3.196 3.339 3.386 3.387 3.

389 hb qzz

1.Which one of the following can be used for data analysis in Cross sectional?
A. Odds ratio
B. Relative risk
C. Chi square test
D. Attributable risk and Chi square test3.
E. odds ratio and attributable risk
cross sectional: use CHI SQUARE
Cohort: use RR or AR
Case control: use ODD's RATIO

A. Which is the best study to find out the state of Vitamin D deficiency in Australia?

A. Cohort
B. Case control
C. Case study
D. Cross-‐sectional study.

Which test to check prevalence? Cross sectional

Which is the least significant test? Case report/series
To check Prevalence  Cross Sectional Study
To check incidence  Cohort

ans-cohort
 B. 3.Two groups are being studied for risk reduction for some disease with aspirin use. Tables are
given
as follows. Calculate Number needed to treat (NNT)?
Aspirin Placebo
With Disease 10 20
Disease free 990 980
A. 1
B. 10
C. 100
D. 1000

NNT=1/ARR

Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) = CER – EER

Control event rate (CER) = 20/1000
Experimental event rate (EVR) = 10/1000

ARR = 0.02 – 0.01

= 0.01

NNT = 1/ ARR = 1/0.01 =1/1×100= 100

4.There was a patient who undergone stress echo for ischemic cardiac disease.his results came positive.
Positive predictive value 55%
Negative predicive value maybe 90 something
Chances of patient having the cardiac disease
I chose 55%.
90 There was a patient who undergone stress echo for ischemic cardiac disease.his results came positive.
Positive predictive value 55%
Negative predicive value maybe 90 something
Chances of patient having the cardiac disease
A.55
B.90
C.45
D.35

4. P value of effectiveness with drug

Type 1 error kaplan 149
Type 2 error
Effectiveness in greater than 0.5
Effectiveness > 0.1
ans-C

5.In a village of 3000 people, 500 get Congo Hemorrhagic fever. 450 eventually recover from
the disease in the next 4 weeks while 50 died. What is the case fatility rate for this disease?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 35
d. 50
e. 200

Case fatality rate = Total number of deaths from disease/ Total number of cases
= 50 /500
= 10
 ans-E

f. You are a doctor in a town, where 6 people out of 100 are non-smoker. What are the
chances of stroke. The chances of stroke in smoker is 50%more than non-smoker. Now
the pharmaceutical company is introducing a medicine which reduces the chances of
stroke up to 1/3rd in smoker population. What is the percentage of the stroke population
will get stroke
A. 3%
B. 6%
C. 9%
D. 12%
E. 20%

No. Of non smoker = 6 out of total 100 ppl

Chances of stroke in non-smoker = 6/100
Chances of stroke in smoker = 6 + 50% of 6
50% of 6 = 3
So, chances of stroke in smoker = (6 + 3)/100 = 9/100
The medicine reduces the chances of stroke in smokers by 1/3
1/3rd of 9/100 = 3/100
That reduces percentage of stroke = 9 – 3/ 100 = 0.06 = 6%

16-30 sehrish qz...

1. Which one of the following can be used for data analysis in Cross sectional?
A. Odds ratio
B. Relative risk
C. Chi square test
D. Attributable risk and Chi square test
E. odds ratio and attributable risk
cross sectional: use CHI SQUARE
Cohort: use RR or AR
Case control: use ODD's RATIO
Kaplan pg 121

1. 2.Which is the best study to find out the state of Vitamin D deficiency in Australia?
A. Cohort
B. Case control
C. Case study
D. Cross-‐sectional study.
To check Prevalence  Cross Sectional Study
To check incidence  Cohort
 Kaplan 118

2. 3. Two groups are being studied for risk reduction for some disease with aspirin use. Tables are given
as follows. Calculate Number needed to treat (NNT)?
Aspirin Placebo
With Disease 10 20
Disease free 990 980
C. 1
D. 10
E. 100
F. 1000

Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) = CER – EER

Control event rate (CER) = 20/1000
Experimental event rate (EVR) = 10/1000

ARR = 0.02 – 0.01

= 0.01

NNT = 1/ ARR = 1/0.01 = 100

3. 4. P value of effectiveness with drug

A. Type 1 error
B. Type 2 error
C. Effectiveness in greater than 0.5
D. Effectiveness > 0.1

4. 5. In a village of 3000 people, 500 get Congo Hemorrhagic fever. 450 eventually recover from
the disease in the next 4 weeks while 50 died. What is the case fatility rate for this disease?
1. 10
2. 20
3. 35
4. 50
5. 200

Case fatality rate = Total number of deaths from disease/ Total number of cases
= 50 /500
= 10

6. You are a doctor in a town, where 6 people out of 100 are non-smoker. What are the
chances of stroke. The chances of stroke in smoker is 50%more than non-smoker. Now
the pharmaceutical company is introducing a medicine which reduces the chances of
stroke up to 1/3rd in smoker population. What is the percentage of the stroke population
will get stroke
F. 3%
G. 6%
H. 9%
I. 12%
J. 20%
Chances of stroke in non-smoker = 6/100
Chances of stroke in smoker = (6 + 50% of 6)/100 = 9/100
The medicine reduces the chances by 1/3 = 9/3 = 3
That reduces percentage of stroke = 9 – 3/ 100 = 0.06 = 6%

7.In a small village of North QLD with a community of 3000 people,

18%females get URTI while 22% males get it as well who are exposed to
factory smoke. 10% of females also get URTI who live away from the factory
and are not exposed to factory smoke. The data for males is not available.
Calculate the attributable risk for females to get URTI due to factory smoke?
1. 28%
2. 30%
3. 6%
4. 1.8%
5. 8%
Female Male
Exposed 18% 22%
Unexposed 10%

AR= 18% - 10%

= 8%

8. A study wish to make a relation btw the fatigue in track car driver in high ways & the
incidence of MVA happen. wt is the most suitable method to carry out study?
F. Cohort
G. Case control
H. RCT
I. Cross sectional

J. Case study

Best method of study………Systemic review

9. The least important study to look for effectiveness of ccf Rx?
E. case control
F. case series
G. cohort
H. RCT
I. Systemic Review

10. You find there are more and more diabetics in your practice and you want to do
a research about
how many people are diabetic. What is the best study design?
a. Cohort study
b. Case-control study
c. Randomized-control trial
d. Cross-section study

11. If you need to study whether smoking causes myocardial infarction, what kind of
study / group do you intend to conduct/study?
A) Cohort ***
B) Randomized Controlled
C) Case Control
D) Case series
E) Observational

12. A young scientist has decided to study the causes of neonatal jaundice. He selects 150 babies with
jaundice and 150 without, and examines there previous histories looking for factors that could have
determined their jaundice. This kind of study is called?
a.) cohort study
b.) case study
c.) case control study ***
d.) prospective study
Q 13. A scientist study a case which is 30% fpv, 10% fnv. study of 1100.now the test shows 100 people
are +ve for the test. what is the actual number of people getting the disease for the
people who did testing?
a, 10
b, 20
c, 30
d, 70 ***
e,90

Question on cohort study on bushfire survivor – what is the most important? – a) establish a
control group a) random sampling from population

Question on Vitamin C efficacy on influenza with placebo, what to do to increase validity? A) Random
sampling b) Randomisation c) increase study power

14. A new drug is being tested for decreasing mortality in HTN patient by 1/4, in a community of 100 you
have 8 patients with the condition, what is the number needed to treat?
a. 100
b. 50
c. 33
d. 60
e. 10

15. You want to make a study about asthmatic patients and if there have been any
exposure to smoke or
its severity to exposure to smoke. What study is the most appropriate?
a. Case control
b. Cross sectional
c. Cohort
d. Observational study
 16. A study is being planned to investigate the effect of environmental exposure to pesticides on
the incidence of cancer.
Which of the following study designs is most appropriate?
1.Case-control study
2.Case series
3.Cohort study ***
4.Cross-sectional survey
5.Randomised controlled trial

17. The cut-off point of screening test is increased.

A. both sensitivity and specificity will be increased
B Sensitivity increased, Specificity decreased
C. Sensitivity decreased, Specificity increased

(reference mina notes)

High cutoff --> Decrease sensitivity and Increase specificity.

. Low cutoff --> High Sensitivity --> higher negative predictive value
(NPV) --> decrease false -ve results (Ruling out probability).

. High cutoff --> Higher Specificity --> higher positive predictive value
(PPV) --> decrease false +ve results (Ruling in probability).

You are doctor in a rural area and u study the number of people suffering from HTN, DM and CKD from 2009
to 2010 in a population of 200. What is the point prevalence of HTN for 2010? 2009
2010HTN 45 50DM 30 40CKD 16 20a) 200 b.250
c.300d.350

18. Australian government appointed you to go through a community based service and help a
local doctor there.
Hepatitis B data given in a community of total population of 200.

2009 2010
Antibody +ve 10 15
 2009 2010
Antigen +ve 40 55

Need to calculate the prevalence per 1000 population in the year 2010
A- 350
B- 250
C- 70
D- 50
E- 125

19. Which study is most reliable for outcome of a disease in a community?

A-cohort
B-case control
C-RCT ***
D- case study
E- cross sectional study

20. A post marketing drug surveillance study of a new heart failure therapy to the market
was carried out on 10,000 subjects who had completed clinical trials. which one of the
following most accurately reflects the information generated from such a study?
1. Adverse events profile ***
2. comparative therapeutics efficacy
3. cost benefits trial
4. cost effectiveness
5. Drug potency

21. A new screening test is to be launched in community. Which is the most

important factor to consider?
A. High sensitivity (ans)
B. High specificity
C. High positive predictive value
D. No adverse outcomes
https://gradestack.com/Dr-Bhatia-Medical/Most-important-factor-for/168-3042-3172-16257-sf

22. What study would you do if you want to find out the efficacy of a vaccine
on a group of people?
a) Randomised controlled trials
b) Cohort study
c) Case control study
d) Cross sectional study
23. Ten-day care clinic patients have their Hb measured in the clinic. The means Hb value is
11.0. The first 9 values are 10.0, 10.2, 9.7, 13.4, 12.7, 12.1, 11.0, 12.8, 8.6.
what is the value of the 10th patient?
A. 8.5
B. 9.0
C. 9.5 110/10 = 11.0
10. 10.0
E. 10.5

24. In a trial of a new treatment for fulminant sepsis the mortality in the treatment group is
20%, whereas the mortality in the placebo group is 40%. What is the relative risk of death
with the new treatment?
A. 0.1
B. 0.2
C. 0.4
D. 0.5
E. 2.0
RR = 20/40 = 0.5
RR = risk of exposed/risk in non exposed = 20/40 = 0.5
25.
A new screening test was developed for a disease. According to the survey, there is an
increase in percentage of people who are taking the screening test. However, there is no
increase in number of people diagnosed with the disease. What’s the underlying cause?

A. Because of the cultural limitation, the number of Indigenous women who take the test
are few.
B. There is not enough access to the test for the community
C. The test has low sensitivity value

26. A new drug is discovered, which affects the progression of the disease, but not the
mortality. Which is the most appropriate statement?
a. increase incidence
b. decrease incidence
c. Increase prevalence ***(no death all old pat and new pat inside this group)
d. decrease prevalence

27. A pharmaceutical company before the start of the trial got approval from ethical
committee to use a new anti-cancer drug for Ca Pancreas. The ethical committee gave
approval and set the target P value < or = 0.02, for the drug to be superior to other
drugs. At the end of the trial, the company claimed about the efficacy of the new drug to
be superior to all other available drugs in the market and P value at the end of the trial
was = 0.04. What does this P value show here?
1. New drug is safer as compared to other drugs.
2. New drug is as useful as other drugs with fewer side effects
3. new drug is superior to other drugs
4. New drugs is not to superior to other drugs
5. New drug is inferior to other drugs

Q-You are a dentist and want to relationship between mercury amalgam and dementia. You take two groups of people one
with dementia taking amalgam, one with dementia not taking amalgam. What is this type of study called?
a) Cross-sectional
b) Retrospective cohort
c) Case-control
d) Prospective Cohort
e) RCT
KAPLAN STEP 2CK Epidemiology Notes

28. Study on Aspirin effects on preventing MI on 100 people.

Of those who took aspirin of the 100 ppl only 1 person had a MI.
Of those who didn't take aspirin 2 ppl had MI.
What is the decrease in relative risk (Relative Risk Reduction) RRR given by aspirin

1%
10% control = not taking anything
50%
100% exsperimental = taking something
200%

CER = 2/100
EER = 1/100
RRR = (CER – EER)/CER = ½ = 0.5 =50%

CER = 2/100 control event rate

EER = 1/100 exsperimental event rate
RR= 2/1 =2
RRR = ½ = 0.5 =50% relative risk reduction
RRR = (CER – EER)/CER = ½ = 0.5 =50%

q.Out of 100 volunteers each group

Coronary event No coronary event

Aspirin 1 99
No aspirin 2 98
How much the relative risk increase in people not taking ASA to get coronary event?
1%
2%
100%
200%

q.Out of 100 volunteers each group

Coronary event No coronary event

Aspirin 1 99
No aspirin 2 98
How much the relative risk in people not taking ASA to get coronary event?
1%
2%
100%
200%

Coronary event Present Absent

No Aspirin 2 98
Aspirin 1 99

2/ ( 2+ 98 ) 2/100
Relative Risk (RR) = =2
1/ ( 1+ 99 ) 1/100
RR is more than 1 here,
that gives RR increase (RRI) = RR -1
= 2 -1
= 1 (100%)
RRI of 1 means 100% more likely to get coronary event in those who do not take Aspirin.

29. In pt. with pancreatitis for purpose of statistical studies, AOF are useful EXCEPT
a. Case control
b.Cohort
c.Case report/case study—(one study) ***
d. double blind study
e.systemic review

30. WOF the following least describe primary prevention?

A. reduce incidence
B. improve lifestyle
C. giving vaccination
D. reduce prevalence(ans) secondary prevention ref kaplan
E.identify the predisposing factor early ***

31. as a gp in rural area, you notice that recently more cases of hepatitis c has been
diagnosed and want to do a research to find out the incidence of hep c in the community
with a population of around 3000. how will you get the information you need for the
research?
a. find the number of all patients with current hepatitis c antibody +
b. all patients with current hepatitis c antigen positive
c. all patients with current hepatitis c pcr positive ***----------------incidence
d. all cases diagnosed as hepatitis c positive for the past 5 years
for prevalence (2016Q) -----HCV antibody

32. you are a doctor in a hospital and want to do research about the outcome of babies
born to diabetic mothers and want to compare the result with the babies born to non
diabetic mothers. Which study will be the best study?
a) Cross sectional study
b) Cohort study looking for roisk factors so future prospective
c) Case control study ***
d) Randomized control trial
e) Case study

33. You find there are more and more diabetics in your practice and you want to do a research
about
how many people are diabetic. What is the best study design?
a. Cohort study
b. Case-control study prevelance = diabetes
c. Randomized-control trial
d. Cross-section study***

34. Which of the following is necessary in obtaining informed consent?

a. A description of the statistical analyses that will be carried out
b. A description of the purpose of the research ***
c. A description of the reliability and validity of test instruments
d. A list of publications that the researcher has had in the last ten years
You are supposed to submit a paper or protocol of what will be done in the research
study and how it will be done to an ethical committee and on the basis of that, Ethical
committee either approves it or rejects it.
https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/june/research-ethics-and-approval-process-a-guide-for-new-gp-
researchers/

35. How to choose sample for a research of obesity in the community?

A. Snowballing
B. From shopping center.
C. Random in general population. ***
D. From news advertisement.
E. From website

36. You are planning on conducting a research to look at the association between hypertension
and myocardial infarction. What is the most appropriate study design for this
research?
a. Randomised controlled trial
b. Case study
c. Cohort ***
d. Cross sectional

37. 15-year-old boy wants to participate in a research study. He told his parents who did
not agree. He lives with his parents. Can this boy participate in the research study?
No,
Minor living with parents. Ethics would need parents’ consent

38. What is the advantage of a randomised controlled trial?

A) will remove observer bias ***
b) will remove the chance of self-selection of patients to particular group
c) will be better for comparable results
The most important advantage of proper randomization is that it minimizes allocation
bias, balancing both known and unknown prognostic factors, in the assignment of
treatments

****39. When evaluating a report of clinical trial, which one of the following is correct?
A. Control and treatment groups must be equivalent in size.(ans)
B. if randomization is conducted properly, chance differences are inevitable.***
C. Inadequate sample size has been shown to produce true positives and true negatives.
D. results are invalid if the trial is of not double blind construction.
E. Withdrawal of patients from a trial by the investigator does not lead to bias
40. Which of the folowing statement about double blind pacebo control clinical trial is correct!
A: All patients receive a placebo.
B: Everybody receives both treatments
C. Some of the patients are not treated
D. Half of the patients don,t know which treatment they receive
E. The clinician assessing the effects of the treatment does not know which treatment the
patient has been given***

41. Incidence rate of lung cancer among smokers is 10/1000 and among non-smokers is 1 per
1000.To what extent to lung cancer can be attributed to smoking is
a. 10%
b. 90% ***the word attribute here means ATTRIBUTALE RISK.
c. 1%
d. 100% AR= INCIDENCE IN EXPOSED – INCIDENCE IN NON EXPOSED X 100
INCIDENCE IN EXPOSED

= 10 -1 X 100 = 90%
10

ar =rr-1/rr
RR=ARR/10=10-1/10=.9 meaning 90%

42. In a community pap screening was done. but there is increased incidence of Ca cervix.
what is the cause?
failure to screen the high-risk women
inability of the test to identify the disease in early stage. ***

43. What would be the best reason to make a screening program more available to the
public?
a) Possibility of early diagnosis
b) It is required for research purposes
c) It improves the treatment’s prognosis(ans)
d) Specialised treatment is available
e) It can lower the death rate from the disease***

the disease should be common, treatable and easy screend with cheap
avaliable non-invasive screeing procedure

44. Average BP is 130 +/- 25. about 95% people will lie between :
a. 115-155
b. 80-180*** SD = STANDARD DEVIATION
c. 95-100

25 is the SD
2sd=95.5%(formula)
so, 2*25=50
130+50=180
Ans d 130-50=80
Q.A case in your clinic with population 200.. the prevalence of a certain disease in 2009 was 30 and in 2010 was 40..
provided that no change in demographic data.. what is the prevalence in 2011:
10%
20% NO CHANGE SO TAKE YEAR 2010 ALONE
30%
d-40%

Prevalence is the proportion of screened people who have disease. It is something that can be estimated only if the entire
population (or representative sample of the population) is screened. Increased prevalence of a disease usually equals
increased PPV and decreased NPV. Decreased prevalence of a disease usually equals decreased PPV and increased
NPV.
• Prevalence = (TP + FN)/(TP + TN + FN + FP)

Q.You are a GP taking care of a community of 100 people and the following is the number of people with specific diseases
for two years that you have.
BP>140/90
40(2009)
50(2010)
Hyperglycemia
20(2009)
25(2010)
Hyperlipidemia
30(2009)
40(2010)
What is the point prevalence of hypertension (per 1000 people) for 2010? (exactly as such and there is no answer for 500)
A. 50
B. 40
C. 250
D. 475
ans-500

You are a doctor in rural area and you study the number of people suffering from HTN , DM and CKD from 2009 to 2010 in
a population of 200. What is the point prevalence of HTN of 2010
2009. 2010
HTN. 45. 50
DM. 30. 40
CKD. 16. 20

A 2005
B 250
C 300 ? POPULATION 1000
D 350

45. One population, mean systolic BP is 115 and SD is 15 so what will be

range of 95% population’s BP?
a) 100 to 130
b) 85 to 145***
95% SD(range) given then it means its plus and minus 2SD.so here they have
given 15 SD, SO As i said its 2SD for 95% and 2*15=30 so plus and minus 30
if they give 99% then its plus and minus 3SD
if 66% then plus and minus 1SD
46. on tv u have given a lecture. u gave education, now we need to find out that is it
benefitting the people or not.
a go for randomized group in general population. ***
B case study
C case control
D cohart

47. A pharmaceutical company contacts you and suggests you to start prescribing the new
antidepressant. What the criteria for doing that?
A. Approval of committee ethics commission ***
B. Base recent scientific research
C. Not to do so

48. 50 males taken to a research and during it he become dementia and his primary carer is his
son what will you do
a) Ask from son***
b) Guardianship
c) Ethic and comity

49. An experienced group of surgeon’s reports on a randomised placebo

controlled trial comparing a particular surgical technique for carotid artery to
a sham procedure. Their study concludes that using this advanced method
reduces the risk of stroke from 5% to 4% ( p<0.05). what does this study
proved about the new surgical method?
1. Acceptability
2. Effectiveness
3. Efficacy***
4. Safety
5. Usefulness
5. odds ratio and attributable risk

50. You are a doctor in a remote area where a study is conducted to determine the
prevalence of Hep B the study included 200 patients and showed the following results
2008/ 2009
Patients with Hep B Ag +ve only 10 / 12 Patients with +ve Hep B core antibody and Hep
B Ag 50 / 52 Patients with Hep B core antibody +ve only20/ 30 Calculate the incidence in
2010 in 1000 patients from this population
25
50
300
325
(ANS) 50

51. Study on Aspirin effects on preventing MI on 100 people.

Of those who took aspirin of the 100 ppl only 1 person had a MI.
Of those who didn't take aspirin 2 ppl had MI.
What is the decrease in relative risk given by aspirin

1%
10%??
100%??/
200
ans :50%

Formula of RRR is
RRR = (EER-CER)/CER = (.01-.02)/.02= -50%

The relative risk increase is the percentage to which the treated group get more of that event than the control group and is
computed using the following:
Relative risk increase = 100x(treatment event rate -control event rate) /CER
Negative numbers, of course, mean that there is a relative risk decrease rather than increase.

ans :50%
Relative risk reduction (RRR) tells you by how much the treatment reduced the risk of bad outcomes relative to the control
group who did not have the treatment.
Relative Risk Increase

Formula of RRR is
RRR = (EER-CER)/CER = (.01-.02)/.02= -50%
Eer=events/total number
Cer=number in control/total number
RRR=(.01-.02)/.02=.05 MULTOPLY 100 SO 50%
http://www.clintools.com/products/org/WebHelp/odds_ratio_generator_help/relative_risk_increase.htm

The relative risk increase is the percentage to which the treated group get more of that event than the control group and is
computed using the following:
Relative risk increase = 100x(treatment event rate -control event rate) /CER
Negative numbers, of course, mean that there is a relative risk decrease rather than increase.

52. Vitamin C efficacy on influenza with placebo, what to do to increase validity? 

b) Random sampling 
c) Cohort
d) Case-control
e) Case-report
f) Randomisation
https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-to-improve-validity-of-a-scientific-investigation.html
 There are a number of ways of improving the validity of an experiment, including controlling more variables,

improving measurement technique, increasing randomization to reduce sample bias, blinding the experiment, and
adding control or placebo groups.

A B C D E

Points Comment
A 0% Specificity
B 100% Sensitivity, 50% Specificity
C 75% Sensitivity, 75% Specificity
D 100% Specificity, 50% Sensitivity
E 0% Sensitivity

53. 40-year asymptomatic patient comes to you requesting stress ECG. You know the prevalence of case in
asymptomatic patient of this age is 10.
Dis Disease present Disease absent
Positive test 40 80
Negative test 60 200

What is the sensitivity of test?

E. 5%
F. 10%
G. 25%
H. 40%
I. 80%
Answer: Sensitivity = a/ a+c =40/(40+60)= 0.4 = 40%

54. A medical condition is present in 6 out of 100 in one population. Relative risk is 50%. A
new drug is under investigation & desired to decrease the condition by 1/3. How many patients
are needed for the study?..POPULATION NEEDED =TOTAL POP /RELATIVE RISK
a. 200
b. 100
c. 33
ans...33
1st one total population is 100
, relative risk 50%. so, 50% of 6 is 3.
Population needed 100divided by 3 is 33.

55. A pharmaceutical company introduced a drug which reduces the incidence of stroke in smoker
population by 25%. In a population 8 (94) out of 100 are smoker. How many people do u need to
treat to reduce the risk in a single person?NNT CALC HERE
a. 8
b.25
c.50
ans :50
NNT CALC HERE
he NNT(number need to treat) is the average number of patients who need to be treated to prevent one additional bad
outcome (e.g. the number of patients that need to be treated for one of them to benefit compared with a control in a clinical
trial). It is defined as the inverse of the absolute risk reduction
one Absolute risk of getting disease=8 in 100=0.08
* Reduction in risk is 25% (25% of 8=2 25/100x8) (2 per 100) which leaves absolute risk to 6 per 100=0.06
* Absolute risk reduction =Absolute risk-Absolute risk after treatment=0.08-0.06=0.02
*Number need to treat to reduce risk for 1 person=1/Absolute risk reduction=1/0.02=50

56Study for Vit D deficiency in ur community ?

A. Cross sectional (ans)
B. Cohort study
C. Case study
D. Case series
E. Rct

57Pharma company approached you to prescribe drugs, what u want to look in that drugs

No SE
RCT
case control
Cohort

58A GP finds 3 salmonella cases in his community. What epidemiological study to do in order to find the
cause?
a) Cohort
b) Case control
c) RCT
d) Case series(ans)
e) Cross sectional study

59.A doctor wants to study a few cases of TB.Which do you think is the most appropriate study for it?
a)Case control(ans) best is case series
b)cohort
c)RCT

60Parents have thalassemia minor.What is the probability of their child to have thalassemia minor as well?
50%(ans)
25%
100%
75%
thalassemia minor is Autosomal recessive means that both parents are career so every pregnancy 25%
chances of disease and 50%carrier and 25% may be normal.

61-66 (my qz)

61Couple came for counseling regarding their first child for inheritance of cystic fibrosis. One of them is
carrier. What’s the probability of disease in child?
a. 0.0(ans) AR
b. 0.25
c. 0.5
d. 0.5 in male offspring
e. 0.1 due to intrauterine loss

25% chance when both parents will be carrier or one parent affected and other one carrier. But when only
one parent carrier then 0 chance.

62.Grand mother suffering from Schizophrenia and the son is normal now comes to know the chances in his
Son
10 fold increase
20 % chances

Second degree relative 5-6 percent . Here 10 is close option

Child has high probability of suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disease
63A study testing drug B reveals significant benefit of drug B> drug A with probability of < 0.01. this means:
a. Drug A is better than B
b. Drug B is better than A(ans)P value <.05 is significant
c. The difference between drug A and drug B occur by chance

64
39 week gestation pregnant lady comes with rupture of membrane. On examination, cervix is 3cm dilated,
there is no cord prolapse and normal except meconium stain liquor. CTG was done and the findings are FHR-
144bpm, 10-15 variability, no acceleration and no deceleration. What is the CTG interpretation?
A The fetus has high probability (50% chance of) Hypoxia
B The fetus has low probability (5% chance of) Hypoxia
C Abnormal CTG because the fetus is asleep
D Normal CTG:(ans)

65. P value of effectiveness with drug…..

a) type 1 error
b) Type 2 error
c) Effectiveness in greater than 0.5
d) effectiveness >0.1

66There was a question regarding p value for null hypothesis in a drug testing.
a. it will make no difference in p value if comparsion of drugs
b. if p value is less than 0.O5 then higher specific response(ans) 145 kaplan
c. if p value is <1.0 then means more difference in efficacy
d. if p value is 0 then both have equal response and efficacy
I think b but it will be <0.05??? please anyone explain with reference

67
P value <.05.what does it mean?
a-new treatment is 5% more effective then old one
b-statistical significance achieved(ans)

68#BIOSTATS
A pharmaceutical company before the start of the trial got approval from ethical committee to use a new
anti-cancer drug for ca.Pancreas. The ethical committee gave approval and set the target P value< or = 0.02,
for the drug to be superior to other drugs. At the end of the trial, the company claimed about the efficacy of
the new drug to be superior to all other available drugs in the market and P value at the end of the trial was =
0.04. What does this P value show here.
1. New drug is safer as compared to other drugs.
2. New drug is as useful as other drugs with fewer side effects
3. new drug is superior to other drugs
4. New drugs is not superior to other drugs(ans)
5. New drug is inferior to other drugs

69Parents came to you because their son has hereditary spherocytosis and they want to know what is the
chance that his siblings have the same disease?
a) 50% of his brothers and sisters(ans)
b) 25% of his brothers
c) 50% of his sisters
d) 0 % of his brothers and sisters
e) 50 % of his brothers

70newly married couple comes to u says his mom had schizophrenia what is chance of schizo in his children
A 15 %
B 10 %(ans) There is a chance of schizo of about 4-6%. kaplan
C high chance of schizo in all population
D no risk of schiz

71
. Both parents thalassemia minor chance children of thalassemia minor (50%)

72
25 yr old Dizygotic twin with schizophrenia chance of her getting schizophrenia (10%)
12%

73
What is the advantage of a randomised controlled trial?
A) will remove observer bias ***
b) will remove the chance of self-selection of patients to particular group
c) will be better for comparable results

72MS scenario asking about progression of disease next 10 years.

a) 20% pg 324
b) 30%
c) 70%
d) 80%
e) 50%.

73 Young lady with optic neuritis diagnosed as ms what is the chance of neurological prob in 10years
20
30.
70
80
74B thal couple ( both ) , want to kw chances of hw many children will be affected april 20
74
When evaluating a report of clinical trial, which one of the following is correct?
A. Control and treatment groups must be equivalent in size.
B. if randomization is conducted properly, chance differences are inevitable
C. Inadequate sample size has been shown to produce true positives and true negatives.
D. results are invalid if the trial is of not double blind construction.:ans)
E. Withdrawal of patients from a trial by the investigator does not lead to bias

You are a doctor in a town ,where 6people out of 100 are non smoker.What are the chances of stroke.the
chances of stroke in smoker is 50%more than non smoker .Now the pharmaceutical company is introducing a
medicine which reduces the chances of stroke upto 1/3rd in smoker population .What is the percentage of
the stroke population will get stroke
a)3%
b)6%
c)9%
d)12%
e)20%

76

When evaluating a report of clinical trial, which one of the following is correct?
A. Control and treatment groups must be equivalent in size.
B. if randomization is conducted properly, chance differences are inevitable.***<ans)
C. Inadequate sample size has been shown to produce true positives and true negatives.
D. results are invalid if the trial is of not double blind construction.
E. Withdrawal of patients from a trial by the investigator does not lead to bias

7739. 1 dizygotic twin has schizophrenia…how much chance does the mother have of acquiring
schizophrenia?
12%

78
When evaluating a report of clinical trial, which one of the following is correct?
A.Control and treatment groups must be equivalent in size.(ans)
B.if randomization is conducted properly, chance differences are inevitable.
C.Inadequate sample size has been shown to produce true positives and true negatives.
D.results are invalid if the trial is of not double blind construction.
E.Withdrawal of patients from a trial by the investigator does not lead to bias

****

7940. double blind study

Vit C effect on iron tablets” which study you do ?
a) Cohort *****
b) Case Control
c) Case series
d) Double blind(RCT)

80. u r a doctor in the area with ppl with dementia and ppl with falling . u want to study and so u collect all
the records of ppl with dementia and their details abt filling . kind of study u r doing ?
a) case control:ans
b) cohort
C) cross sectional
D) case series

81which study to do for Vit C effect in treating Influenza ?

a) Cohort
b) Case control
c) Case Series
d) Random Studies
e) Randomization

82study for vit d defficiency in your community

cross sectional:ans
case study
cohort
case series

83Which is the best study to find out the state of Vitamin D deficiency in Australia?
a..cohort
b..case control
c..case study
d..Cross-sectional study.(ans)

88Chalmydia prevalence
A) Cross sectional(ans) (at one point)
B) RCT
C) Cohort
89.Relation between Rota Virus & Low Birth weight?
\Case Control(ans)
Cohort
Cross sectional
RCT
90#STATS

study for vit d defficiency in your community

cross sectional(ans)
case study
cohort
case series

biostat question solved. Sadaf jafri

Ans. 25

You want to know relationship between anabolic steroid & development of Ca Prostate. What study will
you do? a. incident risk b. attributable risk =cohort c. relative risk d. point prevalence

Ans.B

A medical condition is present in 12 out of 100 in one population. Relative risk is 25 %. A new drug is
under investigation & desired to decrease the condition by 1/3. How many patients are needed for the
study? a. 200 b. 100 c. 33 D.25 E.6
Ans B

People with lung cancer over age 70 the prevalence becomes decrease but incidence is still increasing.
what statement below can explain.
A) increase survival
good treatment
C) mortality increase with age
D) decrease survival in old age people

Ans. C

A new screening test is to be launched in community. Which is the most

important factor to consider?
A. High sensitivity * not confirmed yet
B. High specificity
C. High positive predictive value
D. No adverse outcomes

Ans. A

You are a doctor in a remote area where a study is conducted to determine the prevalence of Hep B the
study included 200 patients and showed the following results 2008/ 2009 Patients with Hep B Ag +ve only
10 / 12 Patients with +ve Hep B core antibody and Hep B Ag 50 / 52 Patients with Hep B core antibody
+ve only20/ 30
Calculate the incidence in 2010 in 1000 patients from this population
25
50
300
325
(ANS) 50
(here,+ve HBsAg (infectious but not diseased)=12,+ve HBcAb(resolving)=30, +ve HBc Ab +
HBsAg(chronically infected) =52.So,new cases are=(52-12)-30=10.so,incidence rate in
2010=(10/200)x1000=50) (HBcAb didnt indicates all new cases, it indicates past and current
infection...so,we have to calculate new cases from the given data)

A pharmaceutical company introduced a drug which reduces the incidence of stroke in smoker population
by 25%. In a population 8 (94) out of 100 are smoker. How many people do u need to treat to reduce the
risk in a single person?NNT CALC HERE a. 8 b.25 c.50 ans :50
ou are a GP taking care of a community of 100 people and the following is the number of people with
specific diseases for two years that you have.
BP>140/90 40(2009) 50(2010)
Hyperglycemia 20(2009) 25(2010)
Hyperlipidemia 30(2009) 40(2010)
What is the point prevalence of hypertension (per 1000 people) for 2010? (exactly as such and there is no
answer for 500)
A. 50
B. 40
C. 250
D. 475
Answer will be 500

When evaluating a report of clinical trial, which one of the following is correct?
A. Control and treatment groups must be equivalent in size.
B. if randomization is conducted properly, chance differences are inevitable
C. Inadequate sample size has been shown to produce true positives and true negatives.
D. results are invalid if the trial is of not double blind construction.:ans)
E. Withdrawal of patients from a trial by the investigator does not lead to bias

Ans. A

You are a general physician in a village, where the prevalence of colon cancer is 60%. A colonoscopy can
test for colon cancer, and it has a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 90%. The positive predictive value
(PPV) of this test is about _ and the negative predictive value (NPV) is about __.
a 17%, 80%
b 99%, 65%
c 75%, 67%
d 60%, 80%
e 92%, 70%
Ans. E
Increase incidence of cervical carcinoma inspite of increased inclusion of population from 68 to 85%.
Reason?
Lack of specificity
Inadequate Rx of low grade Carcinoma
Inadequate number of people included
Cervical cancer is rapidly fatal