ENVIRONMENTAL

SCIENCE
DCA 40182

DCA 40182 ENVIROMENTAL SCIENCE

DIPLOMA IN ARCHITECTURE
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

LECTURER NAME
TS.DR MARIA BINTI MOHAMMAD
DESIGNED BY
GAN JOO CHOW 14DSB20F2006
ANDERSON JOSH A/L AGUSTIAN XAVIER
14DSB20F2015
This E-book has been organized to fulfill the
requirements for the subject Environmental Science,
Diploma in Architecture. Thanks to Ts Dr Maria binti
Mohamad for giving guidance, knowledge, and
information approximately on Environmental Science
related info and explaining the ways it works.
Environmental Science is a study of environmental
studies and scrutiny of the environment in which the
building is to be built; understanding its social/cultural
context, climatic conditions, land type, etc is one of the
primary steps in architectural design. The study and
practice of designing environments (outdoors & indoors)
of varying scales that encompass elements of art,
environment, architecture, engineering, and sociology.
Architecture and Environmental Studies are natural
companions. It is impossible to design good buildings
without understanding their relationship to natural
systems. It is also impossible to understand the natural
environment without knowing how human intervention
affects it – both positively and negatively.

Architecture and Environmental Studies are natural

companions. It is impossible to design good buildings
without understanding their relationship to natural
systems. It is also impossible to understand the natural
environment without knowing how human intervention
affects it – both positively and negatively. Also learn
how to construct structures and spaces that are both
ecologically sustainable and environmentally safe.
Environmental designers and architects work on both
public and private spaces, used for leisure, recreational,
commercial, or living purposes. It includes not only
buildings, but the human-made spaces between
buildings, such as parks, and the infrastructure that
supports human activity such as transportation
networks, utilities networks, flood defences,
telecommunications, and so on
TOPIC 1 :

THERMAL
COMFORT
1.0 WHAT IS THERMAL COMFORT?

Thermal comfort describes the

human satisfactory perception of
the thermal environment. It refers
to a number of conditions in which
the majority of people feel
comfortable.

The consciousness for the comfort

of human beings depends on
conditions for the thermal balance
between the body and the
environment. It is determined by the
following factors:

Factors affect our thermal comfort in buildings

Temperature
Thermal radiation
Humidity
Air speed
02 Thermal comfort design strategies to
building design in tropical climate

Hot and dry climate design strategies

Use of shading devices

Use of water bodies, vegetation
Inward looking buildings
Shaded corridors Water bodies Compact planning
Use of courtyards
Use of wind catches or wind
towers

Vegetation Courtyards

Hot and humid climate design strategies

Buildings on stilts
Orientation in plan : North-
South
Low height of building
Building on stilts Sloping roof
Use of sloping roof
Access through verandahs or
galleries
Buildings scattered and
seperated by open spaces large
Scattered planning Orientation of building openings for maximum

Composite climate design strategies

Moderately compact
Provide mutual shading and
shelter
Orientation-preferably North
Use of terraces
& South
Use of louvers
Use of courtyards
Use of terraces
Buffer spaces located on over
heated sides ( south- west)
Use of pergolas
Mutual shading Use of pergolas
1.1.1 Thermal quantity, building thermal
specification in the hot and humid climate.

What Is Thermal Quantity ?

Thermal quantity is quantity of heat

transferred and measured that affected by

heat conduction, convection and radiation.

Graph Temperature versus heat supplied

Thermal performance of building elements.

Heat

Solar gain Heat flow

factor
Heat exchange
process
in buildings

Sol air Conductance

temperature and
resistance
The meaning of temperature, heat and heat

flow in thermal concept.

Temperature is actually not a physical quantity but it

can be thought of as a symptom as the outward

appearance of the thermal state of a body.

Heat is a form of energy, associated with the motion

of atoms or molecules and is capable of being

transmitted through solid and fluid media by

conduction, through fluid media by convection and

through empty spaces by radiation.

Heat flow heat energy tends to distribute it self evenly

until a perfectly diffused uniform thermal field is

achieved. It tends to flow from high temperature to

lower temperature zones, by any or all of the following

ways:
- conduction , convection and radiation-
Factors of heat transfer to the building

Convection Conduction Radiation

Definition: The transfer The transfer of heat The transfer of heat in

of heat by moving air through a solid material the form of

electromagnetic

Example: Warm air

Heat is transferred from waves.
rises and transfers warmer sections of the Heat is transferred

heat to the ceiling walls and ceiling to cooler from the roof to the

sections. ceiling.

1 Sun radiates heat

7 Convection causes
to the roof
warm air to rise and

the heat is lost

2 Roof radiates heat
6 Heat is conducted from to the ceiling
the warm air to the

ceiling
5 Heat is conducted
through the ceiling
to the attic air
3 Heat is conducted
throughn the
ceiling and radiated

into the home

4 Convection causes
warm air to rise
Factors of heat transfer to the building

Convection Conduction Radiation

The transfer of heat
The transfer of heat
The process of heat

through circulation
through two parts,
emitting as particles or

of air caused by a
waves
temperature

difference

1 sun radiates heat to

roof and walls
2 Heat conducts
through roof
3 Roof radiates
heat to ceiling

6
Heat seeks cold

by conducting 4
Walls and ceiling

through the
conduct heat through

walls, wasting
material and radiates it

heat throughout the building

5 Convection makes
warm air rise
1.1.2 Identify thermal comfort index,

building thermodynamic heat absorption and

natural ventilation.

A single scale which combines the effects

of various thermal comfort factors example:-
THERMAL air temperature
COMFORT INDEX humidity
air movement
radiation

Relationship between temperature and

energy to keep people comfortable in a

building while using energy in smarter ways

BUILDING
Law of thermodynamics:
THERMODYNAMIC Energy moves from place to place
Energy changes from one form to another
Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Characteristics of buildings that consider

HEAT
external environmental conditions and

ABSORPTION maintain internal conditions using the

(Thermal Mass
minimum resources of materials and fuel

in Buildings) active and passive building services systems.

Natural ventilation is the process in which air

NATURAL
is supplied and removed from an indoor

VENTILATION space by natural means without using

mechanical systems.
1:1:3 IDENTIFY FACTORS OF HEAT
TRANSFER TO THE BUILDING

CONDUCTION
1. Conduction is the internal diffusion of heat in a body due to temperature
differences across it.
2. One of the main potential heat transfer mechanisms by which internal
heating or cooling can be lost to the outside, resulting in high operating
costs, high carbon emissions and occupant discomfort.
3. Conduction can be prevented by insulating materials that have high
thermal resistance and further help reduce heat transfer between the
interior and exterior.

This is especially important in buildings where

there may be temperature differences between
the inside and outside of the building, such as
in buildings that are heated during the winter.

Temperature
Thermal conductivity varies
depending on temperature.
Depending on the conductor
material, as the temperature
rises, the thermal conductivity
of the material often rises as
well, increasing energy flow.

FACTORS THAT
AFFECT HEAT LONG
TRANSFER IN The length of material
BUILDINGS
MATERIALS that must flow through
The type of material used in energy can affect the
thermal conductivity can rate at which it flows. The
affect the rate of energy shorter the length, the
flowing between the two faster it will flow.
areas. The greater the
conductivity of the material,
the faster the flow of energy.
 RADIATION
1. Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy
in the form of waves or particles through space or
through a material medium.
2. The word "radiation" arises from the phenomenon
of waves radiating (that is, traveling out in all
directions) from a source.
3. This aspect leads to a system of measurements
and physical units that can be used for all types of
radiation.
4. Since the radiation expands as it travels through
space, and as its energy is conserved (in a
vacuum), all types of radiation from a point source Radiation symbol.
follow a law of the square of the song with respect
to the distance from the source.

Sunlight is an obvious source of

heat for homes. In addition,
invisible infrared radiation with
low wavelengths can carry heat
directly from hot objects to
cooler objects. Infrared radiation
is why you can feel the heat of a
hot burner element on the stove,
even from across the room.
Longer windows will allow Controlling
infrared rays coming from warm radiation in building
objects outside to radiate into
your home. Infrared radiation will
also bring the heat of your walls
and ceiling directly to your body.
Height
The higher the altitude, the
thinner the air, the smaller the
weak effect of the atmosphere on
solar radiation, the stronger the
solar radiation reaches the
ground.

radiation
factors in the
building

Levels of atmospheric pollution
if the pollution is heavy, it will weaken
the solar radiation strongly, and will
reach the ground with little solar
radiation.
Atmospheric transparency
high atmospheric transparency
has little effect on weakening
solar radiation, making solar
radiation reaching the ground
strong.
CONVECTION
1. Convection is the movement of fluids, such as air, by advection and
diffusion. This is a very important mechanism in building design.
2. Convection is a temporary and single or multi-phase fluid flow that
occurs spontaneously.
3. Due to the combined effects of various material properties and body
forces on fluids, most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy).
4. When the cause of convection is not determined, convection due to
thermal expansion and buoyancy effects can be assumed.
5. Convection can also occur in soft solids or mixtures where particles can
flow.

Air heated by a so-called gravity furnace

expands and rises, forming a convection
loop that transfers energy to other parts of
the room. As the air cools in the ceiling and
exterior walls, it contracts, eventually
becoming denser than room air and sinking
to the floor. A properly designed heating
system using natural convection, such as
this one, can be quite efficient in heating
the home uniformly.

Flowed through the

movement of fluids
(liquids and gases)
from hot areas to
cold areas

The factors that affect

the reception and loss
of heat by convection
depend on:
The part of the fluid
that receives heat will
expand, become less This continuous up and
dense and rise to the down circulation of fluid
top. is known as convection
currents

The cooler, denser part of

the fluid will sink to the
bottom.
Example Conduction, Convection,
Radition

Example 1 :

In a fireplace, heat transfer occurs by all three methods: conduction,

convection, and radiation. Radiation is responsible for most of the heat
transferred into the room. Heat transfer also occurs through
conduction into the room, but at a much slower rate. Heat transfer by
convection also occurs through cold air entering the room around
windows and hot air leaving the room by rising up the chimney.
https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/112-heat-specific-heat-and-heat-transfer

Example 2 :
Infomation:
Fenestration (architecture), the
design, construction, or
presence of openings in a
building.

Conduction, convection, and radiation heat

transfer take place almost everywhere we look. In a
building envelope, conduction primarily takes place
through opaque envelope assemblies, convection is
Heating, ventilation, and air
usually the result of wind or pressure-driven air conditioning (HVAC)[1] is the
movement, and radiant heat transfer is primarily use of various technologies to
control the temperature,
from the sun through fenestrations. Building HVAC humidity, and purity of the air
systems are typically designed to provide comfort in an enclosed space.
using convective or radiant modes of heat transfer.
https://sustainabilityworkshop.venturewell.org/node/1268.html
Example 3 :

All three heat transfer methods are illustrated in this attic section.
Roofing materials absorb radiant energy from the sun. As those
materials heat up, they re-radiate heat into the attic, warming
the attic air and exposed framing. Insulation limits heat flow by
conduction across the ceiling; the more insulation, the more
resistance to conductive heat flow. Convection helps cool the
attic by moving air through soffit and ridge vents, while interior
air pressures move air through holes in the ceiling.
https://www.jlconline.com/training-the-trades/heat-transfer-through-buildings_o
1:1:4 Identify The Psychological
Effect Of Thermal Comfort By Using
Portable Thermal Comfort Meter

Over the last few decades, increase in global temperatures

have led to a deterioration in the quality of open spaces,
urban vitality, and public health.
Strenuous physical training under hot conditions outdoors
increases the potential for developing heat illnesses.
It is therefore necessary to examine the relationships
between human physiological indices, psychological
responses, and outdoor thermal indices to predict and
evaluate human thermal safety in hot environments.
Measurement of indoor air quality
and comfort levels in the workplace
Regular measurement of indoor air quality and comfort
levels in the workplace allows for accurate indoor climate
setting and reduces the risk of staff shortages due to
illness.
Therefore, indoor air quality and comfort level
measurements also lead to fostering better staff
performance.

1) The CO₂ content of the area is used

as a measure of air quality.

2) The indoor climate is also determined

by the current light conditions in the
area.

3) Background noise that prevents you

from working and concentrating on
something easily. If noise levels are high
in the workplace, staff efficiency is
reduced - regardless of whether the
noise pollution is caused by equipment
or colleagues.

4) Applications for speedometers are

multifaceted. In addition to measuring
the rpm of rotating objects, the speed
or length of conveyor belts and goods
sold by meters can also be measured
using contact measurements through
measuring wheels. It is also possible to
determine the rpm of a rotating object
without contact using the reflection
mark and the light beam emitted by
the instrument.
Type Of Measurement

1) Our CO₂ measuring instruments

and probes reliably measure the
carbon dioxide concentration,
which means they are ideal for
monitoring the indoor air quality.

2) Testo's CO measuring
instruments and probes are ideally
equipped for the detection of
carbon monoxide in indoor areas.

3) Testo offers lux measuring

instruments which can be used to
measure the luminous intensity of
natural or artificial light.

4) Our portable sound level meters

are ideally suited for volume
measurement.
 1.1.5 THERMAL COMFORT

1.1.5 Apply thermal comfort index, building thermodynamic, heat absorption

and natural ventilation system related to the sustainable building design.

THERMAL COMFORT INDEX

• Researches have empiricially argue buildingoccupants thermal responses to

combined thermal effect of the environmental, perosnal, and physiological
variables that influence the condition of the thermal comfort.

• Air temperature (Ta)-a direct environmental index is the dry-bulb

temperature of the environment.

• Mean radiant temperature (Tr)- a rationally derived environmental index

defines as the uniform black body temperature that would result the same
radiant energy exchanges in the actual environment.
1.1.5 THERMAL COMFORT

THERMAL COMFORT
INDEX PERSONAL VARIABLES

Thermal resistance of the n clothing (ICL).

Metabolic rate (H/Adu).

PHSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES

Core or internal temperature (Tcr).

Skin temperature (Tsk).
Skin wetness (W).
Skin rate.
Thermal conductance (K) between the core and skin.
 1.1.5 THERMAL COMFORT

BUILDING THERMODYNAMIC

Within a building, all of the heating and cooling systems and equipment
are governed by the laws of thermodynamics.
The first law of thermodynamics related to construction states that
energy cannot be created or destroyed, not only changed in form.
The second law of thermodynamics deals with a fundamental fact of the
transformation process.
There are 3 fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer.
1. Conduction
2.Convection
3.Radiation
2
 1.1.5 THERMAL COMFORT

NATURAL CENTILATION
SYSTEMS.

Natural ventilation is where the airflow in a

building is a result of wind and bouyancy
through openings or cracks within the building
envelop.
 1.1.5 THERMAL COMFORT

NATURAL VENTILATION
SYSTEMS.

SINGLE-SIDED
VENTILATION

CROSS VENTILATION

STACK VENTILATION
 1.2 SYSTEMS AND MODELS

The systems approach is central to the course and has been employed for a
number of reasons. The very nature of environmental issues demands a
holistic treatment. In reality, an environmental system functions as a whole
and the traditional reductionist approach of science inevitably tends to
overlook or, at least, understate this important quality. Furthermore, the
systems approach is common to many disciplines (for example, economics,
geography, politics, ecology).
ATMOSPHERE

SOLID EARTH HYDROSPHERE

 1.2 KNOWLEDGE AND
UNDERSTANDING

1.2.U1 A systems approach is a way of visualizing a complex set of interactions

which may be ecological or societal.

GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES AND THE

PHYSICAL CLIMATE SYSTEM
 1.2 SYSTEMS AND MODELS

1.2.U2 These interactions produce the emergent properties of the system.

A holistic approach is necessary to fully understand the way in which the
parts of a complex system operates togher. An emergent property is a
property which a collection or complex system has, but which the individual
members do not have. A failure to realize that a property is emergent, or
supervenient, leads to the fallacy of division.
 1.2 SYSTEMS AND MODELS

1.2.U3 The concept of a system can be applied at a range of scales. (Guidance:

Biosphere refers to the part of the Earth inhabited by organisms that extends
from the upper parts of the atmosphere to deep within the Earth’s crust.)
 1.2 SYSTEMS AND MODELS

1.2.U4 A system is comprised of storages and flows

Describe the structure of a system
Distinguish between flows (inputs and outputs) and storages (stock) in
relation to systems
List two examples of storage
List two examples of flows
 1.2 SYSTEMS AND MODELS

1.2.U5 The flows provide inputs and outputs of energy and matter.
Describe the flow of energy and matter into and out of a system
Explain the differences between energy flows and matter cycles.
Define inputs, outputs and stock
List two examples of inputs
List two examples of outputs
 1.2 SYSTEMS AND MODELS

1.2.U6 The flows are processes that may be either transfers (a change in
location) or transformations (a change in the chemical nature, a change in
state or a change in energy

1.2.U7 In system diagrams, storages are usually represented as rectangular

boxes and flows as arrows, with the direction of each arrow indicating the
direction of each flow. The size of the boxes and the arrows may be
representative of the size/magnitude of the storage or flow.
 CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DCA40182 ENVIROMENTAL SCIENCE
DIPLOMA IN ARCHITECTURE

ENVIROMENTAL
SCIENCE REPORT

THERMAL COMFORT STUDIO 2 DSB POLYHENIC MERLIMAU

PONG KAR SIN (F1022)

NURAIN SYAKIRAH BINTI MOKHTAR (F2002)
NURUL FARAHIN BINTI ABDUL RASHID (F2004)
TENGKU SYAKIRAH BTE T.ZULKIFLY (F2008)
HAZEEM DANIEL BIN NORAZMAN (F2026)
MUHAMMAD FARIS AFIQ BINA.RAZALEE (F2027)
FIRDI AZRIQ BIN AZHAR (F2800)

DATE :

LECTURER:
TS DR. MARIA BINTI MOHAMMAD
 CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………….…3

2.0 DEFINITION OF THERMAL COMFORT ……………………………………….…….3
3.0 HISTORY OF STUDIO SENIBINA 2 POLITEKNIK MERLIMAU …………...3
4.0 SPACES IN LIBRARY ………………………………………………………………………..3
5.0 FACTOR OF HEAT TRANSFER BUILDING …………………………………….…..4
5.1 CONDUCTION …………………………………………………………………...…..4
5.2 CONVECTION ……………………………………………………………………..….4
5.3 RADIATION ……………………………………………………………………….…..5
5.4 THERMAL COMFORT FACTOR THE CONTEXT OF ………………......5
6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE …………………………………………………...6
6.1 AIR TEMPERATURE ……………………………………………………………....6
6.2 SURFACE TEMPERATURE …………………………………………………..….6
6.3 AIR MOVEMENT ………………………………………………………………...….6
7.0 BUILDING DESIGN ………………………………………………………………………....6
7.1 MATERIALS …………………………………………………………………….....….6
7.2 SPACE PLANNING DESIGN …………………………………………………..…6
7.3 ORIENTATION …………………………………………………………………….…6
8.0 USER ……………………………………………………………………………………………..7
8.1 ACTIVITY ……………………………………………………………………..……….7
8.2 CLOTHING …………………………………………………………………...………..7
8.3 METABOLISM ………………………………………………………………….…….8
8.4 PHYSICAL ELEMENTS ……………………………………………..………….8
 CONTENTS

9.0 FACTOR HUMAN COMFORT ………………………………………………...………10

9.1 INFLUENCING FACTOR ...………………………………………………..……10
9.2 PERSONAL FACTOR ………………………………………………………...….10
9.3 THE FORMER ……………………………………………………………………..10
9.4 THE LATTER ………………………………………………………………………10
9.5AIR TEMPERATURE (Tr) ………………………………………………..…..11
9.6RADIANT TEMPERATURE (Tr) ……………………………………………..11
9.7RELATIVE AIR VELOCITY (VR) …………………………………………...12
9.8WATER VAPOR PRESSURE IN AMBIENT AIR (PA) …………...…..12
10.0 ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES …………………………………………………….11
11.0THERMAL COMFORT INDEX ………………………………………………...…..12
12.0THERMAL THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS ……………………………...……13
CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………………...….14
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………...….15
1.0 INTRODUCTION
For The Next Assignment, We Were Asked To Make A Report On
Thermal Comfort In Architecture Studio 2 At Melimau Polytechnic.
The Objective Of This Report Is To Find Out The Comfort Of Use In
The Architectural Studio 2.

2.0 DEFINITION OF THERMAL COMFORT.

Thermal comfort according to ASHRAE and ISO 7730 standards:

it is defined as “that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction
with the thermal environment”.

It is also called as ‘neutral condition”, though in a strict sense,

they are not necessarily same. The rate at which the chemical
energy is converted into heat and work is called as “metabolic
rate”.

3.0 HISTORY OF STUDIO SENIBINA 2 POLITEKNIK MERLIMAU .

Architectural studio services 2 is located in the civil engineering

building and next to the electrical engineering department located
at the Merlimau polytechnic
4.0 SPACES IN STUDIO 2.

This Architecture Studio 2 Is Equipped With Facilities Such As A

Lecturer's Room Behind The Studio And A Studio Space Such As A Place
To Store Architectural Goods And Equipment Brought By Students. In
Addition, Sufficient And Comfortable Chairs And Tables.

STUDIO SENIBINA 2
5.0 FACTOR OF HEAT TRANSFER BUILDING.
5.1 CONDUCTION.
Conduction Is One Of The Main Potential Heat Transfer
Mechanisms By Which The Internal Heating Or Cooling Can Be Lost
To The Outside, Resulting In High operating Costs, High Carbon
Emissions And Occupant Discomfort.

5.2 CONDUCTION.
Convection is the movement of a fluid such as the air, by
advection and Diffusion
5.3 RADIATION
Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through
space at the speed of light. This energy has an electric field and a
magnetic field associated with it, and has wave-like properties.
Four types of radiation:-
-Alpha,
-Beta
-Neutrons
-Electromagnetic waves such as gamma rays.

Diagram type of radiation.

5.4 THERMAL COMFORT FACTOR THE CONTEXT OF
Thermal comfort describes the human satisfactory perception of
the thermal environment. It refers to a number of conditions in
which the majority of people feel comfortable.
Factors effect our thermal comfort in buildings:-
-Temperature
-Thermal radiation
-Humidity
-Air speed

Diagram effect our thermal comfort in building.

 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLIMATE
6.1 AIR TEMPERATURE
Definition
Air temperature is a measure of how hot or cold the air is. It
is the most commonly measured weather parameter. More
specifically, temperature describes the kinetic energy, or
energy of motion, of the gases that make up air. As gas
molecules move more quickly, air temperature increases.

Puilling up increases the

volume and decreases the
pressure

Pushing down decreases

the volume and increases
the pressure

In the smaller space the particles suffer collisions with the

walls of the container- it is this that we measure as ‘pressure
exerted by the gas’
  
6.2 SURFACE TEMPERATURE
Definition
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a
substance, and it relates to how hot or cold a substance is. In addition, the
combined temperature of the air temperature near the surface and the
temperature of the sea surface.

6.3 AIR MOVEMENT

Definition
The rate of motion of air in each direction usually expressed in
meters
per second.

7.0 BUILDING DESIGN

7.1 MATERIALS
The studio 2 is built with many windows to provide the natural
ventilation and lighting.

7.2 SPACE PLANNING DESIGN

This studio 2 has many spaces where there are can do work
space, drawing, project assignment and study space in the
studio.
7.3 ORIENTATION
The orientation of building towards the courtyard and cafe,
were examined as the good factors outdoor comfort
conditions.
8.0 USER
8.1 ACTIVITY
Student activity in the studio 2 is to study, do assignment or assessment,
crit homework and even provide a space for lecturer and student to
exchange their knowledge withing one another . Where the activity does
not produce a lot of heat, but it also depends on the physics of the body.

Example of activity student in library

8.2 CLOTHING
The amount of thermal insulation the person is wearing. For example,
students in the library wear clothes according to physical characteristics
such a size and weight.

Example of student clothing in library

8.3 METABOLISM
The heat generated from the human body. The more physical workwe
do, the more heat we produce from our body.

Example of metabolism in library

8.4 PHYSICAL ELEMENTS
-Length residence of studio 2 Seni Bina
-Time of exposure (Mean radiant temperature exposure from 12pm until
4pm)
- Type of user (Students and lecturer)
- Naturalness
- Overall comfort in the studio 2 Seni Bina
- Consideration of weather condition
-Place character

Example of physical element

9.0 FACTOR HUMAN COMFORT
The predicted mean vote (PMV) models stand among the most recognized
thermal comforts models.
The PMV model can be applied to air conditioned buildings while the
adaptive model can be applied only the buildings where no mechanical
systems have been installed.

Example of factor of human comfort

9.1 INFLUENCING FACTORS

The following indoor environmental conditions influencing confort in the
builtenvironment were surveyed thermal, visual and acousitc as well as air
quality.
9.2 PERSONAL FACTORS
They are characteristic of the occupants and environmental factors.
9.3 THE FORMER
Metabolic rate and clothing level.
9.4 THE LATTER
Air temperature, mean radian temperature, air speed and humidity
10.0 ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES

Example of air temperature (Ta)

10.1 AIR TEMPERATURE (Tr)

-The dry bulb temperature of the environment. For your
information, Air temperature is a measure of how hot or cold the air is. It
is the most measured weather parameter.

10.2 RADIANT TEMPERATURE (Tr)

-Defines as the uniform black – body temperature would result the same
radiant energy exchange as in the actual environment.

Example of radiant temperature (Tr)

10.3 RELATIVE AIR VELOCITY (VR)

-The rate of motion of air in each direction; in mine ventilation it is
usually expressed in meters per second. This is usually measured
conducting a vane anemometer traverse over a selected cross section,
the area of which is also measured.
 Air velocity thermal comfort in buildings

10.4 WATER VAPOR PRESSURE IN AMBIENT AIR (PA)

-The vapour pressure of water is the pressure exerted by molecules of water vapor in
gaseous form (whether pure or in a mixture with other gases such as air). The
saturation vapour pressure is the pressure at which water vapour is in
thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state.

Airs total precipitable water vapor

11.0 THERMAL COMFORT INDEX

Figure 1 example of thermal comfort index

 Figure 2 example of thermal comfort index

12.0 THERMAL THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS

 Within a building, all the heating and cooling systems and equipment
is covered by laws of thermodynamic.

 The first law of thermodynamic related to the construction is states

the energy cannot be created or destroyed, not only changed in form.

 The second laws of thermodynamics deal with a fundamental fact

of transformation process.

 Three are fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer, conduction

convection and radiation.
 ADVANTAGES
-Able to feel comfortable In studio 2 because there are
balanced thermal environment in the surrounding.
-Whether heat input is external the sun’s rays behind a bay
window or internal (your heating system), the inertia will
store this heat in the walls or in your floor until it is released
for free during the night and so prevent your home cooling
down at night.

DIADVANTAGES
Able to feel comfortable In studio 2 because there are
balanced thermal environment in the surrounding.
Electrical equipment example fan, lamp and plug that
open the door and inside the studio with fireplace

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, every building build affects the comfort of users in term

spaces, lighting ventilation, temperature in building. Therefore, we
must ensure that the comfort of users is guaranteed so as not to have
a negative impact on the human body and its surrounding. The
measure temperature and relative humidity values in the library point
to deficient thermal comfort conditions. However, occupant’s adaption
capability may have been underestimated. Combination of better
window, natural ventilation, and efficient electrical lighting have a
Synergistics effect on cooling loads, energy use and co2 emissions (20
to 35%).
 REFERENCES

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EP5-
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MyBQghEKABMgUIIRCgATIFCCEQoAEyBQghEKABMgUIIRCgAToICCEQHhAWEB1
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5&oq=meaning+of+AIR+VELOCITY+&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMyBggAEB4QFjIG
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DOgQIABBDOgkIABBDEEYQ-
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https://www.google.com/search?
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wiz
TOPIC 2 :

VENTILATION
 Table Of Contents
2.0 Introduction To Ventilation

How To Apply Ventilation Design

2.1
Strategies To Building Design In
Tropical Climate

Characteristics Of Regional
2.1.1
Climate

2.1.2 Function Of Natural Climate

Passive Natural Ventilation For

2.2
Malaysia Houses

2.2.1 Passive Design Strategies

2.2.2 Types Of Ventilation

2.0 INTRODUCTION VENTILATION

Natural ventilation is the process in

which air is supplied and removed from
an indoor space by natural means
without using mechanical system.

It refers to the flow of external air to an

indoor space as a result of pressure
differences arising from natural forces
(passive design)
:
2.1 How To Apply Ventilation Design
Strategies to Building Design in
Tropical Climate

1. WIND EFFECT

Natural method of cooling where it controls the

air quality of a building environmental and cost-
effectively.
When wind flows into the side of the building,
each side of the building is hit with different
amounts of pressure
Also known as cross ventilation

WIND EFFECT
 WIND FLOW
MOVEMENT IN THE
BUILDING
ACCORDING TO
BASIC BUILDING PLAN
BASED ON FUNCTION
OF NATURAL
VENTILATION

WIND EFFECT
2. BOUYANCY VENTILATION

Interior and exterior air results Buoyancy

ventilation in the building
This vatince causes the warm air to rise above
the cold air, and create on upward air-stream in
natural ventilation system,
Alos known as stack effect.


SUN ORIENTATION FACTORS

Sunlight was the major source for

building lighting system. Daylighting
physically has not changed since its
original use and it is often to be
integrated into a building design as an
architectural statement for energy
savings. generally, daylighting is good
for the environment since the benefits
of daylighting are beyond architecture
and energy.

Our earth is a globe that orbit From March To September,

and spin around the sun. As
the earth orbit and rotate
round the sun, the sun
direction in Malaysia changes
throughout the year
the afternoon sun is in the
north-west direction. From
September to March, the
afternoon sun is in the south-
west direction
 morning and
full morning sun afternoon sun from
and zero afternoon September to
sun March

north west south east

zero morning sun but morning and

full afternoon sun afternoon sun from
March to September.

Worst: to face the west

when the sun is setting
down. The wall will absorb
afternoon sun heat during
second half of the day and
release the heat in the
evening

Alternative: to face the east. Only

absorbed the morning sun heat
during the first half of the day and
when night comes, hopefully all
the heat heat is already
dissipated.
2.1.2 FUNCTION OF NATURAL VENTILATION

NATURAL VENTILATION

Natural ventilation is
a method of
supplying fresh air to
a building or room by
means of passive
forces, typically by
wind speed or
differences in
pressure internally
and externally

TYPES OF NATURAL VENTILATION

Natural ventilation is
important because it
can provide and move
fresh air without fans.

Natural ventilation, also

called passive
ventilation, uses natural
outside air movement For warm and hot
and pressure climates, it can help
differences to both meet a building's
passively cool and cooling loads
ventilate a building without using
mechanical air
conditioning
systems.
 ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL VENTILATION

Natural ventilation can

practically supply a high
ventilation level more
economically due to the
employment of natural powers
and large openings.

Effective energy, especially

if heating is not needed.
The systems which are
well-designed could be
utilized to provide higher
levels of daylight.

DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL VENTILATION

There can be some

problems in monitoring
the airstream direction operates when natural
due to the lack of a stable powers are available;
negative pressure; when a high ventilation
pollution of corridors and level is needed, the
adjacent rooms is, requirement for the
therefore, a hazard. accessibility of natural
power is also high.

Natural ventilation
prevents the usage of
particulate filters.
Security, cultural, and
climate standards may
command that
windows and vents
remain closed; in these
situations, ventilation
level may be much
lower.
2.2 NATURAL VENTILATION (PASSIVE) FOR TRADISIONAL MALAY HOUSE

The natural cooling system

through the flow of air via
windows, doors, roofs, and
others (Lim, 1987). However, the
application of the traditional
Malay concept house has
become unpopular due to the
modernization of the house
design and the limitation of
timber supplied for the building
material, such as wood and
Nipa palm leaf.

3. Layout –
2. Attap Roof – Randomly
Cooling and low arranged does not
thermal reduce the wind
capasities velocity

1. Coconut Tree – 4. Fully Openable

Shading Windows – Allows
implement, Does natural ventilation
not block the at body level
passage of wind
at house level

6. Lightweight 5. Raised House

Construction – Level – Catches
Low thermal winds of higher
materials keep the velocity
house cool (wood)

 NATURAL VENTILATION (PASSIVE) FOR MODERN BUILDING

Passive ventilation, also called

natural ventilation, makes use
of natural forces, such as wind
and thermal buoyancy, to
circulate air to and from an
indoor space. These ventilation
systems work to regulate the
internal air temperature as well
as bring fresh air in and send
stale air out

1. Dome

9. Sunken 2. Atrium
Garden

3. Rooftop
Garden
8. Light Shelf

7. Glass
Canopy with 4. Sloping
Water Roof
Elements

6. Tall Tree 5. Slanting

for Shading Facade
 2.2.1. PASSIVE DESIGN
STRATEGIES

ARCHITECTURAL VENTILATION
BUILDING OPENINGS

Inlets and outlets optimize the

path of air flows through the
building. Windows or vents
Higher up placed on opposite sides of the
window to building give natural wind a
allow hot pathway throughout the
air escape building.

Single opening Two opening same wall

Smaller
inlet
Two openings with wings
facing
Two openings adjacent walls
prevailing
winds and
larger
outlet
windows Two openings opposite walls

on
opposite
side Opening  in the external wall,
floor, or roof allow air
movement in & out.

Cross
ventilation
 PASSIVE DESIGN
STRATEGIES

MASSING & WIND OPENING

ORIENTATION PLANNINGS
Massing and orientation are Opening can often provide
important design factors to immediate cooling effects.
consider for passive ventilation. Ventilation louver design
Basically, thin and tall buildings will affects passive cooling
encourage natural ventilation and potential.
utilize prevailing winds

A gap between canopy and wall ensures a

downward pressure

A building that is successfully

massed will use the general shape
and size of the building to
maximize its free energy from the
wind and sun by minimizing energy
loads.

Louvers can direct air flow upward or

downward.

An canopy over a window tends to direct air

upward
 2.2.2 VENTILATION

MECHANICAL
Circulate fresh air using ducts
and fan raher than relying on
air flow thrugh small holes and
cracks in a home's wall, roof or
window.
Often provided by equipment
that it also used to heat and
cool a space.
Can breathe easier knowing
their home has good
ventilation.
NATURAL
The procedure of entering
fresh air into a building from
outside.
One of the most practical
techniques to decrease energy
usage in the buildings.
Operated by pressure varieties
between one section of the
building and another, or
between the outside and
inside.

BENEFITS BENEFITS
Better indoor air Reduced equipment
quality. cost.
Lower maintainace.
More control.
Improved work
Improved comfort. environment

TYPES OF MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
1. Wind-
1. Exhaust 2. Supply based

2. Buoyancy-
operated
1
2
mechanical ventilation - propeller fan mechanical ventilation - aircond

3
4
front door of studio 2

natural ventilation - cross ventilation in studio 2

5
mechanical ventilation - fan mechanical ventilation - fan

mechanical ventilation - fan position in studio 2

6
7
8
9
LINK VIDEO PRESENTATION
1. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1-
5pPZnTFqQKqig9m3rZZlOrT2IOdxnPM

10
TOPIC 3 :

LIGHTING
 3. LIGHTING

Lighting is the deliberate use of light

to achieve a practical or aesthetic
effect. Lighting includes the use of
both artificial light sources such as
lamps and light fixtures, as well as
natural lighting by capturing daylight.
Daylight is sometimes used as the
main source of light during the day in
buildings.

3.0 FUNCTION
OF LIGHTING

The provision of daylighting

in buildings performs an
important function, not only
for health and visual comfort
but also for energy efficiency
in lighting.

 LIGHTING DESIGN STRATEGIES

For a tropical zone, the kind with peak temperatures touching 30 degree
C and diurnal variations being as much as 20 degrees C; to study the sun
and daylight, its solar radiations along with the energy analysis is pivotal
if one plans to segregate the external spaces, interiors, and the light-
sensitive spaces while including the characteristic passive design
elements such as mutual shading and adaptability to the seasonal locus
change of the sun.

Closely placed Narrow streets – keep building

forms height to street width ratio

minimal

 LIGHTING DESIGN STRATEGIES

Shading devices are equipments that are used externaly or internally

or in between the building spaces to protect sunlight

HORIZONTAL &
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL VERTICAL SHADING
SHADING SHADING

Shading mask of Shading mask of Shading mask of

vertical shading horizontal egg create
device. shading device. shading device

Protect from sun Protect from sun

at side of the at high angles Protect from sun

elevation. and opposite to in all orientations

the wall to be

shaded.

 LIGHTING DESIGN STRATEGIES

Window glazing is the glass inside of a window, which can be

single, double, or triple glaze (also known as single pane, double
pane, or triple pane). Window glazing can also refer to the putty
that holds the glass in place, or the process of installing the
window glaze using the putty.

FUNCTION OF GLAZING

To limit the entrapment of heat

and entry of solar radiations
into the building through the
openings, proper window
performance is of utmost
importance .The glazing in
windows traps the heat and
increases the mean radiant
temperature of the building

Clear Double Glazing Low-solar-gain Low-e Moderate-solar-gain

Double Glazing Double Glazing
3.1.1 Define basic concept and units
used for lighting

Basic concept definition of

lighting
Unit used for lighting
Candela(cd)
Measured luminous power
per unit solid angle
emitted by a light source
in a particular direction.
Rereferred as cd / m 2.
Foot candle (fc or ftc)
Measure the light intensity
in terms of footcandle
that is equivalent to
lumens per square foot.
One foot candle is
approximately 10.7639 lux.
Lumen(lm)
Measured the total
quantity of visible light
emitted by a source per
unit of time.
Lumen=Light output.
Lux(lx)
1 lux=0.0929 fc and this is
the metric equivalent of
foot-candles(metre-
candle)
Equal to one lumen per
square metre.
Electrical measurement devices

3.1.2 Types of artificial light

 3.1.3 BASIC CONCEPTS OF
LIGHTING IN BUILDING

1. Light plays an essential role in our

ability to perceive the world around
us.
2. The lighting system plays a critical
role in how we perceive a space
3. Influence how we act in that space

LIGHTING CAN EFFECTS :

THE BASIC CONCEPTS OF LIGHTING IN

BUILDING CAN BE DETERMINED BASED ON :
 3.1.3 ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL
AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING IN A
BUILDING

3.1.3 DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL

AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING IN A
BUILDING
3.2 ANALYZE THE FUNCTION
OF LIGHTING BASED ON THE
MALAYSIA GREEN RATING
TOOLS STANDARDS
 VALUE OF
LIGHTING
INTENSITY
3.2.1 LIGHTING INTENSITY

The unit of measurement for lighting intensity is Lux

(Lux). This value is the light flux per unit area. The
lighting intensity reaches 100,000 Lux on a cloudless
summer day. On a closed winter day, this value only
reaches 3000Lux.

In photometry, this is used as a measure of the intensity, as

perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes
through a surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit
watt per square metre, but with the power at each
wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function, a
standardized model of human visual brightness perception.

The lux is the SI derived unit of illuminance,

measuring luminous flux per unit area. It is
equal to one lumen per square metre.
1 lx = 1 lm/m2

3.2.2 THE ILLUMINATION OF

LIGHTING SPACE

Turn On the
Lights and
Take Your
Measurement

Measure Note Your

Ambient Differential
Light In Reading
the Room

Check Other
Areas of a
Room
1.0 PREFACE
TOPIC 4:

ACOUSTIC
4.0 DEFINITION OF ACOUSTIC

Sound which deal with

the properties, their
origin, propagation and
their action on obstacles.

Acoustic in physics that

study of mechanical waves
in gases, liquids, and solids
including vibration, sound,
ultrasound and infrasound

The properties or qualities

of room or building that
determine how sound is
transmitted in it.
4.1 ACOUSTIC DESIGN TO BUILDING

Acoustic involves building to control sound waves

reverberating inside it in such a way as to
maximize clarity, amplify sound in appropriate
areas and reduce beneficial noise levels.

REVERBERATION

When sound hit the surfaces,

some of it is absorbed.

INCULATION

Sound insulation blocks or

absords sound. it is versatile and
used in many spaces.

ACOUSTICAL BOARD

Acoustical boards absords sound,

minimizing noise from abjacent
spaces.
4.1.1 Define basic concept of sound :
Types and occurrence of sound.

In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates

as an acoustic wave, through a transmission
medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. In human
physiology and psychology, sound is the
reception of such waves and their perception by
the brain.Only acoustic waves that have
frequencies lying between about 20 Hz and 20
kHz, the audio frequency range, elicit an auditory
percept in humans. In air at atmospheric
pressure, these represent sound waves with
wavelengths of 17 meters (56 ft) to 1.7 centimeters
(0.67 in). Sound waves above 20 kHz are known as
ultrasound and are not audible to humans. Sound
waves below 20 Hz are known as infrasound.
Different animal species have varying hearing
ranges.
TYPES OF SOUND

Sound can be of different types-

Inaudible
(cannot be
heard) Audible
(can be
Soft heard)

SOUND Unpleasant

Loud

Musical
Pleasant

Some sounds may fall into more than one category. For
instance, the sound produced when an aeroplane takes
off is both loud and unpleasant. The sound produced by a
marble cutter, on the other hand, may not be as loud, but
some people might find it irritating and unpleasant.
OCCURENCE OF SOUND

Sound vibrations travel through elastic mediums in the

form of small pressure changes alternating above and
below the static (at rest) nature of the conducting
material. ​
Picture a vibrating tuning fork. As it moves in one
direction, it compresses the air particles next to it. They,
in turn, pass on the reaction to adjacent particles of air.
As the tuning fork vibrates in the other direction, it
leaves a void or rarefaction. This rarefaction follows
along behind the compression. It, in turn, is followed by
another compression, and then another rarefaction
and so on.​
ACOUSTIC

1.The interdisciplinary science

that deals with the study of all
mechanical waves in gases,
liquids, and solids including
topics such as vibration, sound,
ultrasound and infrasound.

2. Greek word akoustikos,

meaning "of or for hearing,
ready to hear "and that
from akoustos, "heard,
audible", which in turn
derives from the verb
akouo, "I hear".​

3. Also covers a vast range of

topics : noise control, SONAR
for submarine navigation,
ultrasounds for medical
imaging, thermo acoustic
refrigeration, seismology,
bioacoustics, and electro
acoustic communication.​
4.1.2 CHARACTERISTIC OF SOUND

The most important characteristic of sound waves

may be the wavelength. Sound consists of a
longitudinal wave that includes compressions and
WAVELENGTH rarefactions as they travel through a given medium.
The distance that one wave travels before it repeats
itself is the wavelength. It is the combined length of a
compression and the adjacent rarefaction, or the
distance between the centers of two consecutive
rarefactions or compressions.

The frequency refers to the number of sound waves a

sound produces per second. A low-frequency sound
has fewer waves, while a high-frequency sound has
FREQUENCY more. Sound frequency is measured in hertz (HZ) and
is not dependent upon the medium the sound is
passing through.

The amplitude is the size of a given wave. Think of it as

sort of like the wave’s height as opposed to its length.
AMPLITUDE The amplitude is more accurately defined as the
maximum displacement of the particles the sound
wave disturbs as it passes through a medium.

Graph of wavelength,amplitude and frequency.

 The velocity of the wave, sometimes referred to as
VELOCITY the speed, is the amount of distance in meters per
second that a wave travels in one second.

Picture of Seismic Velocity

The time period is almost the opposite of the

frequency. It is the time required to produce a single
TIME PERIOD complete wave, or cycle. Each vibration of the
vibrating body producing the sound is equal to a wave.

Picture of Time Period Graph

4.1.3 COMPARE RECTION OF SOUND IN
TRANSMISSION , REFLECTION AND
ABSORPTION

WHAT IS SOUND ?
4.1.3.1 WHAT IS SOUND IN TRANSMISSION ,
REFLECTION AND ABSORPTION

As the word transmission implies, sound is

transmitted from one space or point to
another through or between materials.
These materials include air, glass, bricks,
concrete and sound waves can also move
through any medium: gas, liquid, or solids.
Transmission

Sound reflection happens when waves hit

What is sound rigid or hard surfaces and these waves
bounce back.
transmission , The best analogy would be imagining a
reflection and Reflection hard ball, like a tennis ball, bouncing on a
concrete floor.
absorption ?

Sound absorption is the process by which a

material, structure or object decreases the
sound energy in the air.
A more general term is sorption, which
Absorption covers absorption, adsorption, and ion
exchange.
4.1.3 COMPARE RECTION OF SOUND IN
TRANSMISSION , REFLECTION AND
ABSORPTION

Sound insulation is a
Sound insulation has kind of measure to
been specially prevent the sound
designed to absorb waves from
sound waves and permeating. It is
demonstrated by the
reduce the transfer of sound transmission loss
noise. It is thicker and which is expressed by
more dense than the difference of
regular thermal decibels between the
incident sound and
insulation, making it an permeated sound. The
excellent choice for higher the numeral is,
soundproofing your the better the sound
home. insulating property is.

Non porous rigid partitions

The sound insulation of non-porous rigid constructions such as
plastered solid brick masonry walls varies. It depends upon the
weight per unit area.

Porous Rigid Materials

Porous concrete masonry and cinder concrete are some examples of
porous rigid materials. They provide 10 percent higher insulation as
compared to non-porous rigid partitions due to their sound absorptive
quality.

Porous Rigid Materials

These materials provide low insulation. Even lower than rigid materials.To
increase insulation rigid materials and porous absorbers can be combined
together and then applied. This will produce better insulation per unit area.
 Partition Walls of porous materials
Rigid Homogeneous Walls These can be rigid or non-rigid. Rigid
Stone, brick or concrete masonry porous materials such as porous concrete
constructions come under this masonry, cinder concrete etc. increase
section. The sound insulation in insulation about 10.%. However they can
these walls depends upon their be used if combined with rigid materials.
weight per unit area.

Cavity Wall Construction Double wall partition

This is said to be the most A double wall partition
adequate wall construction from comprises of Plaster boards Or
the sound proofing point of view. fibre boards or plaster on laths
In this two walls are made with a on both sides. With sound
gap of minimum 5cm between absorbing cushion in between
them.

Appling resilant surface materials on floor

In this a thin concrete layer is provided as R.C.C
floor slab. On top of this then a soft floor finish or
covering is applied. This finish or covering can be
of linoleum, insulation board, cork, carpet, etc.

Concrete floor floating construction

This is similar to Cavity wall construction as discussed
earlier. In this method we construct an isolated floor
from the existing concrete floor. Then a resilient or
porous material like glass wool is laid on the R.C.C
flooring. On top of this a water proof sheet is put and
then a 5cm thick layer of concrete.

Timber floor floating construction

In this a thin concrete layer is provided as R.C.C floor
slab. On top of this then a soft floor finish or covering is
applied. This finish or covering can be of linoleum,
insulation board, cork, carpet, etc

4.1.5 ACOUSTIC DESIGN STRATEGIES IN A

BUILDING BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF
ACOUSTIC

The shape of a structure affects its

acoustics. The shape may either
scatter the sound waves or
concentrate them thus influencing
how sound gets heard inside the
structure. Large buildings have
different acoustical properties than
small ones because of the effects of
echo and others.

4.1.5 ACOUSTIC DESIGN STRATEGIES ON

ACOUSTIC COMFORT REQUIREMENT

To design for acoustic comfort, consider occupant needs

along with external and architectural factors: the building
program, cultural habits, noise types, noise spectrum,
construction systems and materials.

DESIGNING FOR
ACOUSTIC COMFORT

THE
THE ACTIVITIES THE TYPES OF THE SPECTRUM
CONSTRUCTION
TO BE NOISED TO BE OF NOISE TO BE
SYSTEM AND
PERFORMED MANAGED MANAGED
MATERIALS
4.1.5 ACOUSTIC DESIGN STRATEGIES ON
ACOUSTIC COMFORT REQUIREMENT

Acoustic comfort is the perceived state of well-being and satisfaction

with the acoustical conditions in an environment . It can be affected by
two main types of noise in buildings, structure-borne (impact) noise that
is created by physical impact or vibration against a building element,

and airborne noise that is transmitted through the air. The sound
pressure level is one of the main acoustical factors that affect comfort.

AFFECT ACOUSTIC
COMFORT

FREQUE VARATI
NCY OF NOISE DURATI ON
THE SOURC ON OF WITH
NOISE ES NOISE TIME
4.1.5 ACOUSTIC DESIGN STRATEGIES ON
ACOUSTIC COMFORT INDEX

The acoustic comfort assessment

criterion is based on the noise level
concept. Hence, the acoustic comfort
index depends directly on noise/sound
levels. The sound pressure level is the
air pressure increase, on a logarithmic
scale, against a still air situation
 4.2 ANALYZE AN ACOUSTIC IN BUILDING
DESIGN BASED ON THE MALAYSIA GREEN
RATING TOOLS STANDARDS

Acoustic tools
 4.2.1 IDENTIFY THE IMPORTANCE OF
ACOUSTIC IN OPERA HOUSE AND
AUDITORIUM DESIGN

Auditorium Room Opera House

 4.2.2 ACOUSTIC IN BUILDING DESIGN
EFFECT OF SOUND IN SPACE BY USING
PORTABLE BUILDING ACOUSTIC
EQUIPMENT.

ACOUSTIC IN BUILDING DESIGN

BUILDING ACOUSTICS IS THE SCIENCE OF

CONTROLLING SOUND IN BUILDINGS.
WITH ACOUSTICS SERVICES, SOUND IS
CONTROLLED WITHIN SPECIFIC SPACES
AND NOISE TRANSMISSION FROM ONE
SPACE TO THE OTHER IS MINIMIZED. THIS
CAN BE ACHIEVED WITH MATERIALS,
DESIGN AND ACOUSTIC TECHNIQUES
ALL RAYS FROM THE FOCUS OF A PARABOLA TO ITS SURFACE WILL
BE DIRECTED OUTWARD AS PARALLEL RAYS. IT IS USEFUL FOR
PROJECTING SOUND. TWO PARABOLAS AS SHOWN BELOW CAN
DIRECT SOUND FROM THE FOCUS POINT OF ONE TO THE FOCUS
POINT OF THE OTHER WITH GREAT EFFICIENCY. A MICROPHONE
ELEMENT CAN BE PLACED AT THE FOCUS POINT OF A PARABOLA
AND THEN AIMED AT A DISTANT SOUND SOURCE – PARABOLIC
MICROPHONES CAN PICK UP SELECTED SOUNDS AT SURPRISING
DISTANCES

Double-parabolic-reflectors acoustic
waveguides for high

FOR CONCERT HALLS, WHERE LONG REVERBERATION IS A DESIGN

GOAL,HIGH CEILINGS ARE PREFERRED AND ALL WALLS SHOULD BE
SOUND- REFLECTING. IN ADDITION, CEILINGS THAT ARE DIFFUSING
CAN IMPROVE AUDIBILITY OF LATERAL SOUND BY DIMINISHING THE
STRENGTH OF CEILING REFLECTIONS

LARGE ROOMS WITH LOW CEILING

 SINCE EVEN DISPERSION OF SOUND IS HIGHLY DESIRABLE IN AN
AUDITORIUM, IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO TAKE STEPS TO OVERCOME
ANY FOCUSING SURFACES. IF AN ARCHITECT DECIDES THAT SOME
CURVED SURFACE IS DESIRABLE FOR SOME REASON, THEN THE
UNDESIRABLE FOCUSING EFFECT MAY BE PARTIALLY OVERCOME BY
COVERING THE CURVED SURFACE WITH ANTI-FOCUSING
SURFACES.
References

Al-Tamimi, N. a. M., & Syed Fadzil, S. F. (2011). Thermal Performance

Analysis for Ventilated and Unventilated Glazed Rooms in Malaysia

(Comparing Simulated and Field Data).

Lechner, Norbert. (2000) Heating Cooling and Lighting: Design

Methods for Architects 2nd Ed. (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons).

Hwang, R.L., T.P. Lin, M.J. Cheng and J.H. Chien, 2007. Patient thermal

comfort requirement for hospital environments in Taiwan. J. Build.

Environ.,

https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urba

n_ecosystems/09_03_fa_ferguson_raish_ml.pdf


CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DCA40182 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
DIPLOMA IN ARCHITECTURE SESSION DISEMBER

ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE REPORT:
ACOUSTIC

LECTURER:
Ts. Dr. MARIA BINTI MOHAMMAD

STUDENTS:
IZZATUL AQMA BINTI MOHD YAHYA F2020
FATIN HAZIRAH BINTI AMINUDDIN F2018
NURIZZAH HUSNA BINTI MOHD KADIR F2024
ALISA SOFEA BINTI ZAKIRUDDIN F2022
NADIA BINTI AZMI F2021
HASBULLAH BIN KHAMIS F2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 PREFACE ……………………………………………………………………………..

2.0 INTRIDUCTION ……………………………………………………………………
3.0 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………….
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION OF ACOUSTIC …………………………………….
3.1.2 INTRODUCTION OF SOUND …………………………………….
4.0 CHARACTERISTIC OF SOUND ………………………………………………
5.0 TYPE OF ACOUSTICS …………………………………………………………..
6.0 EFFECTS ACOUTICS IN A BUILDING …………………………………….
7.0 SOUND TRANSMISSION, REFLECTION AND ABSORPTION ….
8.0 SOUND ISOLATION …………………………………………………………….
9.0 SOUND ISOLATION METHODS……………………………………………
10.0 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES……………………………….
11.0 HOW TO MEASURE SOUND …………………………………………….
12.0 ACOUSTIC SPACE……………………………………………………………..
13.0 CONCLUTION ………………………………………………………………….
1.0 PREFACE
As part of the students of Diploma Seni Bina in semester 4 of
Politeknik Merlimau Melaka for subject DCA40182 ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE, we are required to do a report about the acoustic in our
site analysis which is in Politeknik Merlimau Studio Senibina 2. We
would like to point our credits to the main lecturer of the subject.
We truly benefit the idea and opinion into improving our report
writing. This is not only encourage us to give our best and moreover
has become our motivational and emotional support in this curry
long way. We were lucky to relate to this institution during our
journey in architecture. The main objective behind doing this report
is to learn about advantages of acoustic.

2.0 INTRODUCTION
A scientist or researcher who studies acoustics is called an
Acoustician and someone working in the field of acoustics technology
will be called Acoustical Engineer. The main application of acoustics
is to make the music or speech sound as good as possible. It is
achieved by reducing the sound barriers and increasing the factors
that help in the proper transmission of sound waves. Initially,
acoustics was used only in industries which are based on sound like
an auditorium, or theatre but today, the application of acoustics has
spread to many fields.
Acoustic is the science of sound and it covers two areas, those of
room acoustics and control of noise. Noise is unwanted or damaging
sound which interferes with what people are trying to do, or sound
which has an adverse effect on health and safety.
This acoustic also covers basic architectural acoustics including the
properties and nature of sound, the terms used to describe sound
waves, and the relationship between sound pressure, sound intensity
and sound power.
3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION OF ACOUSTICS
Acoustics, the  science  concerned with the production,
control,  transmission, reception, and effects of  sound. The term is
derived from the Greek akoustos, meaning “heard.”
Beginning with its origins in the study of mechanical vibrations and
the radiation of these vibrations through mechanical waves,
acoustics has had important applications in almost every area of life.
It has been fundamental to many developments in the arts,
especially in the area of musical scales and instruments, took place
after long experimentation by artists and were only much later
explained as theory by scientists.
For example, much of what is now known about  architectural
acoustics  was actually learned by trial and error over centuries of
experience and was only recently formalized into a science.
3.1.2 INTRODUCTION OF SOUND
Sound is produced by an object vibrating, which changes the air
pressure, and this causes the air to create waves. Like water, sound
waves will find the easiest path to penetrate any gap (also known as
flanking path). The behaviour of sound depends on materials,
temperature, and air humidity. In an enclosed space sound waves
can then either be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted.
4.0 CHARACTERISTIC OF SOUND
Wavelength
The most important characteristic of sound waves may be the
wavelength. Sound consists of a longitudinal wave that includes
compressions and rarefactions as they travel through a given
medium. The distance that one wave travels before it repeats itself is
the wavelength. It is the combined length of a compression and the
adjacent rarefaction, or the distance between the centers of two
consecutive rarefactions or compressions
Frequency
The frequency refers to the number of sound waves a sound
produces per second. A low-frequency sound has fewer waves, while
a high-frequency sound has more. Sound frequency is measured in
hertz (HZ) and is not dependent upon the medium the sound is
passing through.

Amplitude
The amplitude is the size of a given
wave. Think of it as sort of like the
wave’s height as opposed to its length.
The amplitude is more accurately
defined as the maximum displacement
of the particles the sound wave disturbs
as it passes through a medium.

Velocity
The amplitude is the size of a given wave. Think of it as sort of like the
wave’s height as opposed to its length. The amplitude is more
accurately defined as the maximum displacement of the particles the
sound wave disturbs as it passes through a medium.

Time Period
The time period is almost the opposite of
the frequency. It is the time required to
produce a single complete wave, or
cycle. Each vibration of the vibrating
body producing the sound is equal to a
wave
5.0 TYPE OF ACOUSTICS
Environmental Noise
Environmental acoustics is concerned with vibration and noise caused
by roadways. Railways, aircraft and general activities that are related
to the environment. The main goal of these is to reduce vibration and
noise that affects the environment.
Musical Acoustics
Musical acoustics is concerned with the study of physics of music, how
sounds are used to make music. Areas of study include human voice,
musical instruments, and music therapy.
Ultrasounds
Ultrasounds are the sounds with a frequency greater than the human
audible limit. However, there is no difference in physical properties
when compared to normal sound. Ultrasound is used in many fields.
Ultrasonic devices are used in measuring distances and in detecting
objects. Ultrasound imaging is used in physics.
Infrasounds
Infrasounds are the sounds with a frequency of less than 20 Hz. The
study of such sounds is called infrasonics. Applications include
detection of petrol formation under the earth and the possibility of
earthquakes.
Vibration and Dynamics
It is the study of how mechanical systems vibrate and interact with
their environment. Applications include vibration control which helps
to protect a building from earthquakes and ground vibrations used in
railways.
6.0 EFFECTS ACOUTICS IN A BUILDING
Building acoustics is the science of controlling sound in buildings.
With acoustics services, sound is controlled within specific spaces
and noise transmission from one space to the other is minimized.
This can be achieved with materials, design and acoustic technique.

1.PARABOLA
All rays from the focus of a parabola to its surface will be directed
outward as parallel rays. It is useful for projecting sound. Two
parabolas as shown below can direct sound from the focus point of
one to the focus point of the other with great efficiency. A
microphone element can be placed at the focus point of a parabola
and then aimed at a distant sound source – parabolic microphones
can pick up selected sounds at surprising distances.
2.SLOPED CEILING
For concert halls, where long reverberation is a design goal, high
ceilings are preferred and all walls should be sound- reflecting. In
addition, ceilings that are diffusing can improve audibility of lateral
sound by diminishing the strength of ceiling reflections.
3.ANTI FOCUSING
Since even dispersion of sound is highly desirable in an auditorium, it
may be necessary to take steps to overcome any focusing surfaces. If
an architect decides that some curved surface is desirable for some
reason, then the undesirable focusing effect may be partially
overcome by covering the curved surface with anti-focusing
surfaces.
7.0 SOUND TRANSMISSION, REFLECTION AND ABSORPTION
TRANSMISSION
As the word transmission implies, sound is transmitted from one
space or point to another through or between materials.These
materials include air, glass, bricks, concrete and sound waves can
also move through any medium: gas, liquid, or solids.

REFLECTION
Sound reflection happens when waves hit rigid or hard surfaces and
these waves bounce back. The best analogy would be imagining a
hard ball, like a tennis ball, bouncing on a concrete floor.

ABSORPTION
Sound absorption is the process by which a material, structure or
object decreases the sound energy in the air.A more general term is
sorption, which covers absorption, adsorption, and ion exchange
8.0 SOUND ISOLATION
Sound insulation is a kind of measure
to prevent the sound waves from
permeating. It is demonstrated by
the sound transmission loss which is
expressed by the difference of
decibels between the incident sound
and permeated sound. The higher
the numeral is, the better the sound
insulating property is.
Sound insulation has been specially designed to absorb sound
waves and reduce the transfer of noise. It is thicker and more than
regular thermal insulation, making it an excellent choice for
soundproofing your home.

9.0 SOUND ISOLATIONS MATERIAL

Polyurethane foams
Polyurethane is designed as a flexible, open-cell, porous solid. Sound
energy is propagated through the material by two major methods:
Sound pressure waves move through the fluid within the pores of
the polyurethane
Elastic stress waves are created as a result of the pressure
waves, which are carried through the frame of the polyurethane.
Polyester fibre
Polyester fibre is also strong with high tensile strength. Other
desirable properties are it's resistance to abrasion, fire, wrinkles,
stretch, impact and wear. It's sound absorbation increases with the
frequency of the sound, hence it's most effective at high frequencies.
Fiber Glass
Acoustic fiberglass has the desirable combination of rigidity and
being light weight. Popularly dubbed, the shape shifter of sound
proofing, this material can be very easily customized, to allow for
installation in the tightest of places.
Silicone
Silicone is a good soundproofing option for tight spaces and
corners. It's is mostly inert, has low thermal conductivity, is resistant
to water, UV rays and provide air tight insulation. It's also a great
damping material and is excellent at damping mid
frequency sounds.
 10.0 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

CORRIDOR WALKWAY
Student may walk along the corridor in every minutes, this
efficiently brings noisy along this corridor studio class.

DELIMA CANTEEN
Delima canteen is infront of studio 2, this efficiently bring noise
at morning for breakfast time and lunch hour.

STUDIO SENIBINA 2
Studio 2 didn’t have a proper and there is no neat arrangement
for students to learn in studio. In addition, the iron chairs used
cause a loud noise when we pushed.
 ADVANTAGES
More Interaction. A classroom environment, students and the
opportunity to have face-to-face interactions with their peers
and instructors.
More improve social interactions, help relieve stress, and
increase positive emotions during exercise.

DISADVANTAGES
Negative effects on student learning, with language and
reading development particularly affected. There are also
problems related to attention, and motivation.
Impacts such as hearing damage, stress, fatigue, distraction,
increased blood pressure and sleep disruption.
Disruptive noise can experience poorer reading ability, memory
and academic performance.
Noise essentially diverts the mental resources of the introvert's
brain for memory recall and problem-solving and distracts
them as a result.
11.0 HOW TO MEASURE SOUND
Sound level meter that consists of a sound sensor attached to the
LEGO® EV3 Intelligent Brick to record the noise level emitted by various
sources. Engineering concepts such as sensors, decibel (dB)
measurements, and sound pressure used to measure the noise level.
Students are introduced to impairments resulting from noise exposure
such as speech interference, hearing loss, sleep disruption and
reduced productivity. They identify potential noise pollution sources,
and based on recorded data, they classify these sources into levels of
annoyance. Students also explore the technologies designed by
engineers to protect against the harmful effects of noise pollution.

A sound level meter is used for acoustic measurements. Hand – held

instrument with a microphone. The diaphragm of the microphone
responds to changes in air pressure caused by sound waves

NOISE LEVEL

Sound Level Meter

hand - held
 12.0 ACOUSTIC SPACE

SOUNDSCAPE
Either an actual environment, or an imagined one such as
produced with a tape recording and several loudspeakers. Every
sound brings with it information about the space in which it
occurs (for environmental sound) or is thought to occur (as with
synthesized sound).
THE QUALITY REVERBERATION
Determine the kind of space that is perceived, enclosed or open,
large, or small.
HI-FI (Electroacoustics / Soundscape)
In which all sounds may be heard clearly, is characterized by a
well-defined sense of acoustic space in that all sounds may be
perceived as occurring in the direction and at the distance where
they originate. In such an environment, one can easily orient
oneself with respect to these sounds.
LO-FI (FI (Electroacoustics / Soundscape)
Sounds are crowded together, obliterating all sense of unique
space, and creating a claustrophobic effect on the individual

13.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the work of site analysis in Studio 2 JKA Politeknik
Merlimau Melaka have help us to understand about acoustic.
Furthermore, by the observation, we have found the effective ways
to live in peacefully, healthfully and sustainable in this studio.
References

Al-Tamimi, N. a. M., & Syed Fadzil, S. F. (2011). Thermal Performance

Analysis for Ventilated and Unventilated Glazed Rooms in Malaysia

(Comparing Simulated and Field Data).

Lechner, Norbert. (2000) Heating Cooling and Lighting: Design

Methods for Architects 2nd Ed. (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons).

Hwang, R.L., T.P. Lin, M.J. Cheng and J.H. Chien, 2007. Patient thermal

comfort requirement for hospital environments in Taiwan. J. Build.

Environ.,

https://soa.utexas.edu/sites/default/disk/urban_ecosystems/urba

n_ecosystems/09_03_fa_ferguson_raish_ml.pdf