1

Question (1)
Table 1 gives the reservoir properties and production data for a saturated-oil reservoir and Table 2
contains reservoir-aquifer system. Calculate: FRo and FRg , respectively, at 2800 psia.
Table 1 Table 2
Pressure, psi 3000 2800 Reservoir Aquifer
Bo, bbl/STB 1.58 1.48 radius, ft 2600 10,000
R s , SCF/STB 1040 850 porosity 0.18 0.12
-1 -6
N p , MMSTB 0 1 cf, psi 4 × 10 3 × 10-6
cw, psi-1 15 × 10-6 4 × 10-6
G p ,MMSCF 0 1100
h, ft 20 25
Bw , bbl/STB 1.000 1.000 The following data is also available: S wi  0.20
W p , MSTB 0 6 encroachment angle of 80°
B g , bbl/SCF 0.00080 0.00092 We = 48689bbl r = 0.25

Solution:
F  W E g  B gi E fw F  W  rB oi E g  B gi E fw 
 N foi  G fgi   N foi 1  
E o  B oi E fw E o  B oi E fw E o  B oi E fw  B gi E o  Boi E fw 
 
 c  cw Swi   4 106  15 106  0.2 
Ef w   f  p    (3000  2800)  1.75 103
 1 S 1  0.2
 wi   
Eo  Bto  Btoi  1.655  1.58  0.075bbl / STB
Bto  Bo  B g (R si  R s )  1.48  (1040  850)0.00092  1.655bbl / STB
E g  Btg  B gi  0.00092  0.00080  1.2 104 bbl / SCF
F  N p  B to  R si B g   G p B g  1106 1.655  1040  0.00092   1100 106  0.00092
 1710200 bbl

W  W e W p Bw  48689  6000  42689bbl

F  N p  Bo  R s B g   G p B g or F  N p  B to  R si B g   G p B g
G fgi B gi rN foi B oi
r  G fgi 
N foi B oi B gi
F  W 1710200  42869
E o  B oi E fw 0.075  1.58 1.75 103
N foi  
 rB oi E g  B gi E fw   0.25 1.58 1.2 104  0.00080 1.75 103 
1   1   
 B gi E o  B oi E fw   0.00080 0.075  1.58 1.75 103 
 
 12107881.81STB
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r N foi B oi 0.25 12.11106 1.58

G fgi    5.978 MMMSCF
B gi 0.00080

GT  G fgi  N foi R si  5.978 109  12.11106 1040

 1.857 1010 scf

1100 106
Gp
Fractional recovery (r)    5.92%
GT 1.857 1010
Np 1106
Fractional recovery (r)    8.26%
N foi 12.11106

Question (2):

F/Eo vs. Eg /Eo as shown in Figure 1, for a saturated-oil reservoir with a gas cap but
no water drive, determine:
i. The OOIP and OGIP (both free and solution) neglecting water and rock
compressibilities. Where R si  740 scf/STB, Rvi = 23.9 STB/MMscf.
ii. The oil and gas recovery factors, FRo and FRg , respectively, at
Np = 11 MMSTB and Gp = 15.818 MMMSCF.
Solution:

G fgi  m  2.9585 MMMscf and N foi  b  22.503 MMSTB

GT  G fgi  N foi R si  2.9585 109  22.503 106  740

 1.96 1010 scf
N  N foi  G fgi Rvi  22.503 106  2.9585 109  23.9 106
 22.574 106 STB

11106
FRo   48.73%
22.574 106
15.818 109
FRg   80.70%
1.96 1010
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32
y = 2.9585x + 22.503
30 R² = 0.9916

28
F/Eo, MMSTB
26

24

22

20
1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5

Eg/Eo, STB/Mscf

Question (3):
A combination-drive reservoir contains 10 MMSTB of oil initially in place. The ratio of
the original gas-cap volume to the original oil volume, m, is 0.25. The reservoir production
data and PVT information are given below:

Pressure, psi 3000 2800

Bo, bbl/STB 1.58 1.48
R s , SCF/STB 1040 850
N p , MMSTB 0 1
G p ,MMSCF 0 1100
Bw , bbl/STB 1.000 1.000
W p , MSTB 0 50
B g , bbl/SCF 0.00080 0.00092

The following data is also available:

S wi  0.20 Sorw = 25% Sorg =10% W e  411.2913 Mbbl
Calculate:
a. The oil and gas recovery factors
b. Primary driving indexes (DDI, SDI, and WDI) at 2800 psi.
Solution:
mNB oi 0.25 10 106 1.58
G   4.9375 MMMSCF
B gi 0.00080
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GT  G fgi  N foi R si  4.9375 109  10 106 1040

 1.53375 1010 scf
Gp 1100 106
Fractional recovery (r)    7.17%
G 1.53375 1010
1106
Np
Fractional recovery (r)   10%
N 10 106

N  B t  B ti  107 1.655  1.58

DDI    0.4385
N p  B t  (R p  R si )B g  106 1.655  (1100  1040)0.00092

B 
NmB ti  g  1  0.00092 
B  107  0.25 1.58   1
SDI   gi   6  0.00080 
= 0.3465
N p  B t  (R p  R si )B g  10 1.655  (1100  1040)0.00092

WDI 
W e  W p Bw  
411,291.3-50,000
 0.2113
N p  B t  (R p  R si )B g  10 1.655  (1100  1040)0.00092
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Question (4):

The following shows the reservoir properties and production for oil reservoir with no
water drive. Determine:
iii. The type of this reservoir.
iv. The OOIP and OGIP (both free and solution) neglecting water and rock
compressibilities.
v. The oil and gas recovery factors, FRo and FRg , respectively, at p = 814.7 psia.

Reservoir properties:
o
Pi , psia = 2144.7 T , F = 180 Pb , psia = 2144.7 Swi = 0.25
Production data
Pressure Np Gp Rs Bg Bo
psia STB SCF scf/STB RB/scf RB/STB
2144.7 0 0 740 0.001288 1.473
2014.7 550000 558250000 702 0.001372 1.456
1614.7 2430000 2753200000 588 0.001730 1.405
1214.7 4804000 5707200000 477 0.002369 1.357
814.7 7203000 9363900000 366 0.003644 1.307

Eo  Bto  Boi
Bto  Bo  B g (R si  R s )
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E g  Btg  B gi

F  N p  Bo  R s B g   G p B g or F  N p  B to  R si B g   G p B g

Solution:

G fgi  m  2.7396 MMMscf and N foi  b  22.976 MMSTB

GT  G fgi  N foi R si  2.7396 109  22.976 106  740

 1.9742 1010 scf

7.203 106
FRo   31.35%
22.976 106
9.3639 109
FRg   47.43%
1.9742 1010

Bt F/Eo Eg /Eo
(RB/STB) (MMSTB) (STB/Mscf)
1.4730 0 0
1.5082 29.460938 2.386
1.6680 29.25841 2.267
1.9800 28.817705 2.132
2.6700 28.346483 1.968

30
29.5 y = 2.7396x + 22.976
R² = 0.9888
29
F/Eo, MMSTB

28.5
28
27.5
27
26.5
26
25.5
25
1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5
Eg/Eo, STB/Mscf
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Question (5):

An undersaturated, volumetric reservoir has the following properties:

Pi = 4000 psia pb =2500 psia Boi = 1.3 bbl/STB Bo = 1.32 bbl/STB at 3000 psia
Bo = 1.214 bbl/STB at 2400 psia= 10% Swi = 30% Sg = 13%

Calculate:

i. IOIP in STB /acre-ft.

ii. The recovery factor at 3000 psia and at 2400 psia.

Solution:
IOIP = 7758  (1 – Swi)/ Boi =7758  0.10  (1 - 0.3) / 1.3 = 417.8 STB /acre-ft
Stock tank oil remaining at 3000 psia = 7758  (1 – Swi)/ Bo =7758  0.10  (1 - 0.3) / 1.32 =
411.4 STB /acre-ft
Recovery factor at 3000 psia = Production / IOIP = 417.8 - 411.4/ 417.8 = 1.53%
Stock tank oil remaining at 2500 psia = 7758  (1 – Swi- Sg)/ Bo
=7758  0.10  (1 - 0.3-.13) / 1. 214
= 364.26 STB /acre-ft
Recovery factor at 2500 psia = Production / IOIP = 417.8 - 364.26 / 417.8 = 12.81%

Question (6):

Production data
Pressure Np Rp Rs Bo
(psig) (STB) (scf/STB) (scf/STB) (RB/STB)
3000 0 0 845 1.484
2500 33000 845 845 1.490

The following data is also available:

Swi = 0.25 Cw  3 106 psi 1 C f  3 106 psi 1

Determine the type of this reservoir and estimate the OOIP under the following conditions:
c. No water drive and neglecting water and formation compressibilities.
d. Including water and formation compressibilities but no water drive.

Solution:
Eo  Bo  Boi  1.49  1.484  0.006 RB / STB
F  N p Bo  33000 1.490  49.170 Mres bbl
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F 49170
F  NE o  N    8.195 MMSTB
E o 0.006
 S c  cf   0.25  3 106  3 106 
E f ,w  B oi  wi w  P  1.484      3000  2500   0.00371 RB / STB
 1  S wi   1  0.25 

F 49170
F  N  E o  E f ,w   N    5.064 MMSTB
E o  E f ,w 0.006  0.00371

F  N E o  m E g  E f ,w   W e

F  N p Bo  (R p  R s ) B g   W p Bw
E o   Bo  Boi   (R si  R s ) B g
 Bg 
E g  B oi   1
B 
 gi 
S c  cf 
E f ,w  B oi 1  m   wi w  P
 1  S wi 

Question (7):
The Big Butte field is a combination-drive reservoir. The initial reservoir pressure is 3000
psi and the current reservoir pressure is estimated at 2500 psi. The reservoir production
data and PVT information are given below:
Pressure, psi 3000 2500
B o , bbl/STB 1.35 1.33

R s , SCF/STB 600 500

N p , MMSTB 0 5

G p ,MMMSCF 0 5.5

Bw , bbl/STB 1.000 1.000

W e , MMbbl 0 3

W p , MMSTB 0 0.2

B g , bbl/SCF 0.0011 0.0015

Cw , C f 0 0
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The following additional information is available:

Volume of bulk oil zone = 100,000 ac-ft
Volume of bulk gas zone = 20,000 ac-ft
Determined:
i. The type of the reservoir.
ii. The initial oil in place.
iii. Fractional recovery at 2500 psi

Solution:
20,000
m  0.2
100,000
G P 5.5 109
Rp    1100 SCF / STB
NP 5 106

N p  B o  (R p  R s ) B g   W e  W p Bw 
N 
B 
B o  B oi  (R si  R s ) B g  m B oi  g  1
B 
 gi 
5 106 1.33  (1100  500) 0.0015   3  106  0.2  106 
  36.59MM STB
 0.0015 
1.33  1.35  (600  500) 0.0015  0.2 1.35   1
 0.0011 
5 106
Np
Fractional recovery (r)   13.66%
N 36.59 106
Question (8):
The material balance parameters, the underground withdrawal F, and oil expansion Eo of a
saturated-oil reservoir (i.e., m = o) are given below:

Time p F Eo
months (psi)
0 3500 - -
19 3488 2.04 106 0.0548
31 3162 8.77 106 0.1540
43 2782 17.05 106 0.2820

Assuming that the rock and water compressibilities are negligible, calculate:

i. The initial oil in place.

ii. Water influx at 2782 psi, if there is water drive.
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Solution

Step 1. The most important step in applying the MBE is to verify that water influx exists or not.
Assuming that the reservoir is volumetric.

F Eo F Eo
- - -
2.04 106 0.0548 37.226
8.77 106 0.1540 57.948
17.05 106 0.2820 60.461

Step 2. A plot of F E o vs. time indicating water influx as shown in Figure 1.

7.00E+07
y = -62500x2 + 5E+06x - 3E+07
6.00E+07 R² = 1

5.00E+07
F/Eo

4.00E+07

3.00E+07

2.00E+07

1.00E+07

0.00E+00
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time, months

Figure 1: Indication of water influx.

Step 3. For simplicity, select the pot-aquifer model to represent the water encroachment calculations
in the MBE as given by the following Equation:

F  p 
N  K  
Eo  Eo 
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Step 4. Calculate the terms (F/Eo) and (Δp/Eo):

p Δp F Eo F Eo Δp/Eo
(psi) MMSTB
3500 0 - - - -
3488 12 2.04 106 0.0548 37.226 219.0
3162 338 8.77 106 0.1540 57.948 2194.8
2782 718 17.05 106 0.2820 60.461 2546

Step 5. Plot (F/Eo) versus (Δp/Eo), as shown in Figure 2, and determine the intercept and the slope.

Intercept = N = 35.04 MMSTB

Slope = K = 10200

W e  K p  10200  718  7.3236 MMbbl

70
y = 0.0102x + 35.04
60 R² = 0.9989
50
F/Eo, MMSTB

40

30

20

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Δp/Eo

Figure 2: F/Eo versus Δp/Eo.

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Question (9):
F/Eo vs. Eg/Eo of a gas-cap-drive reservoir is shown in the figure below:

7.00E+07
6.00E+07 y = 3E+07x + 9E+06
R² = 0.9922
5.00E+07
4.00E+07
F/Eo

3.00E+07
2.00E+07
1.00E+07
0.00E+00
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Eg/Eo

Estimate:
i. The initial oil in place.
ii. The initial gas in place where Boi = 1.6291 bbl/STB and Bgi = 0.00077 bbl/SCF.

Solution:
Step 1.
• Intercept N 9 MMSTB
• Slope = N m = 3.0 107
Step 2. Calculate m:
m  3.0 107 9.0 106  3.33
Step 6. Calculate initial gas in place G:
GB gi mNB oi 3.33  9 106 1.6291
m G    63.4 MMMSCF
NB oi B gi 0.00077