The number needed to treat (NNT) is 30, it means:

A. 30 patients had to receive the new drug in order for one additional patient to benefit compared
to placebo.

B. New drug benefit 30 people patient in 100 patients

C. 30 patients had to receive the new drug in order to benefit 100 patients.

D. 100 patients had to receive the new drug in order to benefit 30 patients

E. None of above

The mortality in the placebo group is 33% and in ACE treatment group is 39%. What is the relative
risk reduction?

A. 0.86

B. 5%

C. 15%

D. 29%

E. 3.3%

Tips:

(39-33/39) x 100 = 15%

In a clinical trial, the desired clinical outcome with a new drug is 40, while the outcome in placebo is
35. The relative risk reduction is:

A. 50%

B. 100%

C. 14%

D. 12.5%

E. No difference

Tips:
[40-35/40] x100

In a clinical trial, old drug produced side effect in 10% of patients, while new drug produced side
effect in 7.5% patients. What is the absolute risk reduction?

A. 10%

B. 7%

C. 7.5%

D. 2.5%

E. 1.5 %

Tips: Absolute Risk Reduction = 10%-7.5% = 2.5%

A new drug with an absolute risk reduction is 4%. It means:

A. Four patient out of 100 actually benefit from new drug

B. Four patient of all study group benefit from new drug

C. New drugs four times better than old drug

D. New drugs is 4% better than old drug

E. none of above

What is the number needed to treat, if absolute risk reduction is 2.5%

A. 20

B. 25

C. 40

D. 400

E. 50

Tips:
NNT = 1/ARR = 1/2.5 x 100= 40

The risk for A = 0.2% and for B = 0.1%. What is true?

A. Absolute risk reduction is 0.1%

B. The relative risk reduction is 50 %

C. Total number needed to treat is 1000.

D. All the above

In cohort study, 800 patients received HRT and 75 patients developed breast cancer. In placebo
group, 38 patients developed cancer out of 800 patients. What is the relative risk of developing
breast cancer associated with exposure to HRT?

A. 0.50

B. 1.97

C. 1.05

D. 0.95

E. 1

Tips:

Risk with HRT: 75/800= 0.0937

Risk with placebo= 38/800= 0.0475

Relative risk= risk with HRT/risk with placebo= 0.0937/0.0475= 1.97

The 100 people were exposed to drug and 10 people developed muscle pain. The other 100 people
were not exposed to drug and 2 people developed muscle pain. What is the relative risk of
developing the muscle pain with drug.

A. 5

B. 2
C. 10

D. 25

E. 1

Tips:

Risk with drug: 10/100= 0.1

Risk with placebo= 2/100= 0.02

Relative risk= risk with drug/risk with placebo= 0.1/0.02= 5

In case control study, out of 1000 patients exposed to cigarette smoking 150 patients developed
lung cancer. In control group of 800 patients, 5 patients developed lung cancer. What is the odd
ratio of developing cancer with cigarette smoking?

A. 2
B. 50
C. 100
D. 28
E. 52

Tips:

Odds for cigarette smoking= patients developed disease/patients not developed disease

Odds for cigarette smoking (case) = 150/ [1000-150]= 150/850= 0.176

Odds for non-smoking (control) = 5/ [800-5]= 5/795= 0.0062

Odd ratio= odd of case/odd of control= 0.176/0.0062= 28.38

The odd ratio of developing a side effect with a drug is 1.5. What does it mean?

A. Side effect is less with drug than placebo

B. Side effects are more with drug than placebo
C. The side effects are same in both drug and placebo
D. No interpretation can be drawn from the above data
The odd ratio of developing a disease with the new drug is 0.5. What does it mean?

A. The disease development is less with drug than placebo

B. The disease development is more with drug than placebo
C. There is no difference in drug and placebo
D. No interpretation can be drawn from the above data