MODULE 1

Title: Combustible Matters and Chemical Properties

Subject: Fire Protection & Investigation
Prepared by: Voltaire L. Perales

A fire investigator who is retrieving a cause of fire, he must be familiar with the
properties of chemicals that are common in fire scenes.

Matter – it is anything that occupies space and has mass and shape. Matter as to state
can be solid, liquid, gas or plasma.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER RELATED TO HEAT

Physical Properties – covers the characteristics of matter (texture, weight, height,

volume, and density.) Affects the ability of the matter to burn.

• Specific gravity - the ratio of weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume
of water; the higher the specific gravity the higher temperature is required to burn
a matter.
• Vapor density - the weight of a volume of gas composed to the weight of a volume
of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. The higher the vapor density the
higher energy is required to burn a matter.
• Vapor pressure - the force exerted by the molecules on the surface of liquid at
equilibrium. Pressure is produced when a liquid is heated and molecules of hot
gases collides.
• Specific heat - refers to the heat capacity of substance per mass; it is the
energy(heat) required per weight of substance to increase its temperature by one
unit of temperature. It varies on state of matters. *determines how much energy
can a matter absorb. If a matter has great mass, high ignition temperature, it can
accommodate high heat*
• Temperature- refers to the degree of thermal agitation of matter; several
temperatures if reached by matter will cause reaction of change;
o Melting Point - temperature that if reached by a solid will change its phase
to liquid.
o Boiling Point - temperature that if reached by a liquid it produces a vapor
pressure equal to atmospheric pressure. *liquid to gas phase*
o Ignition Point - it is the temperature that must be reached by a matter in order
to start the fire.
o Fire Point - it is the minimum temperature that must be reached by a liquid
in order to release vapors that supports combustion.
o Flash Point - the temperature at which the liquid will release enough
amounts of vapors for combustion
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 • Burning rate-– it is the measurement of linear combustion rate of a compound or
substance; it is measured in length over time

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Chemical Properties
• Heat of combustion - refers to the amount of heat released by a matter during
oxidation/burning in which organic fuel is converted to water and carbon dioxide; it
depends on type of atoms that consists the matter.
• Flammability/Combustibility – refers to the ability of a matter to burn; it is also
the property whether a matter easily ignites or not depending on specific heat,
physical properties etc.

CHANGES IN MATTER IN RELATION TO HEAT

Matter undergoes changes when energy is applied; the decrease/ increase of
energy cause changes to state of matter or its components. It can be physical change or
chemical change. When the form is changing it is physical while if the composition is
changing to form new substance it is chemical.

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 Physical change occurs in the following process;
• Fusion (Melting)- solid to liquid
• Freezing-liquid to solid
• Evaporation- liquid to gas
• Condensation- gas to liquid
• Sublimation- solid to gas
• Deposition – gas to solid
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 Process that causes Chemical Change
• Endothermic Reaction - it is the chemical change that undergoes whereby a
matter absorbs heat
• Exothermic Reaction - it is the chemical reaction that takes place whereby a
matter releases heat
• Oxidation - it is the chemical change or reaction that takes place upon introduction
of oxygen.
• Pyrolysis - it is the chemical decomposition of matter in reaction to heat.

COMBUSTIBLES
Combustible Matter- it is the matter that react to heat and burn.

Non- Combustible Building Materials

• Steel – strengthened from iron used for foundation and trusses

• Masonry – pre-fabricated concrete such as bricks and hollow blocks used in walling
and certain floorings.
• Concrete – processed cement used in building foundation, pavements and certain
walling.
• Glass – materials made up of silica and other compound used in windows and
doors.
• Asbestos – it is used in ceiling to repel heat of roof but prohibited due to adverse
effects to occupants; health.
• Gypsum Plaster – it is applied to protect the steel from melting,

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 Combustibles Solids
There are common combustible solids found in the scene these are;
1. Wood
2. Textiles
3. Plastic

Wood- a material came from tree and used for construction of house and some furniture.

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 There are factors that affect the combustibility of woods, these are
✓ Physical form - wood’s mass, volume, density and other physical form affects its
combustibility. The greater mass, volume, and density the greater the energy (heat) is
required to burn the wood.

✓ Moisture content- it refers to water inside the wood, moist defers the burning because it
absorbs heat; once the wood is dry it shall start absorbing heat for it to burn.

✓ Heat of Conductivity - it is measured by rate which heat is absorbed and flow through the
material. Since wood is a poor conductor slow lateral flow of heat occurs. *Conductivity
refers to the ability of the matter to transfer heat at
one point to another*

✓ Rate/period of heating – it covers the

temperature of heat source and time of exposure
to such source; is a wood is massive and denser,
it requires high heat and prolong exposure for it to
burn.

✓ Rate of combustion – it is the measurement of

linear combustion rate of a compound or
substance. It is measured in length over time;
pressure, temperature and moisture contentaffect
it.

✓ Ignition temperature - it is the temperature required to ignite a wood (roughly from 200
degree centigrade and above; some variables affect the ignition temperature like specific
gravity, physical characteristics, air supply etc.

Plastics – or polymers are solids composed of various materials like colorants, plasticizers,
petroleum etc. there are many forms of plastics but the following are commonly used;
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 1. Polyethylene (PETE) – soft drink bottles, mineral water, fruit juice containers, and
cooking oil.
2. High density polyethylene (HD PE) – milk jugs, cleaning agents, laundry detergents,
bleaching agents, shampoo bottles, washing and shower soaps.
3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) -
4. Low density polyethylene (LD PE)
5. Polypropylene (PP)
6. Polystyrene (PS)
7. Others (acrylic, polycarbonate, polyactic fibers, etc.)

Groups of Plastics (Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Fire Code of the
Philippines)
✓ Group A Plastics - with heat of combustion much higher than ordinary
combustibles and burning rate higher than group B

✓ Group B Plastics - with heat combustion higher than ordinary combustibles and
burning rate higher than group C nut not higher than group A.

✓ Group C Plastics - with heat combustion with similar heat of combustion and
burning rate of ordinary combustibles.

TEXTILES

Textiles and fibers - fibers are strands that once process will make a thread; threads once weave

will make a textile of fabric used for cloths.

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 Factors affecting textile combustibility

• Chemical composition - fibers will burn depending on the content that comprises
such; pulp, wool, and silk, are common
• Fabric finish - decorative materials adds to the combustibility of fabric; synthetic
fabric that undergoes thermal shrink reduces the exposure to heat while loose
fabric increases exposure.
• Weight - if a fabric is massive, it requires more heat to ignite but if it is light it
requires less heat to ignite.
• Tightness of weave - air passes through spaces in fabric making it susceptible
to burning as supported by air supply; if the weave is right air is restricted and
ignition can be delayed
• Flame retardant treatment – some fabrics have chemicals that repel combustion.
These chemicals may cause the fabric not to burn and some once heated shrinks
the fabric or covers the spaces in the weave to limit the oxygen.

Liquid Combustibles

Liquids that burn may be classified as combustible or flammable; flammable liquids have
a flashpoint of below 37.8 degrees Celsius while combustible have a flashpoint of at or
above 37.8 degrees Celsius. The foregoing are typologies of flammable and combustible
liquids.

Flammable Liquids
Class I-A - liquids with flashpoint below 22.8 degrees Celsius & boiling point below 37.8
degrees centigrade
Class I-B - liquids with flashpoint below 22.8 degrees Celsius & boiling point at or above
37.8 degrees centigrade
Class I-C - liquids with flashpoint below 22.8 degrees Celsius & boiling point below 37.8
degrees centigrade

Combustible Liquids
Class II - with flash point at or above 37.8 degrees Celsius & below 60 degree.
Class III A - with flash point above 60 degrees Celsius & below 93 degree
Class III B - above 93 degree Celsius

Combustible Gas

Classification of Gas
1. Class According to Physical Properties
• Compressed Gas - gas that is pressed in the container that may produce pressure
when heated
• Liquefied Gas - gas that is in liquid form when confined in a container such as LPG
• Cryogenic Gas - a gas that produces rapid drop of temperature when released in
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 container

2. Class According to Usage

• Fuel Gas - gas that is use for burning / cooking / inceneration
• Industrial Gas - gas that is used for manufacturing products
• Medical gas - gas that is used in health care facilities in treating patients.

PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALS

Properties - these are the characteristics of chemicals as their nature and how those react to
various factors like temperature, environment and to other chemicals or matter.

Types of Chemical Properties

✓ Combustible Chemicals - chemicals that can be consumed by fire and will likely to burn
when heated.

✓ Oxidizing Chemicals - chemicals that can yield oxygen to support combustion, certain
types are classified too as combustibles.

✓ Unstable Chemicals - chemicals that react violently beyond anticipation even though the
effects are established, its reaction takes place inconsistently.

✓ Air and Water Reactive Chemicals - chemicals that undergo chemical change and
reaction when exposed to air or mixed with water.

✓ Corrosive Chemicals - chemicals that corrode metals, it also causes scalding when in
contact with skin.
✓ Toxic Chemical - chemical that causes adverse effects to human body, the lethal property
of chemicals vary on human capacity and amount of chemical inhaled or ingested by the
person.

✓ Radioactive - chemicals that emit radiation and has unstable nucleus that can be
bombarded to produce enormous heat. *uranium*

References

Fires in the Philippine Settings: A Study of its Technology and Investigation Techniques for
Criminology Students by Abis, Lapiña and Alma Jose

Fire Behavior and Arson Investigation by Leo Bustria

Kirk’s Fire Investigation, 5th Ed. By John De Haan. 2002. Pearson Educ.Inc. New Jersey

IRR of RA 9514 Comprehensive Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008

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Slide play

Wikipedia

DISCLAIMER: The person who prepared this handout have no copyright to its content. Copyright
belong to the respective owners of each content.

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MODULE 2
Subject: Fire Protection & Investigation
Title: Chemistry & Behavior of Fire
Prepared by: Voltaire L. Perales

A. Definition
Fire – the product of chemical reaction in which combustible materials burn at sufficient
temperature and sustained by oxidizing chemicals.

Elements of Fire
There are three elements of fire namely;
✓ Fuel- it is the combustible matter that is consumed by fire
✓ Heat- it is the thermal agitation of matter or increase of temperature at kindling point-
ignition temp.
✓ Oxygen- it is the element that sustains the fire
CO-EXISTENT = FIRE TRIANGLE

B. Combustion and Ignition

Oxidation – it is the chemical change or reaction that takes place upon introduction of
oxygen.
Ignition- it is literally means the start of fire; combustible matter will start to burn once it
reaches its certain temperature to produce fire, it Is called ignition temperature. Utilize
oxygen which facilitates chemical change.
Combustion- it is the self-sustaining chemical reaction producing energy or products that
cause more reaction of the same kind.

Other Forms of Combustion

✓ Flashover- it is the sudden and dramatic simultaneous combustion of all solid

materials in a room. Pre-burning Phase = where the entire solids in the room
undergoes burning. 1300 degree centigrade intensity, enough to kill an person inside.

✓ Roll over- it is the combustion of accumulated combustible gases in a room. Burning

of all gases confined in a room and happens to contact with the source of ignition. Ex.
LPG LEAK. Will create a fire bowl / ball

✓ Backdraft- it is the sudden combustion that occurs upon the immediate introduction
of oxygen to ignition and fuel.

✓ Fire storm- it is an intense fire during which rising air creates vacuum beneath
surroundings air rushes to fill the gap and forms extremely strong winds and
propagates the fire. Intense fire happen in a structure whereby the wind interplace to
increase its magnitude and intensity.
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 ✓ Conflagration- an extremely large fire that consumes a quarter or a half of a city or
municipality.

MOLECULAR BASES OF HEAT – how heat is being created and designated

throughout the matter.

THERE SHOULD BE HEAT THAT WILL CAME FROM THE SOURCE AND THE
SOURCE WILL GENERATE AND CREATE THE ENERGY REHEAT, AND FOR THE
MATTER TO ABSORB THAT, THERE SHOULD BE A TRANSMISSION- WILL
SERVE AS BRIDGE TO TRANSFER HEAT FROM SOURCE TO MATTER.
ONCE ABSORBED, THE MOLECULES WILL UNDERGO VIBRATIONS FIRST,
THEN BUMP, CHAIN-REACTION.

MOLECULAR VIBRATIION
• When heat is supplied to one end, the molecules at the hot end to start to
vibrate more vigorously.

• In the process, they bump into their neighboring molecules. In doing so, some
energy is transferred to the neighbor.
• The neighbor molecule gains energy and starts to vibrate more vigorously,
the cycle continues.

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SUB TYPOLOGIES OF HEAT SOURCE
• STATIC ELECTRICITY – SHORT CIRCUIT TWO CONDUCTORS WITH OPPOSITE FLOW
COLLIDE TO CREATE SPARK.
• ARCING – When electrons flow through a gap composed of a p from a surface bridge from one
conductor to another. “electrical arcing” occurs when an electric current flows through the
air, from one conductive point to another. Electrical arcing is when electrical current jumps a gap
in a circuit or between two electrodes (conductors of electricity).
• LIGHTNING – Natural sparks from the clouds that usually happens during the thunderstorm.
• OVERLOADING – when enormous current is absorbed by appliances and causes the production
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 of excessive heat that leads to fire.

C. Propagation of Fire
Propagation means the manner on how the fire spreads or transfers, it has 3 means;
✓ Conduction- it is the heat transfer that occurs in solids in which heat transfer from
molecules to molecules. FLOW THROUGH SOLID FROM ONE PART TO ANOTHER.

✓ Convection- it is the heat transfer that occurs in fluids(liquids and gases) in which heat
transfer from molecules to molecules . HAPPENS W LIQUIDS AND GAS ONLY.

✓ Radiation- it is the heat transfer that occurs in vacuum in which heat travels in the form
of heat wave.
✓

D. Phases of Fire
Fire undergoes 3 stages from growth to decay period

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 ✓ Incipient/initial phase- it is the phase in which the fire starts, temperature rises and
small flames are produced.

✓ Free Burning Phase- it is the phase in which all materials are burning, flashover
occurs at this phase and serves as that phase where intensity is at its peak. ENTIRE
ROOM COVERED BY FIRE. LESSEN ITS STRENGHT IF ALL COMBUSTIBLE ARE
CONSUMED.

✓ Smoldering Phase- it is the phase in which all materials are consumed by fire oxygen
and heat are released that yields to reduction of heat until such time it does not burn
at all.

E. Intensity and Magnitude

Intensity means the rate of fire’s temperature or how hot the fire is; it is the rate of
burning that varies in different conditions. Magnitude is the size of fire usually indicated
by height of flames and span of damage. These two are proportionate to each other.

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 F. Ignition Point, Flash Point and Fire Point
Ignition Point- it is the temperature that must be reached by a matter in order to start the
fire.
Flash Point- it is the minimum temperature that must be reached by a liquid in order to
release vapors that supports combustion
Fire Point- the temperature at which the liquid will release enough amounts of vapors for
combustion

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 G. Chemical Properties of Fire
Endothermic reaction- it is the chemical change that undergoes whereby a matter absorbs
heat
Exothermic Reaction- it is the chemical reaction that takes place whereby a matter
releases heat Increase of energy.
Pyrolysis- it is the chemical decomposition of matter in reaction to heat.
Oxidation- it is the chemical change or reaction that takes place upon introduction of
oxygen.

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 PHASES OF MATTER CHANGES AS LONG AS THE ENERGY LEVEL CHANGES.
CHEMICAL CHANGE OR REACTION HAPPENS WHEN 2 ENERGY METHANE AND
OXYGEN WILL PRODUCE or cause a reaction to CARBON DIOXIDE & PRODUCE WATER.

H. Products and Effects of Fire

There are certain products of fire that causes adverse effect to human body, these are

I. Types and Classes of Fire

According to Origin or Cause

✓ Providential/ Natural Fire- it is the fire caused by natural cause or act of God such as humidity,
sunrays, volcanic eruption etc.
✓ Accidental Fire- it is the fire caused by human error, neglect or imprudence.
✓ Intentional Fire- it the fire caused by deliberate act of man or incendiarism

According to Fuel
✓ Class A Fires- fires in which burning fuels are composed of wood based products and papers
✓ Class B Fires- fires in which burning fuels are composed of flammable liquids

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 ✓ Class C fires- fires that are composed of electrical appliances
✓ Class D Fires- fires that are composed of combustible metals
✓ Class K fires- fires that are composed of kitchen products

According to Heat Source

✓ Chemical heat- fire caused by chemical reaction without the aid of ignition device; it is usually
caused by hypergolic reaction. Through exothermic reaction.

CHEMICAL HEAT – produces energy through exothermic reaction or by the matter produce energy
through the following means:

• Heat of combustion – kind of heat that was produced when the object or matter has combusted,
so the energy that come from matter will go to the other nearby objects.
• Heat of solution – this kind of heat is being produced after two or more chemicals or after mixed
with catalysts, will create a reaction and some production of heat and the heat will flow through
other matters.
• Heat of decomposition – it is the separation of the particles of matter, a matter will only
decompose after introducing the energy. That energy will not just disappear or destroy. After
decomposing the matter, the energy will exit from the matter and will be absorbed by another
matter.

✓ Electrical heat- fire caused by electricity that includes overloading, overheating and short
circuit. Comes from electricity or current.
✓ Mechanical heat- fire caused by physical process that produces heat such as explosion of
compressed gas overheating of machinery and the like.
• Frictional Heat – when two objects of each other that cause the electrons in each
other’s surfaces to collide and produce energy or heat.
• Overheating Machinery – the juicing parts when it operates, when encounter
frictions that may cause the generation of heat. Quite seldom that it will cause fire.
• Heat of compression - is the gas is pressurized, it will cause the generation of heat,
and may cause the fire or explosion depending upon the capacity of the container.

✓ Nuclear heat- fire caused by bombardment of subatomic particles of radioactive materials

such as plutonium or uranium.
- Happens when the nucleus is being bombarded by the energy that creates enormous
heat
• Nuclear fission - separation of protons, neutrons, and electrons to create heat.
• Nuclear fusion - combination of two nuclei of different atoms that when
bombarded, will create more enormous energy. This principle is used in the
construction of nuclear bomb.

According to Mode of Combustion

✓ Flameless Type – it is the type of fire that is not producing incandescent gas. Rewdlight on the
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 meber but not produce a hot gas. Does not have a confined.
✓ Flaming Type – it is the type of fire that produces incandescent gas called flames.

UNINHIBITED CHAIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION – CONTINUOUS MIXTURE OF

FUEL HEAT AND OXYGEN.

According to Phase of Combustion

✓ Condensed Phase (Glowing combustion/Flameless Type)- it is the combustion that does
not produce incandescent gas due to less intensity of heat
✓ Gas Phase(Flame) – it is the combustion that produces incandescent gas
✓ Explosion- a combustion in which the process is confined to produce appreciable pressure
✓ Detonation-it is the combustion that occurs if the pressure reach a supersonic speed
producing shockwave

J. Flames

Flames are incandescent gases of fire; it is the product of pyrolysis and ignites upon reaching
ignition point. The color of flame varies in its gas component and temperature.

Typology of Flame
Based on color and completeness
• Luminous flame- an orange to red colored flame that deposit soot at the bottom of
vessel; it has a lower temperature and happens in incomplete combustion
• Non luminous flame- a blue colored one that never produces soot due to complete
combustion with high temperature

Based on Fuel and Air Mixture

• Premixed flame- the type of flame in which hydrocarbon is mixed with air before
reaching the flame zone
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 • Diffusion flame- the type of flame present when fuel is mixed with air at the flame
zone

Based on Smoothness

• Laminar flame – type of flame in which gas follows a smooth path; it occurs when the fire
is in thermal balance (state when the pattern of movement of fire is normal with no
interference to chain of chemical reaction)

• Turbulent flame- type of flame that has an unsteady swirl; it happens if there is thermal
imbalance (interference to the chain of chemical reaction happens)

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Reaction of Matter to Fire
During destructive fires, matters undergo dramatic physical and chemical changes and practically
described as follows
• Combustion and pyrolysis of materials leaving the ashes and produces fire gases &
smoke.
• Melting of non-combustible materials like steel and glass resulting to degradation of
physical strength
• Collapse of structure as a result of physical and chemical change of matters in the
burning structure.
• Generation of heat and eventually transmit such heat to another matter or structure
that may eventually burn.

Importance to the Practice of Fire Protection

By understanding the matters and behavior of fire it allows future firefighters to;
• Determine measures to prevent and control destructive fire
• Determine the kind of suppressing agent to extinguish the fire
For future investigators it helps to;
• Determine the heat source
• Determine the fuel used/consumed by fire
• Determine the cause by reconstruction the fire scene sceneario
References

Fires in the Philippine Settings: A Study of its Technology and Investigation Techniques for
Criminology Students by Abis, Lapiña and Alma Jose

Fire Behavior and Arson Investigation by Leo Bustria

Kirk’s Fire Investigation, 5th Ed. By John De Haan. 2002. Pearson Educ.Inc. New Jersey

Strategic and Tactical Consideration in the Fire Ground by James P. Smith. 2002. Pearson Education,
Inc. New Jersey, USA

Firefighting by Jack Gottschalk

Slide play

DISCLAIMER: The person who prepared this handout have no copyright to its content. Copyright
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MODULE 3

Products and Effects of Fire

There are certain products of fire that causes adverse effect to human body, these are
smoke, fire gases, flames and heat.

- NEED TO RESCUE WILL CAUSE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCE

- ENSURE SAFETY FIRST

TABLE OF FIRE PRODUCTS AND EFFECTS

PRODUCTS EFFECTS

Smoke- tiny solid particles produced ✓ Panic

by fire ✓ Low visibility
✓ Acute respiratory irritation
- NAPAKAGAAN – DINADALA
NG HANGIN GALING SA INIT
– WILL CAUSE LOW
VISIBILITY – ACUTE
RESPIRATORY IRRITATION
- INHALATION OF TOXIC GAS

Fire Gases- gases that are produced ✓ Intoxication

by fire through pyrolysis
Flames- incandescent gases of fire
✓ Loss of consciousness
✓ Comatose
✓ RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS
✓ Death due to asphyxia
- AMOUNT OF TOXIC GAS INHALED
- TOXICITY
- AMOUNT OF EXPOSURE
- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
PERSON
✓ Burns- wounds caused by heat
Types of burns
➢ First Degree- blistering and red
discoloration of skin
➢ Second degree burn- exposure of
dermis without deep scarring
➢ Third degree- charring of skin and
deep scarring

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 Heat- thermal agitation of matter in ✓ Perspiration
which temperature rise at kindling ✓ Dehydration
point. ✓ Heat shock
✓ Heat stroke
✓ Comatose
✓ Hyperthermia - an abnormally high
body temperature caused by a failure
of the heat-regulating mechanisms of
the body to deal with the heat coming
from the environment.

Discussion
Effects of fire gases
Gases from fire are harmful to humans, common is the carbon monoxide. Once inhaled will
cause the production of carboxyhemoglobin; a chemical that prevents oxygento be absorbed by
human cells. Exposure of 1.3% carbon monoxide in atmosphere is fatal to humans.

Effects of flames
Flames causes burn and the severity varies on the intensity and magnitude of fire and the
period of exposure to flame. As to severity it can be describe from 1st degree to 3rd degree.

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 Effects of heat
Heat that is beyond human threshold will be fatal. Temperature beyond 37.8 degrees
centigrade is dangerous to human; at 43 degrees centigrade brain stops to function that will lead
to eventual death.

Life Exposure- the state in which a person is exposed to harm brought by fire and its products.

Measures to prevent exposures

• evacuation from burning building
• use of personal protective equipment by fire fighter
• rescue of trapped occupants
• use of ventilation to avoid stacking of smoke

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MODULE 4

Fire Safety

Fire safety is the totality of all methods undertakings, process or systems that ensure persons and
propertiesagainst the effects of destructive fires.

-all the means or methods employed through a systematic process for the purpose of saving and
preventing people and properties to be destroyed due to effects of fire.

3 E’s of Fire Safety

✓ Education- process of teaching fire safety to citizens (instilling knowledge)

✓ Engineering- the application of engineering principles in fire safety such as development of fire codes
✓ Enforcement- process by which compliance with the codes is ensured. (INSPECTION TO ENSURE
COMPLY IN FIRE CODE)

Education for Fire Safety

Community Fire Safety Education- it is the measure performed to educate the community in fire safety
using the following steps;

1. Conduct community analysis- evaluate and study the community within AOR and
determineproblems in fire safety and needs.
2. Develop community partnership- fire department should have formal partnership in
localitieswith stakeholders (citizens, institutions, etc)
3. Create intervention strategy- after the problems are identified, create strategies to respond
to problems. Support from local government is essential for this like funding, infra structures,
etc.
4. Implement the strategy- after creating a strategy, implement such to effect intended outcomes
infire safety.
5. Evaluate the result- assess the effectiveness of the strategy; lapses should be corrected
and continuing improvement of strategy must be made.

Other measures in for Fire Safety Education

• Fire prevention through civic organization

• Fire safety clinics and seminars
• Community events
• Safety education in the school
• Publicity program
• Media education
• Fire prevention month observance

Engineering for Fire Safety

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 Development of fire codes
Fire codes are laws that provides specific provision on fire safety in community, provides rules of structural
requirements for fire safety. The Philippines 1st Fire Code was the PD 1185 and was repealed by the RA
9514 The Comprehensive fire Code of the Philippines of 2008.
The City of Manila has a City Ordinance on fire safety. The RA 9514 provides for comprehensive fire
safety measures forall stakeholders.

Performance based design

It is the engineering approach to design element of a building based on performance goals and
objective, engineering analysis, scientific measurement and quality assessment using accepted
engineering tools, methodologies and performance criteria.

Enforcement

The following are measures to enforce fire safety policies;

• Review of building plans by fire safety engineer

• Control of sales and use of product
• Structural control as means of enforcing codes
• Control of ignition source
• Control of occupancy
• Condemnation of unsafe structure
• Conduct of inspection of fire department

Fire Protection Organizations

There are organizations created for promoting fire safety.

The National Fire Protection Association

The NFPA is a non profit educational and technical organization devoted entirely to prevent loss of life
and property by fire and other hazards. It was founded on 1896 at Quincy, Massachusetts; its activities
are publishing technical codes, practices, manuals, model fire codes etc.

Other fire safety organizations

• International Association of Fire Chiefs
• International Association of Arson Investigator
• International Association of Fire Fighters
• Society of Fire Protection Engineers
• International Fire Service Training Association

Fire Prevention AVOID FIRE TRIANGLE – OXYGEN, HEAT, FUEL

Fire prevention pertains to means employed to avoid the possibility of fire to occur

Measures in Fire Prevention in Houses and Institutions

✓ Seclusion of heat source from combustibles

✓ Use of non-combustible building materials & content
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 ✓ Use of fire alarms and extinguishers
✓ Proper storage and disposal of waste
✓ Maintenance of electrical system
✓ Conducting fire drill
✓ Occupants’ awareness
✓ Fire safety education for occupants
✓ Compliance to fire code

Fire Suppression

Fire suppression pertains to the undertakings or means employed to pacify the fire.
Methods of Suppression
✓ Cooling- it is the method employed to reduce the heat below the ignition temperature.
✓ PAGPAPALAMIG NG BURNING MATTER - TARGET ANG HEAT – BELOW IGNITION POINT

✓ Smothering- it is the method employed to separate or prevent the oxygen to interact and support
the fire.
✓ SEPARATION OF OXYGEN FROM BURNING MATTER

✓ Separation of Fuel- it is the means employed by separating combustible materials from fire.
✓ CUT-OFF THE FUEL – REDUCED BY TURNING OF THE BULB- CUT-OFF SUPPLY

✓ Inhibition of chemical reaction- it is the means employed to prevent the combustion process by
simultaneously preventing the elements of fire to combine
✓ INHIBITION OF CHEMICAL REACTION USING CARBON DIOXIDE-REDUCES TEMP/FORMS
A FOAM THAT SECLUDE THE AIR

Extinguishing Agents
Extinguishing agents are chemicals used to suppress the fire, certain kinds are the
following;
✓ Water
✓ Carbon Dioxide
✓ Dry Chemical
✓ Dry Powder
✓ AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam)
✓ Halons

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Fire Control

Means of Fire Control

• Control of external spread

• Control of internal spread
• Choice of construction materials
• Proper use of firefighting equipment
• Providing access to fire brigade
• Installation of fire alarms
• Rescue Facilities
• Adequate means of escape
• Adoption of fire safe design
• Availing Fire Insurance
• Occupants’ cooperation
• Maintenance of exceptional hazards
• Proper heating and ventilation
• Proper storage of goods
• Proper waste storage and disposal
• Proper electrical installation
HISTORY OF FIRE SERVICE

• Vigiles- were organized by Augustus Ceasar to fight fire in Rome AD 64

• Indian soldiers are using pump to suppress fire
• Bucket- this is a primary tool in firefighting used by vigils and was required to have one
each home
• Bucket Brigade- people will form a line from water source to fire scene; buckets filled
with water shall be passed until it reaches the one who will throw the water to the fire
• Fire Insurance- fire insurance company were established. One of those were founded by
Benjamin Franklin with private firefighters that suppress the fire to homes covered by fire
insurance on 1752
• Public Fire Department
o On 1679, Boston established the first city funded fire department
o Cincinnati established the first state fire department on 1853
• Fire Volunteers
o Mutual Fire Societies are formed by cause oriented person that helps firefighting
to fight fire
o On 1736, B. Franklin organized the Union Volunteer Fire Company in
Philadelphia
• Maltese Cross in BFP Seal
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES IN FIREFIGHTING

Bucket

Hollow Logs
 Safety Net

Public Alerting Device

Pump Handlers

Hose Carriage
Hand Pumper in water source

Mechanics of hand pumper

19th Century

Steam Engine
 Soda Extinguisher

Public Address System

 Ladders

Diesel Powered Engines

1. Singapore
2. Philippines- first fire truck walk in the district of Manila
PHILIPPINE SETTING

• On August 7, 1901 the United States —Philippine Commission organized the Manila Fire
Department, merely as part of the Department of Streets, Park, Fire and Sanitation, later
it was separated from the former department.

• The first Filipino Fire Chief of Manila Fire Department has succeeded the line of Americans
on October 19, 1935 in the person of Deputy Chief Jacinto Lorenzo.

Integration Era 1974-75

o City/ Municipal Police Forces, Jails and Fire Departments were integrated by PD's
421, 482, 531, 585, & 641
o Metropolitan Police Forces was created by PD 421

• Presidential Decree (PD) 765 was enacted on August 8, 1975 constituting the Integrated
National Police (INP), It integrated all city and municipal police, fire departments, and jails
into the INP. These integrated forces were placed under the operational control of the
Philippine Constabulary as its nucleus.

The Bureau of Fire Protection

o Republic Act 6975 otherwise known as the DILG Act of 1990 was enacted on
December 13, 1990, the law has created the now Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)
and its present organization under the Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG) and separated from the Police (PNP), and the Jail (BJMP).

• On June 24, 2004, the congress has enacted the R.A. 9263 otherwise known as the
BFP Professionalization Act of 2004 which has professionalized and upgraded the
qualification standards of appointment in the BFP and BJMP to make it in par with the
Philippine National Police in accordance to RA 8551.

• On December, 2008 RA 9514 or the Comprehensive Fire Code of the Philippines was
enacted.

• On May 8, 2009, R.A. 9592 an “Act Extending the 5 years reglementary period complying
the minimum education qualification and appropriation eligibility in the appointment of the
BFP and BJMP was enacted.

• On May 26, 2021, RA 11549 entitled PNP, BFP, BJMP and BuCor Height Equity Act was
enacted.

• On September 10, 2021, RA 11589 entitled Bureau of Fire Protection Modernization Act
was enacted- expanded the function of BFP and strengthen the structure and services of
the said Bureau.
Section 3. Strengthening of the Bureau of Fire Protection. – The Bureau of Fire Protection
(BFP), created under Republic Act No. 6975, otherwise known as the “Department of the
Interior and Local Government Act of 1990”, as amended, shall exercise the following powers
and functions:

(a) Prevent and suppress all destructive fires on buildings, houses and other structures,
including those that occur in economic zones, agro-industrial economic zones, free ports, and
special economic zones, Information Technology (IT) parks and centers, tourism economic
zones, and other similar entities; forests; land transportation vehicles and equipment; ships or
vessels docked at piers or wharves or anchored in major seaports, petroleum industry
installations; and airports, in the event of plane crashes and other similar incidents: Provided,
That the BFP shall collaborate with various local government units (LGUs) on fire protection
services, such as fire prevention and preparedness, response planning, and information
sharing, as well as on handling fire management and operational issues;

(b) Respond to natural or man-made disasters and other emergencies, including the conduct
of rescue operations, medical emergencies, and containment of hazardous materials
(HAZMAT), chemical biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive (CBRNE) materials:
Provided, That the BFP shall actively coordinate and cooperate with the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council and the LGUs on disaster response, risk reduction and
management, in line with Republic Act No, 7160, as amended, otherwise known as the “Local
Government Code of 1991,” and Republic Act No. 10121, otherwise known as the “Philippine
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010”;

(c) Issue implementing rules and regulations, and prescribe standards, schedule of fees, fire
service charges and administrative penalties, in connection with the enforcement of Republic
Act No. 9514, otherwise known as the “Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008” and other related
laws;

(d) Require building owners to submit plans and specifications of their respective buildings and
other pertinent documents as listed in the BFP’s Citizen Charter pursuant to Republic Act No.
11032, otherwise known as the Ease of Doing Business and Efficient Government Service
Delivery Act of 2018 and evaluate the same to ensure compliance with Republic Act No. 9514
and other applicable codes and standards. For this purpose, a fire safety evaluation clearance
shall be issued as a prerequisite for the issuance of the building permit in accordance with
Republic Act No, 11032;

(e) Investigate all causes of fires, and if necessary, file the proper complaints with the city or
provincial prosecutor who has jurisdiction over the case;

(f) Maintain regional offices which shall formulate and implement policies, plans and programs
of the BFP, with prior consultation from the LGUs and monitor, evaluate and coordinate the
operations and activities of the fire service units at the regional levels in coordination with the
Central Office;

(g) Establish and maintain fire laboratories and research and testing facilities with complete
equipment, one (1) each for Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao areas;
(h) Conduct training of its personnel and officers including fire volunteers, fire safety
practitioners and fire volunteer organizations, pertaining to fire prevention and suppression, fire
inspection and clearance, investigation, disaster preparedness, rescue, emergency medical
response, HAZMAT, CBRNE, and other operations: Provided, That the conduct of such training
must be in coordination with the LGUs;

(i) Conduct monthly fire prevention campaigns and information drives in partnership with the
LGUs, the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), the Department of
Transportation, and economic zones;

(j) Develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive fire safety and protection program that
aims to strengthen the capacity of the national government and LGUs, to build the fire resilience
of communities, and institutionalize measures for reducing disaster risk, and enhancing disaster
and emergency preparedness and response capabilities. The BFP shall also empower existing
community-based fire volunteer brigades and encourage the creation of the same in all LGUs;

(k) Enter into contracts, agreements or similar undertaking for the acquisition, ownership,
possession, use, administration, lease, disposition, or acceptance of real or personal property
in its name;

(l) Request assistance from the Philippine National Police (PNP), Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP), or any government agency or instrumentality, including government-owned
and/or controlled corporations and LGUs, in the exercise of its powers and functions, including
the use of these agencies’ personnel and facilities upon approval of the head of the agency
concerned; and

(m) Perform such other functions as the President or the Secretary of the DILG may assign.
SALIENT FEATURES FOR UNIFORMED PERSONNEL
SEC. 8. Professionalization and Qualifications Upgrading Program. – The DILG shall design and
establish a professionalization and qualifications upgrading program for uniformed personnel of
the BFP and the BJMP in coordination with the CSC and the Commission on Higher Education
(CHED) though an off-campus education program or other similar programs within ninety (90)
days from the effectivity of this Act. -RA 9263
SEC. 9. Attrition System for the Uniformed Personnel of the BFP and the BJMP. - There
shall be established a system of attrition for the uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP
within one (1) year from the effectivty of this Act to be submitted by said bureaus to the DILG for
approval. Such attrition system shall include, but is not limited to, the provision of the following
principles:

a) Attrition by Demotion in Position or Rank. – Any uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP
who is relieved and assigned to a position lower than that is established for his/her grade in the
respective staffing pattern of the Fire Bureau and the Jail Bureau, and who shall not be assigned
to a position commensurate to his/her grade within two (2) years after such demotion in position
shall be separated or retired from the service;

b) Attrition by Non-Promotion. – Any uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP who has not
been promoted for a continuous period of ten (10) years shall be separated or retired from the
service, except for those who are occupying a third-level position;

c) Attrition by Other Means. – Any uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP with at least
five (5) years of accumulated active service shall be separated from the service based on any of
the following factors:

1) Inefficiency based on poor performance during the last two (2) successive semestral ratings
period;

2) Inefficiency based on poor performance for three (3) cumulative semestral rating period;

3) Physical and/or mental incapacity to perform his/her duties and functions; or

4) Failure to complete the required career courses and/or appropriate civil service eligibility for
his/her position except for justifiable; and

d) Separation or Retirement from the Fire Bureau and the Jail Bureau under this Section. – Any
personnel who is dismissed from the BFP and the BJMP pursuant to the above-enumerated
principles in this Section shall be separated if he/she has rendered less than twenty (20) years of
service, and be retired if he/she has rendered at least twenty (20) years of service unless the
concerned personnel is disqualified by law to receive such benefits.

SEC. 10. Promotion System for the Uniformed Personnel of the BFP and BJMP. – Within six
(6) months after the effectivity of this Act, the DILG shall establish a system of promotion for the
uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP though the following principles:

Rationalized Promotion System. – The system of promotion shall be based on merits and on
the availability of vacant ranks in the BFP and the BJMP staffing pattern. Such system shall be
gender-fair so as to ensure that women personnel of the Fire Bureau and the Jail Bureau shall
enjoy equal opportunity for promotion as to men.

1. Regular Promotion
o Meet the minimum qualification standards to next higher rank
o Eligibility (Criminologist FO1 to Superintendent lang)
o Education
o Performance (2 successive semestral evaluation period para ma-promote)
o Time in Grave
 2. Special Promotion
o Personnel exhibited act of prestigious gallantry will be promoted to the next higher
rank said by the DILG and CSC

3. Promotion by Virtue of Position

o Given to officers occupying key positions to fit the rank in the position

SEC. 11. Performance Evaluation System. - There shall be established a performance

evaluation system which shall be administered with accordance with the rules, regulations and
standards, and a code of conduct for the uniformed personnel of the BFP and the BJMP to be
promulgated by the Fire Bureau and the Jail Bureau through the DILG. Such performance
evaluation system shall be administered in such a way as to foster the improvement of the
individual efficiency and behavioral discipline as well as the promotion of organizational
effectiveness and commitment to service. EVERY 6 MONTHS

SALARIES AND BENEFITS

LONGETIVITY PAY
After 5 years in service 10% increase to monthly salary even without promotion

Other Compensation to All

• Personal Economic Relief Assistance- 2k a month
• Clothing/ Uniform Allowance
• Subsistence Allowance
• Laundry Allowance
• Quarters Allowance
• Longetivity Pay
 • Mid Year- May
• Year End- Novermer
• 14th month pay- 1 month na sahod
• Cash Gift- 5k pesos
• Productivity Enhancement Incentives- Performance based bonus kada responding ka
may 15,000 a year
• Hazardous Duty Pay- mga firefighter na nasa operation services
• Training subsistence pay
• PAG IBIG contribution
• PhilHealth Contribution
• Retirement Gratuity- 20 years in service half ng sagod mo, 36 years on service up to 90
percent ng sahod mo ang monthly pension mo
• Terminal Leave- leave credits mga leave na may bayad na hindi nagamit makukuha mo
pag nag retire kana
• Allowances from LGU (if available)

FIRE BRIGADES AND FIRE VOLUNTEER ASSOCIATION

To augment the BFP, fire volunteers and fire brigades are sanctioned by law to
established, organized and operated pursuant to the IRR of the RA 9514
FIRE AND ARSON INVESTIGATION

TOPIC: FIRE FIGHTING

OUTLINE

• Tools and Engine in Firefighting

• Duties of Engine Company
• Incident Command
• Staging
• Command Sequence

TOOLS AND ENGINES IN FIRE FIGHTING

1. Uniform

- a firefighter’s uniform is expensive but essential

MULTI-LAYERED GARMENTS- Each layer of material used in turnout

gear serves a specific purpose, providing protection from heat, cold,
flames, and water.

- The External Yellow Layer is made of heat-resistant Nomex

Nomex is a honeycomb-like fiber.

- The Pale-Yellow vapor barrier protects against stems burns from firefighters’ own body heat.

- The Blue waterproof lining keeps the firefighter dry.

2. Ladder Belt

- tether that extends the length of the connection out to 16-3/4 inches to reach the ladder rung.

3. Gloves
- offer protection against mechanical and thermal risks

4. Flashlight

- provides a tightly directed beam of light, this can help focus a firefighter's attention on a
specific task or in a specific direction.
5. EVOLUTION OF HATS AND HEADGEAR

1. Stovepipe Hat (1900)- felt material

-cannot protect against flames but the wide brim blocked sprays of water.

2. French Fire Helmet (1900)- made of metal

- metal shells were dangerous because they conduct heat and electricity.

3. Gratacap (1930)- made of wood

-developed by a volunteer firefighter

- it is the forerunner of modern helmets

4. 3 Modern Helmet- made of plastic

1.

- has a face shield

- heat and flame resistant

2.

- there’s a number on the front to indicate the rank engine company

3.

- has a polycarbonate exterior that protects the head from falling objects

6. Personal Alert and Safety System

- are used by firefighters to alert aid using audible signal technology, and they operate by
emitting an alarm signal if the lack of motion exceeds a specific time period.

7. Thermal Vision System

- a type of thermographic camera used in firefighting by rendering infrared radiation as visible

light, such cameras allow firefighters to see areas of heat through smoke, darkness, or heat-permeable
barriers.
8. Two-Way Radio

- durable and able to withstand the unique pressures created by a disaster, but also they are
lightweight and easy to carry around. If an emergency situation requires a lot of moving about, a radio is
compact enough to not get in the way.

9. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

- used to protect users against oxygen deficiency, dust, gases, and vapors at plants, aboard
vessels, at a fire, and in tunnels.

10. Bolt Cutter

- for cutting through wire

11. Battering Ram

- used to make forced entries into grounds/structures by cutting locks, and breaking doors,
windows, or roofs as needed to gain access to or ventilate structures.

12. Pike

- used to pull down interior and exterior walls, ceilings, and roofs to stop a fire's spread.

13. Hose Clamp

- for stopping the flow of water through a hose.

14. Hose Jacket

- provide strength and protection from the pressure of water.

-hose's jacket that has the job of keeping the hose from bursting
15. Nozzle

-connected to the fire hose that provides water flow to extinguish fires

16. Foam Nozzle Eductor

- forces a mixture of foam and water through the hose.

17. Fan

- to create a flow of air through the enclosure

18. Fan Hanger

- allows crews to hang a smoke ejector or battery fan from virtually anywhere — from ladders
and inside doorways, windows, basements, etc.

19. Life-Saving Devices

-Jaws, Goggles, Ear protectors

20. Hydrant Wrench

- for opening fire hydrants

21. Spanner Wrench

- essential functions such as prying open doors and windows and opening and closing gas meter
valves.

22. Hose Strap

- securing a charged hose line, allowing a firefighter to better control and maneuver the line
while flowing water.
 23. Tarpaulin

- it is put on valuable materials inside a building to reduce damage from fire, smoke, water,
heat, cold, or weather during and after a fire.

24. Saw

- to cut ventilation holes in structures, construct shoring systems, and clear fire lines

25. Deck Gun

- its bolts are placed on the ground or mounted on a truck to direct water flow when pressure is
too strong for firefighters.

TRUCKS, AIRCRAFT, HELICOPTERS, AND FIRE BOAT

1. Typical Modern Truck

- Storing Equipment

- Lockers along the side of the truck provide storage space for all of the firefighters’ tools.

2. Fire Truck with Boom

- Tower Truck

- the boom can move up and down and swivel 360 degrees to position the firefighter as close to
the target as possible.
3. Specialized Crash Truck

- fire trucks designed for special operation

4. Crash Truck in Action

- used in moving cars

5. Airport Fire Truck

- used in airports

6. Rescue Trucks

-consist of first aid, rescue devices, etc.

7. Hydraulic system of a rescue truck

- where hydraulic devices that are used for firefighting locates.

8. Jaw in Action

- hydraulic tools also known as cutters, spreaders, and rams are used to pry open vehicles in
accidents in which a victim may be trapped
9. Chassis Separator in Use

- use to remove injured people on the car seat.

10. Choppers

- used to spray water from above.

1. Fixed Wing Aircraft

CL-215-SCOOPER- scoops water from nearest waters (lake, ocean river, etc.) and pour it
into burning areas.
 SCOOPER IN ACTION

11. Fire Boat

Duties of Engine Company

• Locating the fire- company should determine where the location of destructive fire is; it can be
determined from incoming calls, bystanders and even actual observation.
• Confinement- company should limit the fire from growing and spreading; it can be made by means of
fire control measures like exploiting the firewalls to deny the spread, watering of adjacent structures
among others.
• Extinguishment- refers to the actual pacification of destructive fire; the resource needed, time,
manpower is determined by the extent of destructive fire and other factors in the scene of fire incident.
• Securing and delivering water supply to incident scene- company should secure and deliver water
supply to the fire scene; this can be made by identifying water sources like hydrants and natural water
sources, use of hose or engine relay if the source of water is too distant.
• Utilizing water supply for control and extinguishment- water shall be used to suppress fire; to ensure
the efficient use of water fire scene conditions should be identified especially the size of the structure;
size of hose and engine specification is considered too.
STAGING

• Primary Staging

- allows units to respond to a prearranged side of the fire building and to be prepared to go into
operation if ordered by the Incident Commander.

-it allows units to respond to a prearranged side of the fire building and be prepared when the
incident commander made an order.
- Level I Staging is automatically in effect for all incidents with three or more companies
responding.

- During any multi-company response, companies should continue responding to the scene until
a company reports on the scene. In situations where the simultaneous arrival of first-due
companies is possible, the affected officers shall utilize radio communications to coordinate
activities and eliminate confusion. It will be the ongoing responsibility of Dispatch to confirm the
arrival of the first on-scene unit.

• Secondary Staging
- Level II Staging is utilized when Command desires to maintain a reserve of resources on-scene, and when
the need to centralize resources is required. Level II Staging places all reserve resources in a central
location and automatically requires the implementation of a Staging Sector Officer.

-it allows space for units to place in specific locations to proceed and wait for orders from incident
commander.

-Level II Staging will be implemented for all greater alarm incidents.

 Command Sequence

There are 5 level of command sequence in the scene, namely;

Level 1 Incident Priorities

Level 2 Size up
Level 3 Strategy
Level 4 Tactics

Level 5 Tasks

Level 1 Incident Priorities

Life Safety- it covers the 1st and foremost priority, protection of life is primordial aspect of safety; rescue and first aid are
common measure for life safety; evacuation of occupants and restriction of access in scene of incident are also made to
prevent loss of lives.

• Incident Stabilization- refers to the situation in which fire is controlled preferably confined, occupants are safe
and medical attention was made, also the firefighter are safe and distant from risks.

• Property Conservation- refers to the preservation of properties from effects brought by exposures; salvaging
and use of water guides are employed.

Level 2 Size up- Refers to the mental process of determining all factors in the incident against the resources available.

Sources of Information
• Observation in the Scene
• Occupants and by standers
• Firefighters who arrived first
• Information from other sources

Factors in size up
✓ Water- is your water enough? Must be resourceful to look for water.
✓ Area- must be familiarize to the area
✓ Life hazard- possible hazard for the firefighter and civilian, evacuate, must perform overhaul and rescue to
preserve life and property
✓ Location, extent- location of the fire and extent will dictate how you will raise the alarm and place the unit.
✓ Apparatus
✓ Construction/collapse- pag dingding umuusok na magigiba na yan, magigiba yung mga nasa ibabaw ng umuusok
na unit
✓ Exposures- PPE especially self-breathing apparatus
✓ Weather
✓ Auxiliary appliances- additional appliances can be used for fire suppression inside the house
✓ Special matters
✓ Height Occupancy- mataas gusali may possibility matrap sa taas, purpose of the building
✓ Time
Level 3 Strategies

Rescue- refers to the measure to keep occupants from destructive effects of fire and exposure; ladder operation, use of
choppers, first aid etc are utilized for such:

✓ Exposures- refers to the condition of occupants that can experience harm due to effects of destructive fire.
Measures should be made to minimize or avoid exposure
1. Life Exposure- pagkakaroon ng kontak ng tao sa apoy na pwede ikamatay
2. Fire Exposure- pagkakaroon ng access ng property na kung saan possible siya masunog

✓ Confinement- refers to the keeping the fire to specific area and avoiding its growth and spread

✓ Extinguishment – refers to actual pacifying of fire using extinguishing agents, any firefighting ingredient to fight
fire

✓ Overhaul- refers to the checking of structure destroyed by fire to ensure that it will not ignite again;

✓ Ventilation – refers to the measures performed to expel smoke and toxic gases from structure.
1. Mechanical Ventilation- gagamit ng fan para i-expell yung usok at saka fire gases
2. Cross Ventilation- bubutasin mo yung bintana na babasagin para dun tumakas yung mga usok at fire gases.
Meron visibility less fire gases, more survivability.
3. Vertical Ventilaton- salamin sa bubong na binabasag ng fire department para yung usok sa taas umakyat.

✓ Salvage – refers to the measures performed by preserving properties from fire, smoke and even water. Yung mga
gamit tatakpan ng tarpaulin oozing.
 Kailangan ang bugha ng tubig parang shower saka dapat pinapaikot ung hose para ma-maximize yung cover ng tubig.

ideal

Almost 90% of survival ng mga occupant

1. Pag aakyat ng tuktok ng floor dapat mas mataas yung ladder ng mga 3 steps para may hawakan
2. Pag rescue, tuktok ng ladder nasa base ng bintana
3. Pagmaglalagay ng hose dapat yung tuktok ng hagdan kapantay ng ceeling
4. Access of floor dapat 1 step na abobe sa bintana
5. To ventilate- ung ladder sa tabi ng bintana, during ventilation:
Ideal to prevent the glass shards from falling on your face

Ideal place to punch a hole for ventilation because it is farther from the person that is trapped and the smokes and the
chemicals will not go directly to the trapped person
Level 4: Tactics- Refers to the manner of implementing the strategy necessary for a situation.

Example: Ground commander directed the company to ventilate (strategy) the 4th floor east side; then, the
company will make a cross ventilation (tactic)

Tasks- Refers to assigning the things to do to the right person to perform the tactics in right time.

Example: considering the recent example, the company will make a cross ventilation immediately to pull
the fire from moving to west part where occupants are escaping.

4 basic modes of fire attack

1. Offensive- this mode of attack is made if there are still civilians in the building needed to be evacuated or rescued. In
such, hose teams will enter the structure while other units will take care of rescue efforts.
2. Defensive- this mode is made when there are no civilians inside or in any cases the fire is intense and internal
operation is not possible. In such, firefighters will suppress the fire outside.

3. Offensive/defensive- one of the two transition mode in which strategy will change from offensive to defensive; for
example, after evacuating the civilians during the offensive mode, building may collapse and all firefighters will leave the
building and shift to defensive mode.

4. Defensive/offensive- the second type of transition mode in which strategy will change from offensive to defensive; for
example, the company arrived and performs the defensive mode but the commander received reports that civilians are
trapped at the back of the structure; in such case, commander will deploy rescue teams and hose team if feasi