MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Branch: NOIDA

Session: 2022-23

THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

The equation of a line passing through a given point (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and having Direction ratios <a , b, c > is
given by

Cartesian Equation : = =

Vector equation : r⃗ = a⃗ + λb⃗ where 𝑎⃗ = 𝑥 𝚤̂ + 𝑦 𝚥̂ + 𝑧 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑎𝚤̂ + 𝑏𝚥̂ + 𝑐𝑘 .

When two points are given instead of DRs , then

a=x −x ; b= y −y ; c =z − z .

When two lines are parallel : DRs are proportional l ∥ l

Angle between two lines : r⃗ = a⃗ + λb ⃗ and r⃗ = a⃗ + μb ⃗

b ⃗. b ⃗
cos θ =
b⃗ b⃗

Questions
1. Find the vector equation of a line which passes through the point with position vector 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 4𝑘 and is in the
direction of ı̂ + ȷ̂ − 2k. also, reduce it to Cartesian form.
2. Find the vector equations through A(3 , 4 , -7) and B (1 , -1, 6). Find also, its Cartesian equations.
3. The points A(4,5,10) B(2,3,4) and C(1 , 2 , -1 ) are three vertices of a parallelogram ABCD. Find vector and
Cartesian equations for sides AB and BC and find the coordinates of D.
4. Find the vector equation of a line passing through a point= with position vector 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and parallel to the
line joining the points −𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 2𝑘. Also, find the Cartesian equivalent of this equation.
5. Find the Cartesian equation of a line passing through the points A(2 ,1,- 3) and B (4 , 2, 1). Also, reduce it to
vector form.
6. The Cartesian equations of a line are 6x – 2 = 3y +1 = 2z – 2. Find its direction ratios and also find vector
equations of the line.
7. Find the direction cosines of the line = , 𝑧 = −1. Also, find the vector equation of the line.
8. Find the point on the line = = at a distance of 3√2 from the point (1,2,3).
9. Find the Cartesian equation of a line passing through (1 , -1 , 2) and parallel to the line whose equations are
= = .
10. Find the angle between the lines = , 𝑧 = 2 and = = .
11. Find the equation of a line passing through a point (2,-1, 3) and parallel to the line r⃗ = (ı̂ + ȷ̂) + λ 2ı̂ + ȷ̂ − 2k .
12. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (-1, 3,-2) and perpendicular to the lines = = and
= = .
13. Find the value of 𝜆 so that the lines = = and = = are at right angle.
14. Show that the lines = = and = = intersect and find their point of intersection.
15. Show that the lines = = and = = do not intersect.
16. Prove that the line through A (0 , -1 , -1) and B (4 , 5 , 1) intersects the line through C (3 , 9, 4) and D (-4 , 4 , 4).
Also, find their point of intersection.
17. Prove that the line 𝑟⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 𝑘 + 𝜆(3𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂) and 𝑟⃗ = 4𝚤̂ − 𝑘 + 𝜇 2𝚤̂ + 3𝑘 intersect and find their point of
intersection.
18. Find the foot of perpendicular from the point (0,2,3) on the line = = . Also, find the length of
perpendicular.
19. Find the length of perpendicular from the point (1,2,3) to the line = = .
20. Find the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 5𝑘 to the line r⃗ = 11ı̂ − 2ȷ̂ − 8k +
λ 10ı̂ − 4ȷ̂ − 11k . Also, find the length of the perpendicular.
21. Find the image of the point (1,6,3)in the line = = . Also, write the equation of the line joining the
given point and its image and find the length of the segment joining the given point and its image.
22. Find the shortest distance between the lines
r⃗ = (4ı̂ − ȷ̂) + λ ı̂ + 2ȷ̂ − 3k and r⃗ = ı̂ − ȷ̂ + 2𝑘 + λ 2ı̂ + 4ȷ̂ − 5k .
23. Find the shortest distance between the lines
= = and = = .
24. By computing the shortest distance determine whether the following pairs of lines intersect or not:
a. r⃗ = (ı̂ − ȷ̂) + λ 2ı̂ + k ; r⃗ = (2ı̂ − ȷ̂) + μ ı̂ − 𝚥̂ − k .
b. = =z; = ;z = 2
25. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are

r⃗ = ı̂ + 2ȷ̂ + 3𝑘 + λ 2ı̂ + 3𝚥̂ + 4k and r⃗ = 2ı̂ + 4ȷ̂ + 5𝑘 + λ 4ı̂ + 6𝚥̂ + 8k .

26. Find the angle between the lines = , 𝑧=2 and = = .
27. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (1,2,-4) and perpendicular to the lines : =
= and = =
28. Find the equation of the line passing through the point (-1, 3, -2) and perpendicular to the lines = = and
= = .
29. Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by the equations 3l +m + 5n = 0, 6mn + 2nl +
5lm =0
30. Find the shortest distance between the lines = = and = = . Also, find the equations
𝐱 𝟓 𝐲 𝟕 𝐳 𝟑
of this line. 𝟐
= 𝟑
= 𝟔
.
31. Find the equations of the line which intersects the lines = = and = = and passes
𝐱 𝟏 𝐲 𝟏 𝐳 𝟏
through the point (1,1,1). 𝟑
= 𝟏𝟎
= 𝟏𝟕
32. Prove that the lines whose direction cosines are given by al + bm + cn =0, fmn + gnl + hlm = 0 are
a. Perpendicular iff + + = 0
b. Parallel if a2f2 +b2 g2 +c2h2 – 2 (bcgh + cahf + abgf) = 0