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CONVERGENCE OF SERIES
If we can find the sum of given series then the
series is converge otherwise diverge.
TEST OF CONVERGENcE
Nth term test
P-Series test
Integral test
Root test
Ratio test
Alternating series test
Geometric series
Telescoping series
Comparison test
Limit comparison test
P-series test
1 Is call p-siries
n 1 n p
n 1 2 3 4 5 .... n ....
1 1 1 1 1 1
n 1
Is called the harmonic series and it diverges since p =1.
Geometric Series
1 1 1 1 1
...
n 1 2 n 2 4 8 16
n 1
ar Where a = first term and r=common ratio
n 1
Each term is obtained from the preceding number by multiplying
by the same number r.
sn a ar ar ar ...ar
n1
2 3 sum of n term
rsn ar ar ar ...ar
2 3 n maltiply each term by r
sn rsn a a r n
a ar n
a(1 r ) n
sn ,r 1
1 r 1 r
if | r | 1, r 0 as n .
n
ar n 1
convg a
r 1
1 r
n 1 divg r 1
Comparison Test
b is converge if series c
n n is converge
where The terms of an are less than or
equal to term of bn
b is diverge if series a
n n is diverge
where The terms of an are greter than or
equal to term of cn
It’s like that
bn c n
a n
lim a n 0
Limit comparison test
If two serise are with positive term and
an
lim x c, 0c
bn
an and bn
Then the following series both are
Converge or diverge. n 1 n 1
an
an bn
limx 0 then if converge then
bn n 1 n 1
converge
bn diverge then an
a
lim x n then if
bn
n 1 n 1
diverge.
Nth term test
Nth term test is the test for diverges
Because sequence converge only in one condition
THEOREM:
a
i 1
i
lim an 0
n
Convergent
And series diverge in other all condition.
a
lim a n 0
or
i n
i 1
lim a n DNE
Divergent
n
Integral Test
If f (n ) = an for all n and f (n ) is 1)positive.
2)continues.
3)decresing.
for[1,∞)
f ( x ).dx is converge then a ( n ) is converge.
1
Ratio test
an be a series with positive terms
Let
and n N
an 1
lim n
an
Then
The series converges if ρ < 1
The series diverges if ρ > 1
The test is inconclusive if ρ = 1
Root test
an be a series with non-zero term
Let
and n N
lim n n | an | L
Then
The series converges if L< 1
The series diverges if L > 1 or is
infinite
The test is inconclusive if L= 1
Power Series (infinite polynomial inx)
c n x n c 0 c1 x c 2 x 2 .....c n x n ...
n0
x n
1 x x 2
x 3
x 4
... x n
n0
We can find when
a 1 r x
a n d
a 1
S , x 1
1 r 1 x
Convergence of a Power Series
There are three possibilities
1)There is a positive number R such that the series diverges for
|x-a|>R but converges for |x-a|<R. The series may or may
not converge at the endpoints, x = a - R and x = a + R.
(b
n bn 1 )
n 1
Telescoping Series:
If we can find the sum of the
(b b { bn }
s n b1 bn 1
telescoping series
(b b
s n n 1 ) b1 lim bn 1
n
n 1
Alternating Series
Two versions
( 1) k
ak a1 a2 a3 ...
k 1
(1)
k 1
ak a1 a2 a3 ...
k 1
Test for the convergence
1) { ak } is a decreasing sequence
( that is ak + 1 ≤ ak for all k )
2) lim a 0
k
k
a
this sequence is converges
k