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Critique - Nuclear Winter
Critique - Nuclear Winter
Aqila Zaman
SS 100
March 6 2019
The article "Nuclear Winter" was published on 30th October 1983 in Parade Magazine by Carl
Sagan (Francis). Carl Sagan was an American astronomer and a science writer. His work
focused on studying the planets and their atmosphere, after which he developed an interest in
studying the earth. In 1983, the TTAPS study, which included initials of the names of the
scientists that were a part of this, started researching on atmospheric layers and the effect of
smoke and other similar products on the earth. They also investigated cities that were already
destructed by nuclear war and explained the environmental effects that were caused by them
(Augustyn et al.) However, through this article Carl Sagan explained how dangerous a
nuclear war can be. He explained the possible consequences and introduced a term "Nuclear
Winter" to explain them. And he advised the audience to save themselves from any chances
of such destruction. This study included R.P Turco, O.B Toon, T.P Ackerson, J.B Pollack and
Carl Sagan. This article received criticism from other scientists because they considered it to
be political then it was scientific. His main field was studying atmospheres and not nuclear
weapons, which was one of the reasons why it was opposed by most of them. Although the
facts mentioned in the article are only theoretical, however the writers succeed in convincing
their audience because of the credible sources, appropriate tone and presentation of ideas, and
In this article, Carl Sagan warned against a nuclear war by explaining the destruction that
could be caused by it. In a world, where most of the countries own nuclear weapons, if a war
were to happen, he claimed that half the world would be affected by it. He reported a study
by World Health Organization that claimed that about a billion people will die from the war
and another billion people will have severe injuries which will be incurable. He gathered data
from already destructed cities like Bikini Atoll and using other sources he explained that a
dust storm will be formed around the earth which will prevent sunlight from entering and the
earth will experience cold and darkness. Effects of these as he claimed would cause the
plants and the animals to die especially in the Northern Hemisphere and as a result people
will starve to death. This combined with the radioactivity will destroy the world. According
to Carl Sagan, if a nuclear war is to happen, the consequences can be far worse than what
.they're imagining and so it is important to safeguard our earth from this destruction
The usage of credible sources in the article persuades the reader of the authors claim. Studies
and calculations done by scientists and government officials help the reader to believe the
claims made in article. For example, claims by the U.S Department of Defense and Official
Soviet are mentioned that prove that at the time of the war there will be chaos. There will be
study by Sune K. Bergstorm under the World Health Organization also explained the amount
of destruction that could be caused in general. Carl Sagan also joined forces with James B.
Pollack and Brian Toon who were a part of NASA's Ames Research Center and with Richard
Turco who had previously studied about nuclear weapons and their effects. The results were
then included in this article. Further studies were done by Paul Crutzen from Max Planck
Institute of Chemistry and by John Birks from University of Colorado and they estimated the
amount of smoke that will be generated. All these results prove the reliability of the claims.
These studies were done by people who were experts in their fields, and they estimated the
consequences taking everything into consideration. Moreover, these results were checked by
more than 100 scientists from the United State, Soviet Union and Europe. And there was a
general agreement on the conclusions. All these studies prove that nuclear war isn’t going to
Another reason why the author succeeded in delivering its point was the use of appropriate
tone and presentation of ideas. The subject is a serious one, and so the tone needed to be
professional. And Carl Sagan adopted a serious tone, which showed the gravity of the topic.
He was to the point and his reasons were also explained in easy language. The article was
published in a magazine and thus had audience that didn’t have any detailed knowledge in
such a topic. Therefore, it was necessary to present the ideas in a way that could be
understood by the masses. This was done by not using too many scientific terms and
explaining the whole process as simple as possible. The studies mentioned also explain their
results in understandable terms. For example, Carl Sagan introduced the concept of Nuclear
Winter, and the whole concept included easy language. He explained how the gases would
form a layer and stop the sunlight from entering and the effects of that on earth
Works Cited
Augustyn, Adam et al. "Nuclear Winter." Britannica, 21 April 2017. Web. 4 March 20
Francis, Mathew R. "When Carl Sagan Warned the World about Nuclear Winter."