a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come
from any event or thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry or nervous, (Adam,
2020). As used in this study, this term refers to the biggest factor that affects the
well – being of the students.
Students –this term refers to a person formally engaged in learning especially one
enrolled in a school, (Murphy, 2015). As used in this study, this term refers to the
individuals that are most likely affected by stress.
Stress Management – this term refers to making of changes to your life if you are
in a constant stressful situation, preventing stress by practicing self – care and
relaxation and managing your response to stressful situations when they do occur,
(Gonzales, 2016). As used in this study, this term refers to the method that is used
by students in overcoming and coping up with stress.
Neuroscience- any or all of the sciences that study the structure or operation of the
nervous system or brain, including experimental psychology and neurochemistry.
Discouragement- a decline in confidence or enthusiasm; dejection.