which one of the following can be used for data analysis in

Cross sectional?
1. Odds ratio
2. Relative risk
3.Chi square test ***
4. Attributable risk and Chi square test
5. odds ratio and attributable risk
cross sectional: use CHI SQUARE
Cohort: use RR or AR
Case control: use ODD's RATIO
Which is the best study to find out the state of Vitamin D
deficiency in Australia?
a..cohort
b..case control
c..case study
d..Cross-‐sectional study.***
For Prevalance Cross Sectional Study ..... to check
incidence Cohort .... So D here
In a village of 3000 people, 500 get Congo Hemorrhagic fever.
450 eventually recover from the disease in the next 4 weeks
while 50 died. What is the case fatility rate for this disease?
1. 10 ***
2. 20
3.35
4.50
5. 200
Case fatality rate = # of deaths from a specific cause /
total number of cases with same disease...

50 / 500 = 10 (A)

You are a doctor in a town ,where 6people out of 100 are non
smoker.What are the
chances of stroke.the chances of stroke in smoker is 50%more
than non smoker .Now
the pharmaceutical company is introducing a medicine which
reduces the chances of
stroke upto 1/3rd in smoker population .What is the percentage
of the stroke population
will get stroke
a)3%
b)6% ***
c)9%
d)12%
e)20%

6/100 = 6%, 6*1.5 = 9 , 1/3rd reduced so 9/3 = 3, =>

9-3 = 6%

9/3 is to calculate reduction which is 1/3 so 9/3. Final

level is if you
substract the 1/3 reduction from the 50% increased
incidence that will give you final incidence or
prevalence whatever is asked in the stem.

just take it as in general population this risk is 6/100 ...

for smokers it turns to be 9/100 as gnrl population has
50% less thn smokers... so in smokers risk is reduced
to one third ... so we ll take 1/3rd of 9 which ll be 3
ndsubtarct it from orignal risk of 9 in smokers nd v ll be
left wid 6

In a small village of North QLD with a community of 3000

people, 18%females get URTI while 22% males get it as well
who are exposed to factory smoke. 10% of females also get
URTI who live away from the factory and are not exposed to
factory smoke. The data for males is not available. Calculate
the attributable risk for females to get URTI due to factory
smoke?
1. 28%
2. 30%
3. 6%
4. 1.8%
5. 8% ***

ARR =risk in exposed Group - risk in Unexposed group

So 18 - 10 = 8%

A study wish to make a relation btw the fatigue in track car

driver in high ways & the incidence of MVA that will happen.
wt is the most suitable method to carry out study?
a, cohort
b, case control
c, RCT
D,cross sectional
E,case study

least imp study to look for effectiveness of ccf Rx?

a,case control
b, case series ***
c, cohort
d,RCT
e, Systemic Review
What is the best method of study for studying the relation
between fatigue and accident in truck driver?

a. RCT
b. Cohort
c. A retrospective case-control study ***
d. Case report
e. systemic review
You find there are more and more diabetics in your
practice and you want to do a research about
how many people are diabetic. What is the best study
design?
a. Cohort study
b. Case-control study
c. Randomized-control trial
d. Cross-section study ***

If you need to study whether smoking causes myocardial

infarction, what kind of study / group do you intend to
conduct/study?

A) Cohort ***
B) Randomized Controlled
C) Case Control
D) Case series
E) Observational
least imp study to look for effectiveness of ccf Rx?
a,case control
b, case series ***
c, cohort
d,RCT
e, Systemic Review
A study wish to make a relation btw the fatigue in track
car driver in high ways & the incidence of MVA happen.
wt is the most suitable method to carry out study?
a, cohort
b, case control
 c, RCT
D,cross sectional
E,case study

A young scientist has decided to study the causes of neonatal

jaundice. He selects 150 babys with jaundice and 150 without,
and examines there previous historiies looking for factors that
could have determined there jaundice. This kind of study is
called?
a.) cohort study
b.)case study
c.) case control study ***
d.) prospective study
in case control you choose a group with the disease,
and then you choose a control group without the
disease and then you follow them retrospectively
C

A scientist study a case which is 30% fpv, 10% fnv.study of

1100.now the test shows 100 people are +ve for the test.what
is the actual number of people getting the disease for the
people who did testing?
a, 10
b, 20
c, 30
d, 70 ***
e,90
here we say that 100 are positve for the test (TP+FP).
of these 100 30% are FPV which means that TP (70)
and FP (30). Then we have remaining 1000 of which
10% are FN, this comes out as 100. Then lastly we have
T- (900). So the 2x2 table is TP (70) FP (30) F- (100) T-
(900). Now we want to know the positive predictive
value (likelihood that a positive result in test indicates
disease). Formula is (TP/(TP+FP)). so
(70)/(70+30)=70%

You want to make a study about asthmatic patients and if

there have been any
exposure to smoke or
its severity to exposure to smoke. What study is the most
appropriate?
a. Case control ***
b. Cross sectional
c. Cohort
d. Observational study

A study is being planned to investigate the effect of environmental

exposure to pesticides on the incidence of cancer.

Which of the following study designs is most appropriate?

1.Case-control study

2.Case series

3.Cohort study ***

4.Cross-sectional survey

5.Randomised controlled trial

The cut off point of screening test is increased.

A. both sen and sp will increased
B Sen increased, Sp decreased
C.Sen decreased, SP increased***

Australian government appointed you to go through a

community based service and help a local doctor there.
Hepatits B data given in a community of total population of
200.

2009 2010
Antibody +ve cases 10 15
Antigen +ve cases 40 55

Need to calculate the prevalence per 1000 population in the

year 2010
A- 350 ***
B- 250
C- 70
D- 50
E- 125
for 2010 its 15 + 55 = 70 / 200* 1000 = 350
for 2009 its 40 + 10 = 50 / 200 * 1000 = 250

A new screening test is to be launched in community. Which is

the most important factor to consider?
A. High sensitivity *** not confirmed yet
B. High specificity
C. High positive predictive value
D. No adverse outcomes
for screening test high sensitivity and for confirmatory
high specificity
Good screening tests have high sensitivity,

pecificty-confirmatory.

Which report provides the least information ?

A) Case control
B) Cohort study
C) RCT
D) Case report ***

What study would you do if you want to find out the efficacy of
a vaccine
on a group of people?
a) Randomised controlled trials ***
b) Cohort study
c) Case control study
d) Cross sectional study

In a trial of a new treatment for fulminant sepsis the mortality

in the treatment group is 20%, whereas the mortality in the
placebo group is 40%. What is the relative risk of death with
the new treatment?
A. 0.1
B. 0.2
C. 0.4
D. 0.5 ***
E. 2.0
incidence exposed/incidence non exposed = 20/40 =
0.5...D

A new screening test was developed for a disease. According to

the survey, there is an increase in percentage of people who
are taking the screening test. However, there is no increase in
number of people diagnosed with the disease. What’s the
underlying cause?
A. Because of the cultural limitation, the number of Indigenous
women who take the test are few.
B. There is not enough access to the test for the community
C. The test has low sensitivity value***

A new drug was launched in the market after getting over with
the non-inferiority trials. The drug,s P value at the end of the
trial was <0.03. What does this P value show!
1. Drug is superior to other drugs
2. Drug is inferior to other drugs
3. The drug is inferior to other drugs
4. The drug has better adverse event profile
5. The new drug has better efficacy.
A new drug is discovered, which affects the progression of the
disease, but not the
mortality. Which is the most appropriate statement?.
a. increase incidence
b. decrease incidence
c. Increase prevalence ***
d. decrease prevalence
A pharmaceutical company before the start of the trial got
approval from ethical committee to use a new anti-cancer drug
for ca.Pancreas. The ethical committee gave approval and set
the target P value< or = 0.02, for the drug to be superior to
other drugs. At the end of the trial, the company claimed about
the efficacy of the new drug to be superior to all other available
drugs in the market and P value at the end of the trial was =
0.04. What does this P value show here.
1. New drug is safer as compared to other drugs.
2. New drug is as useful as other drugs with fewer side effects
3. new drug is superior to other drugs
4. New drugs is not to superior to other drugs
5. New drug is inferior to other drugs
if a p value is less than 0.05 then diffe is significant ,
But here they changed the standard and set it at 0.02
instead of 0.05... Here you just forget about this 0.05.
Now compare 0.02 and 0.04 and conclude your result
from this!!... if i had not given you 0.02 as the
acceptable P value for this trial then it was 0.05 but
now i have given you a standard P value so why you
bather about 0.05 then anymore... 0.04> 0.02 so it
means drug is not superior to other drugs.. For
superiority of the drug, it should have been trial final P
value < Standard P value. Which is not the case here....
Here only two things should confuse you, Drug is
inferior to other drugs and drug is superior to other
drugs. Here they can ask you that drug is
inferior, so your justification for rejecting this is that as
the trial was for superiority, so we can only comment
on its superiority status here, not inferiority status
P value less thn 0.01 means something is highly
specific, i.e there's only 1% chance of occurrence of an
observed difference. The standard p value is 0.05 which
means that theres 5% chance of difference to occur. If
p value exceeds 0.05 in a research, the test hypothesis
is nullified.

In pt. with pancreatitis for purpose of statistical studies ,AOF

are useful EXCEPT-
a.Case control
b.Cohort
c.Case report/case study—(one study) ***
d. double blind study
e.systemic review

WOF the following least describe primary prevention?

A. reduce incidence
B. improve lifestyle
C. giving vaccination
D. reduce prevalence
E.identify the predisposing factor early ***
heirrarchy of evidence , least explained in what
A.case control
B.case report ***
C.systemic review
D.cohort
E. randomised control
as a gp in rural area, you notice that recently more cases of
hepatitis c has been
diagnosed and want to do a research to find out the incidence
of hep c in the community
with a population of around 3000. how will you get the
information you need for the
research?
a. find the number of all patients with current hepatitis c
antibody +
b. all patients with current hepatitis c antigen positive
c. all patients with current hepatitis c pcr positive ***
c. all cases diagnosed as hepatitis c positive for the past 5
years
You are a doctor in a hospital and want to do research about
the outcome of babies
born to diabetic mothers and want to compare the result with
the babies born to non
diabetic mothers.Which study will be the best study?
a) Cross sectional study
b) Cohort study
c) Case control study ***
d) Randomized control trial
e) Case study

You find there are more and more diabetics in your practice
and you want to do a research about
how many people are diabetic. What is the best study design?
a. Cohort study
b. Case-control study
c. Randomized-control trial
d. Cross-section study***

Which of the following is necessary in obtaining informed

consent?
a. A description of the statistical analyses that will be carried
out
b. A description of the purpose of the research ***
c.A description of the reliability and validity of test instruments
d. A list of publications that the researcher has had in the last
ten years
You are supposed to submit a paper or protocol of what
will be done in the research study and how it will be
done to an ethical committee and on the basis of that,
Ethical committee either approves it or rejects it.

How to choose sample for a research of obesity in the community?

A. Snowballing
B. From shopping center.
C. Random in general population.***
D. From news advertisement.
E. From website
You are planning on conducting a research to look at the
association between hypertension and myocardial infacrtion.
What is the most appropriate study design for this
research?
a. Randomised controlled trial
b. Case study
c. Cohort ***
d. Cross sectional
if there is experimental study then we will choose RCT..
but if there is observational study look that is there any
comparison grp..if yes it means we go for analytic
study... Cohort study(exposure to outcome) outcome to
exposure(case control) and exposue and outcome at
same time then cross sectional....there is hypertension
is exposure and MI is outcome..so we will go for cohort
study

15 year old boy wants to participate in a research study. He

told his parents who did
not agree. He lives with his parents. Can this boy participate in
the research study?
No,Minor living with parents..Ethics would need parents
consent

What is the advantage of a randomised controlled trial?

A)will remove observer bias ***
b)will remove the chance of self selection of patients to
particular group
c)will be better for comparable results
The most important advantage of proper randomization
is that it minimizes allocation bias, balancing both
known and unknown prognostic factors, in the
assignment of treatments
When evaluating a report of clinical trial, which one of the following
is correct?
A. Control and treatment groups must be equivalent in size.
B. if randomization is conducted properly, chance differences are
inevitable.***
C. Inadequate sample size has been shown to produce true positives
and true negatives.
D. results are invalid if the trial is of not double blind construction.
E. Withdrawal of patients from a trial by the investigator does not
lead to bias

Which of the folowing statement about double blind pacebo

control clinical trial is correct!
A: All patients receive a placebo.
B: Everybody receives both treatments
C. Some of the patients are not treated
D. Half of the patients don,t know which treatment they receive
E. The clinician assessing the effects of the treatment does not
know which treatment the patient has been given***

Incidence rate of lung cancer among smokers is 10/1000 and among

non smokers is 1 per 1000.The extent to which lung cancer can be
attributed to smoking is-
a. 10%
b. 90% ***
c.1%
d. 100%
ic exposed-inc non exposed / inc exposed
What would be the best reason to make a screening program
more available to the
public?
a) Possibility of early diagnosis
b) It is required for research purposes
c) It improves the treatment’s prognosis
d) Specialised treatment is available
e) It can lower the death rate from the disease***
the disease should be common, treatable and easy
screend with cheap avaliable non-invasive screeing
procedure

Average BP is 130 +/- 25. about 95% people will lie between :
a. 115-155
b. 80-180***
c. 95-100
for 100% its +/-D, for 95% its +/-2D
for 50% it is +/- 3SD

130 IS MEAN AND 25 IS 2 SD, 95 WILL FALL WITH 2 SD

so 25=2 SD=50,......... 50 +130=180 130-50=80 then
its 80 –180

one population , mean systolic BP is 115 and SD is 15 so what

will be range of 95% population’s BP?
a) 100 to 130
b) 85 to 145***
95% SD(range) given then it means its plus and minus
2SD.so here they have given 15 SD,SO As i said its 2SD
for 95% and 2*15=30 so plus and minus 30
if they give 99% then its plus and minus 3SD

if 66% then plus and minus 1SD

ontv u have given a lecture . u gave education, now we need
to find out that is it benefitting the people or not.
a go for randomized group in general population.***
B case study
C case control
D cohart

A pharmaceutical company contacts you and suggests you to

start prescribing the new antidepressant. What the criteria for
doing that?
A. Approval of committee ethics commission ***
B. Base recent scientific research
C, Not to do so

You are planning on conducting a research to look at the

association between hypertension and myocardial infacrtion.
What is the most appropriate study design for this research?
a. Randomised controlled trial
b. Case study
c. Cohort
d. Cross sectional
Well not sure, whether they are asking here about all
participants being hypertensive or one group is
Hypertensive and another not hyptertensive, if that is
the case then its C But if all participants are
hypertensive, then A is the better one.
If you need to study whether smoking causes myocardial
infarction, what kind of study / group do you intend to
conduct/study?

A) Cohort ***
B) Randomized Controlled
C) Case Control
D) Case series
E) Observational
least imp study to look for effectiveness of ccf Rx?
a,case control
b, case series ***
c, cohort
d,RCT
e, Systemic Review

wt is the least reliable method of study for studying the pts

who hvcolangitis?
a, RCT
b, cohort
c, case-controle
d, case study ***
e, systemic review

A study wish to make a relation btw the fatigue in traccar

driver in high ways & the incidence of MVA happen. wt is the
most suitable method to carry out study?
a, cohort
b, case control

c, RCT

D,cross sectional

E,case study

A scientist study a case which is 30% fpv, 10% fnv.study of

1100.now the test shows 100 people are +ve for the test.what
is the actual number of people getting the disease for the
people who did testing?
a, 10
b, 20
c, 30
d, 70 ***
e,90

here we say that 100 are positve for the test (TP+FP).
of these 100 30% are False Positive which means that
True Positive (70) and False Positive (30). Then we
have remaining 1000 of which 10% are False
Negative,this comes out as 100. Then lastly we have T-
(900). So the 2x2 table is TP (70) FP (30) F- (100) T-
(900). Now we want to know the positive predictive
value (likelihood that a positive result in test indicates
disease). Formula is (TP/(TP+FP)). so
(70)/(70+30)=70%

1) One population, mean systolic BP is 115 & SD is 15 so wt

will be range of 95% population's BP?
a,100-130
b,85-145***
2) A post marketing drug surveillance study of a new heart
failure therapy to the market was carried out on 10,000
subjects who had completed clinical trials. which one of
the following most accurately reflects the information
genereated from such a study?
1. Adverse events profile***
2. comparative therapeutics efficacy
3. cost benefits trial
4. cost effectiveness
5. Drug potency
because always we look for drug which has less
averse effects, Post marketing studies are basically
placed in Phase 4 studies and in these kind of
 studies, people from extreme ages are taken to see
even the rarest possible adv. event which can
happen.These are mostly done after approval of
the drug for the market which is phase 3 study
mostly

3) An experienced group of surgeons report on a randomised

placebo controlloed trial comparing a particular surgical
technique for carotid artery to a sham procedure. Their
study concludes that using this advanced method reduces
the risk of stroke from 5% to 4% ( p<0.05). what does
this study proved about the new surgical method?
1. Acceptability
2. Effectiveness
3. Efficacy***
4. Safety
5. Usefullness

4) which one of the following can be used for data analysis in

Cross sectional?
1. Odds ratio
2. Relative risk
3. Chi square test
4. Attributable risk and Chi square test
5. odds ratio and attributable risk
5) In a village of 3000 people, 500 get Congo Hemorrhagic
fever. 450 eventually recover from the disease in the next
4 weeks while 50 died. What is the case fatility rate for
this disease?
1. 10 ***
2. 20
 3. 35
4. 50
5. 25
Ans: A,50/500 =0.1=10% , case fatality rate the ratio of
the number of deaths caused by a specified disease to the
number of diagnosed cases of that disease.
6)

7) In a small village of North QLD with a community of 3000

people, 18%females get URTI while 22% males get it as
well who are exposed to factory smoke. 10% of females
also get URTI who live away from the factory and are not
exposed to factory smoke. The data for males is not
available. Calculate the attributable risk for females to get
URTI due to factory smoke?
1. 28%
2. 30%
3. 6%
4. 1.8%
5. 8%
8) A pharmaceutical company before the start of the trial got
approval from ethical committee to use a new anti-cancer
drug for ca.Pancreas. The ethical committee gave
approval and set the target P value< or = 0.02, for the
drug to be superior to other drugs. At the end of the trial,
the company claimed about the efficacy of the new drug
to be superior to all other available drugs in the market
and P value at the end of the trial was = 0.04. What does
this P value show here.
1. New drug is safer as compared to other drugs.
2. New drug is as useful as other drugs with fewer side
effects
 3. new drug is superior to other drugs
4. New drugs is not to superior to other drugs
5. New drug is inferior to other drugs

Explanation: if a p value is less than 0.05 then diffe

is significant , But here they changed the standard
and set it at 0.02 instead of 0.05... Here you just
forget about this 0.05. Now compare 0.02 and 0.04
and conclude your result from this!!... if i had not
given you 0.02 as the acceptable P value for this
trial then it was 0.05 but now i have given you a
standard P value so why you bather about 0.05
then anymore... 0.04> 0.02 so it means drug is not
superior to other drugs.. For superiority of the
drug, it should have been trial final P value <
Standard P value. Which is not the case here....
Here only two things should confuse you, Drug is
inferior to other drugs and drug is superior to other
drugs. Here they can ask you that drug is inferior,
so your justification for rejecting this is that as the
trial was for superiority, so we can only comment
on its superiority status here, not inferiority statu

9) Which is the best study to find out the state of Vitamin D

deficiency in Australia?
a) cohort
b) case control
c)case study
d) Cross-‐sectional study ***
... For Prevalance Cross Sectional Study, To check
incidence Cohort .... So D here
 13)ontv u have given a lecture . u gave education, now we
need to find out that is it benefitting the people or not.
a go for randomized group in general population.
B case study
C case control
D cohart

14)You are a doctor in a town ,where 6people out of 100 are

non smoker.What are the chances of stroke.the chances of
stroke in smoker is 50%more than non smoker .Now the
pharmaceutical company is introducing a medicine which
reduces the chances of stroke upto 1/3rd in smoker
population .What is the percentage of the stroke population will
get stroke
a)3%
b)6% ****
c)9%
d)12%
e)20%
Ans:B....6/100*100= 6%

15) A study is being planned to investigate the effect of

environmental exposure to pesticides on the incidence of
cancer.
Which of the following study designs is most appropriate?

1.Case-control study

2.Case series

3.Cohort study
4.Cross-sectional survey

5.Randomised controlled trial