At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

 describe risk;
 differentiate risk from hazards;
 enumerate the different types of hazards; and
 explain how risk can be reduced
Last August 19, 2015 a group of about 180 BSU students
conducted a field trip to Madlum Cave in San Miguel,
Bulacan. Tragedy struck when heavy rains swelled the
Madlum River and triggered a flash flood that swept the
students who were crossing the river, drowning 7 students.
Fact-finding committee on the tragedy found the following
violations:
- Lack of guidelines on defining responsibilities of faculty
advisers and students organizers
- Lack of medical clearance for students
- Lack of supervision of the students by faculty members
during the trip
- Lack of emergency rescue and first aid team in the
vicinity
- Waiver/consent form signed by parents or guardians did
not specify the itinerary
- Lack of permit/clearance from the local government unit
• likehood of
realizing
potential harm
a. Risk of being
injured
b. Risk of having
accidents
c. Tragedy of
death
• things that
have the
potential to
harm
a. Hazard from
Human Factor
b. Hazard from
Equipment
c. Hazard from
Environment
 coming from participants, leaders and organizers
 Unmanageable size of the group
 Lack of skills, knowledge and experience
 Poor health
 Age
 Attitude problem
 Poor coordination and management skills
 Inability to respond to emergencies
 Poor planning and communication
basic things to be used in an activity
proper clothing and footwear of the
participants
weather condition
Temperature
Terrain
Rock stability
Darkness
 DYNAMICS OF ACCIDENTS MODEL

Environmental Human Factor Accident

Hazards Hazards Potential

Allan Hale’s Accident Equation

Understanding Coming with
the degree of the strategies and
risk and implementing
probability or the strategies
likelihood of it that will
happening or minimize the
occurring risks of activities
 Therefore, RISK IDENTIFICATION should include identifying risk
combination.

HUMAN + HAZARD = ACCIDENT

FACTOR: FACTOR:
Weather Human
• It has been raining • Coordination (no • Drowning due to flash
prior to the field trip coordination with local flood
• Risk of sliding on government unit, lacked
slippery trail faculty supervision,
• Risk of getting lacked of clear trip details
drowned due to higher to parents)
water level and flash
floods
Come up with a RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN for a specific
outdoor activity. The outdoor activity will be your choice.
ACTIVITY: _________________________________________________
PLANNED SITE OF THE ACTIVITY: ______________________________
HAZARD RISK RISK ASSESSMENT RISK REDUCTION
(identify the specific (Identify a specific STRATEGY
source of hazards) risk that the hazard (What should be
my bring) done to reduce or
manage the risk?)
Factors coming
from participants
Environmental
Factors
Equipment