Calculus

Indeterminate Forms & L’Hospital's Rule

(Q1.) If ① f (a ) = g(a ) = 0 ② f ′ and g ′ are continuous and ③ g ′(a ) ≠ 0 , then show that
f (x ) f ′( x )
lim = lim
x →a g ( x ) x →a g ′( x )

Note: this proves a specific case for the L’Hospital’s Rule.

cos x e 2t − 1
(Q2.) limπ+
(Q3.) lim
x→ 21−sin x t →0 sint

1
1−x
x − tan x
(Q4.) lim x (Q5.) lim
+
x →1 x →0 x3
x −sin x ⎛ x 1 ⎞
(Q6.) lim (Q7.) lim⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
x →0 x − tan x x →1⎝ x − 1 ln x ⎠
⎛1 1 ⎞ (ln x )
2

(Q8.) lim ⎜⎜ − x ⎟⎟ (Q9.) lim

x →0 ⎝ x+
e − 1⎠ x →∞ x
ln( x 7 − 1)
(Q10.) lim (Q11.) lim (ln( x 7 − 1)−ln( x 5 − 1))
x →1 ln( x 5 − 1)
+
x →1+

(Q12.) lim sin( x )ln( x ) (Q13.) lim x tan−1( x )

x →0+ x →∞

ln x
(Q14.) lim e xsin( x1 ) (Q15.) Prove that lim = 0 for all p > 0
x →∞ x →∞ x p

(Q16.) Evaluate the followings by using “The List” ln( x ) << x p << b x << x x as x → ∞
x x2 2x ln x
(a) lim (b) lim (c) lim (d) lim
x →∞ e x x →∞ ln x x →∞ x 200 x →∞ (1.5)x

sinθ
(Q17.) Evaluate the followings by using “The Limit” lim =1
θ→0 θ

(a) lim x sin( x12 ) (b) lim x 2 sin( x1 ) (c) lim x 2 sin( x1 ) (d) lim x sin( x2 )
2
x →∞ x →∞ x →∞ x →∞

⎛ 1⎞
x

(Q18.) Given lim ⎜⎜1+ ⎟⎟ = e

x →∞ ⎝ x⎠
(a) Substitute t = x1 and show that lim (1+ t )t = e
1

+
t →0

⎛ a⎞ ⎛ ln4 ⎞⎟
bx 2x

(b) Prove “The Fact” lim ⎜⎜1+ ⎟⎟ = e ab (c) Evaluate lim ⎜⎜1+
x →∞ ⎝ x⎠ x →∞ ⎝ x ⎟⎠

Optional Challenges:
Give an example of a limit problem with “indeterminate form 00 ” but the answer is NOT 1

Reference: Sect 4.4, Single Variable Calculus by James Stewart, 8th edition