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  • العناصر الإلكترونية وتطبيقاتها محمد الشواربي

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    Composants électroniques Universal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    9 views191 pages

    العناصر الإلكترونية وتطبيقاتها محمد الشواربي

    Uploaded by

    krimo biomédical
    Composants électroniques Universal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 191

    ‫‪ 8‬ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧ‪6‬‬

    ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

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    pJjfb ",/F
    jcDd'X •
    . Ge  j)h,eA9b # Si !j`)c)Eb 0h,\e •
    " P ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬,N jib pJjfb ",/F
    d'X •
    ,%A)5*2#0)c[m #0)/cUm ,i<F*Gie •

    
    :‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬

    'L CS„'9bˆNZˆfR L{€‰‡DLAk^Lˆ„LARLŠŒ‚‡9PCŠ9bS‚C„•bJ9`„L‹NzeLe•bk‹u„=


    a =` [9L CŠ9bS‚„GzL‚S„'`‡bC^‘L='`‡z:ŒS\R)L\‹„ '&–VˆzLA„–^PCJLNbA‚„!L‹\h„
    @ YS‡ NbA€` AX:Q \RP…A e@ S€b[ƒ uYBL ˆ‡P{Cu m Œ ‹„‰C N9@ ‹CN&L YS„ Œ } Š9bS‚„•
    `AY„aA„MXŒˆ„1bp…„

    9ƒC jŒS„ `CX %L‡)L\‹„ƒuYB!LCŠ9bS‚„•‰‡‰CB–N:Œ\B)L\Š…ez`XbCxjcX6


    . (1ƒ‚h„brŠP‡9L~ˆ„P{Cum %L‡b^bCCxSN

    PuBb eP €b[L A€b\R9L,L hŠb V€L A…uYRP}L,MfS‚RGzL‚S„!LCŠ9bS‚„6Lz)L\Š…e‰C_fR`‹t


    59L ~RL='9`N!L‡%LkS„7a=!LCŠ9bS‚„•7a=‰CN5%LkS„*bz‰‡`BcRPtbf„7a= Œ‹„‰t`CuN
    %Œ ‡L AC…t| …pB„a „9!– jŒˆ„ z 9L ~ˆ„ %L B(LA…NL~R 'b\„PX'% %LB(6:@{unR9'LCS„
    POXŒ‡PB'b[,LOR'!–‡Lu‡!&

    Positive temperature coefficient."

    5L \…„ƒA e9ƒC jŒS„` CX@ Š‘!L CŠ9bS‚„• bJ` „ zL‡`_S e9 bA g!– jŒˆ„b V€)L \‹„9
    L‡PjL^bJ9%z5`_SfRLA‹ˆU.L{R'•brŠ‰‚„9)L\‹„‰‡P‡9L~‡ ƒ}Pn{„9‰ˆV„iC^'9
    bRŒCOˆ‚„bJ9%z5`_SfBa„9Pn{„9)L\‹„z4L\„Œ=Lˆ€`kB•QNLU@ŠFN(LSˆBŒAzM=a„

    
    :‫ﺃﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬

    'ŒS fBcŠbS„9%ŒB` „PtL‹ j z5`_S fB@ ŠT C['L hSŠ!– jŒˆ„7LO gb V€ Si6Œ‚C… f„
    !L Š9bRŒC‹„9!L ŠŒR9bO„‰ ‡ b j‰ t 'L Ot7Œ Š‰‡6Œ‚SR6Œ‚C…Cf„ '&6P…‡L‚Sˆ„bJ9`„9
     %L‡6Œ‚C…Cf„6Hza„!LŠ9bS‚„ 4LACzbC^‘'`ˆ„GzL‚S„'`‡:Œ\B!'`‡"–ULA„Lˆ‹CN
    !L CŠ9bS‚„ 8GzL ‚S„'`‡bC^‘L='`‡’ˆRS[:b^bjL‹ts‡%L\R–„ƒCˆRPSNLUbCw
    P C‚CŠL‚Cˆ„9P CJLCˆC‚„*Œ _„61b uŠ6† Aˆ„‰ ‡9 2ƒ‚ h„b rŠ!L OV„P „L\„ƒ kR €
    Q NLU@ŠHz‚CŠL‚Cˆ„!LOV„P„L[„bk‹u„ƒj9&@Š:PB(ŒS‡ 'ŒkNƒˆuRbjL‹u…„PCNbA‚„9
    Si 6Œ‚C…Cf„`Cf€ŠLULŠŒ‚‡ O2‰CYf€‘s‡ Si 6Œ‚C…Cf„ƒtL{RŒ„–VˆzLnBLCNbA€9LCJLCˆC€
    L ‚CŠL‚C‡QNLU@…uYR %–k„‰‡P„L\„ƒkCe9:b^bjL‹ts‡ƒtL{SB–zLCJLCˆC€QOVCe@ŠHz O2
    Si6Œ‚C…C e Crystals !'Œ …N3L ‹=65Œ …uˆ„‰ ‡9L CNbA€P SNLU:P… jŒ‡b Cw %L‡LnBŒ=9
    :b ^‘†=L fR '&ƒ €6T C[ˆ=L fS„oNbS„L N1b uBL pNbRLAnuNs‡oNbSRPC~ŠPk„L^
    . ( 3ƒ‚h„LNZm9Œ=Lˆ€L=GzL‚R!LŠ9bS‚„LN

    
    'L CS…„ƒC jŒS„P KB%' AzP BŒK‡P X'% 25P zbx„ 'b [P X'%z`XPSNLU6Œ‚C…Cf„!'Œ…N9
    ` ‹t9PCˆ=L fS„oN9b „7a =4– ^b ˆB6‰ ‚ˆB` XbCx j'L CR6H z NbA€` AYNLAC…tLŠbUŒ„9
    ‰C_ fS„‰ tP YRL‹„P }Lp„‰ ‡b CO€c XiSˆC eGzL ‚S„!L Š9bS‚„` [6H z6Œ‚C…Ce 'Œ…N‰C_fR
    @ ŠHzP }Lp„:ŒSf‡d{ŠzGzL‚S„!'`‡ƒ€6LˆN9@CzŒ=Lˆ‡P}L,…t'`ˆ„2–pŠ–„LA‡`_SfB
    P X'%!%(L ˆ…€@ Š: 'Œ …O„ …t` AYNL=bCUFSNLA=LYRoOmL‹‹‚ˆBPCJŒhtP€b[3b\SBƒrCe
    M„L e:'b [,L OR'ƒ ‡Lu‡9&6Œ‚C…C f„ …t| …pBa „9P ‡9L~ˆ„Q …}L ˆ…€ 'b \„
    L ˆ…€L ASˆC}y k‹„l{_‹ R6Œ‚C…C f„P ‡9L~‡6 ( Negative Temperature Coefficient )
    ‰ ‚„9!– jŒˆ„7LO g‰ ‡b ^‘Œ = Ge5ŒCŠL ‡bY„9P BŒK‡!L X'% 6 'b \„P X'%!%(
    !%(L ˆ…€LASˆC}yk‹„l{_‹R@S‡9L~‡6TC[@RLOV„PYCSŠPtL‹k„z6Œ‚C…Cf„|Oe5ŒCŠL‡9bY„
    . ( 4ƒ‚h„brŠPBŒK‡!LX'% 10 'b\„PX'%

    6L nBP ‡LA„29b {„‰ ‡9PtL‹ k„!L C…ˆtL‹UPNŒ…pˆ„@S‡9L~‡z†‚\S„sOp„LNƒAfBLˆ‡a=9


    P pNb„b f‚„ Si6Œ‚C…Cf„ '&z@Šb}‰‡ƒ}P}Lp„#LS\B Ge 5ŒCŠL‡bY„ '&zGzL‚S„69bS‚„
    )L C~NL ‹ˆ}9P zbx„ 'b [P X'% z Ge,Si ‰ ‡† Y\„d {Š‰‡‰CR'Œ…NsmŒNL‹ˆ}Œ„9PCˆ=LfS„
    a =‰ ‚„9y k‹…„@ S‡9L~‡+L {_Š z Ge P ‡9L~‡‰ ‡ b ‡ 1000b O€ SiP‡9L~‡LŠ`X9LˆAS‡9L~‡
    a „95ŒCŠL ‡bY„` uN•ƒC jŒS„P „L[ „4c u„P „L[‰ ‡b CxB•@ …uYB@RLOUP…}†w'bCO‚„:`ˆ„

    
    bCUF R 'b\„L NbUF SR•6†=bJ9` „69` BbB† AŠ‘ 5ŒCŠL ‡bY„ …t6Œˆˆ kˆ„6Œu‹ kˆ„@…n{B
    LAS{C-9bCxB

    : ( N ) ‫ﺃﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮ‬

    ZO kR 'b \„PX'% %LBcN9Pzbx„ 'b[PX'%zP„(Lt%Œˆ€ƒˆuR!–jŒˆ„7LOg‘!'Œ…O„6


    LA kJLk^‰ ‡b CxR%Œ ˆNLA‹~[|Bb,‰t„&9P…jŒ‡@OgLA…uY„:b^P~Bb,3L‹=9P…jŒ‡@Og
    GzL‚R'`‡z`XŒB %Lˆ„7a=9 Arsenic ]CŠ'c„ %LˆN Si6Œ‚C…Ce 'Œ…N‰~[L‹‹‚ˆB–VˆzPCNbA‚„
     'Œ …NQ ‹~[Œ„@Š:!LŠ9bS‚„ 5 'a…„NbA‚„3Œ…f„‰t4ŒKfˆ„Œ=bC^‘'`ˆ„LAR'&
    PCˆ=L fRP pN'‰BŒ ‚RsCpS fB•@ ŠT C[b [69b S‚„WS‹C e@ŠHz]CŠ'c„‰‡ `[9 'aN6Œ‚C…Cf„
    b \„69b S‚„“9P zbx„ 'b [P X'% z S[P… jŒ‡@O gZO kR]C Š'(!'& ` uN 'Œ …O„‰~\N9
    . ( 5ƒ‚h„brŠ N.Œ‹„LN!–jŒˆ„7LOg‰‡.Œ‹„a=PCˆfR†Ra„9 Nc‡b„LN@„c‡bB

    
    : ( P ) ‫ﺃﺷﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬

     „&6H z!L Š9bS‚„ 3 …tb C^‘L='` ‡ z:Œ \R S„69'Œ N 'a N6Œ‚C…C e 'Œ …N‰ ~[`‹t
    P€b[„69'ŒO„ '&!%a‚=9@K…‡!LŠ9bS‚„“`[49L\B6L‚ˆ„a=LC„L^LŠL‚‡%ŒX9„:%GCe
     …t| …pBa „9 Pc‡b„L NL A„c ‡bB Œ Y{„6Œ =q[–Ce :a„‰‚„9'LCS„'9b‡:!LŠ9bS‚„“
    . ( 6ƒ‚h„brŠ P .Œ‹„LN!–jŒˆ„7LOg‰‡.Œ‹„a=

    : N،Pg)Sjib kcS?'9b  A)5*2

    
    M„L f„1b p„LAu‡bzL‹SBLˆ‹CN@=LYR!LŠ9bS‚„“aYNMXŒˆ„1bp„5Œ~Ce N.Œ‹„P„L[z
    1b p„bzL ‹SBL ˆ‹CN!Œ Y{„’ ˆR!L Š9bS‚„4L e'HNM„L f„1b p„5Œ~C e P.Œ ‹„ P „L[ z9
    . ( 7ƒ‚h„brŠ!ŒY{„s‡MXŒˆ„

     j9Yb ,)3bk<)Mj2,6e

    !'L g“%Œ ˆt9 'LC e49‰C N` XŒB9b ˆ\„'9b ˆ„ 'Lg5L‡y~B!'LCf„‰‡'ŒNL,+bSz
     „„L _„6L ‚ˆ„ Bb\R „:%a =96L ‚ˆ„a =ƒxh„5`~R„9‘ 'LCf„|JLe 'LCesfB6L‚‡
    y …_„ „:b ^ Œp^„L_„6L‚ˆ„3b\Sz„L_„6L‚ˆ„a=ƒxh„PCŠLV„ 'LCf„|JLe5`~Szy…_„
    P€b[d‚t'LfC„„‰CˆC„‰‡„L_„6L‚ˆ„P€b[6q[–Š]„sNb„9T„LV„|JLf„a‚=9
    . ( 8ƒ‚h„brŠ!'LCf„

    
    0)c[m #0)/cUm ,i<F

     '&POf‹NƒVˆR]CŠ'c„!'& N.Œ‹„ >PŠŒ‚‡]CŠ'(!'& `uNLA‹~[†RS„6Œ‚C…Cf„ 'Œ…Nz


    a =9P C~Š 'Œ …N6Œ‚C…C f„ 'Œ …N6+b z…ta=96Œ‚C…Ce '&6ŒC…‡y„96ŒC…‡„]CŠ'(
    P ŠŒ‚‡!L Š9bS‚„"– UGzL ‚S„'` ‡bC^‘L='`‡zLA„ '&LAN`XŒBLˆNbz%ŒXŒ„cBcth„
    P CO…w‘!L‹\g]CŠ'c„!LŠ9bS‚„…t|…pBLˆ‹CNPC…}‘P‹\gLAC…t|…pB ŒY{„7a=P€b\S‡ ŒYz
    Z m9a =9!Œ Yz6Œ‚RPCO…w‘!L‹\g9 !LŠ9bS‚„6Œ‚R P.Œ‹„zPC…}‘!L‹\hza=…t9

    b f‚N5Œ ~Sz!L Š9bS‚„“l uNP }L, %L B( „:%GC e 'Œ …O„ 'b [P X'% %L B(6 >@ CzdO „•
    6H z P .Œ ‹„‰ ‡ 'Œ …O„Q ŠL€&H z b [!Œ Yz9 b [!L Š9bS‚„P ŠŒ‚‡PCˆ=L fS„oN9b „
    PCO…w‘!L‹\g„!ŒY{„1LnR‰C[zPC…}‘!L‹\gƒVˆR!LŠ9bS‚„“

    
    ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‬

    *P=
    0<)<Jaf9b "@%1h,^  ,e?;

     'a„ ŒŠƒ^%`XŒRGzL‚S„!LŠ9bS‚„ .1


     Œ‹„s‡ Œ~N&LYSRGzL‚S„!LŠ9bS‚„!–jŒˆ„z .2
    GzL‚S„!LŠ9bS‚„‰t 'LOtP‹\h„!–‡L['LCR!–jŒˆ„z .3
    P‡9L~ˆ„`BcB!–jŒˆ„`BbOR .4
    PC„Lu„LAS‡9L~‡MOfNPCŠ9bS‚„“bJ9`„zPn{„5`_SfR• .5
    ƒjŒ‡6Œ‚C…Cf„ .6
    GzL‚R!LŠ9bS‚„PuN'@„6Œ‚C…Cf„ .7
    `CXƒjŒ‡6Œ‚C…Cf„`Cf€ .8
    PCˆ=LfRoN9'‰‡6Œ‚SR6Œ‚C…Cf„ 'Œ…N .9
    Pzbx„ 'b[PX'%z4(Lu€ƒˆuRPC~‹„6Œ‚C…Cf„ 'Œ…N .10
    LAS‡9L~‡`BcB!–jŒˆ„7LOg‰C_fR .11
    6Œ‚C…Cf„‰‡ƒ}LAS‡9L~‡5ŒCŠL‡bY„!–jŒ‡7LOg .12
    5ŒCŠL‡bY„ƒV‡ bV‚N5`_SfR•PCŠŒ‚C…Cf„!'ŒSecŠbS„9!%ŒB`„ .13

    0)b,3b  ,/Tb kXj\Yfb 0fc`b af^

    GzL‚R!LŠ9bS‚„@N]CŠ'c„ .14
    b[`[9 'Œ…O„puR]CŠ'( '&ƒ€6Hz]CŠ'c„LN6Œ‚C…Cf„ 'Œ…N‰~[`‹t .15
    'LCR3ƒˆuR6Œ‚C…Cf„ 'Œ…Nz b\„!LŠ9bS‚„“ .16
    @S‡9L~‡6Œ‚C…Cf„‰~[`‹t .17
    GzL‚R!LŠ9bS‚„@N6'ŒO„ .18
    !L‹\gLAŠFN!ŒY{„1buR9PO„Le!L‹\gLAŠFN!LŠ9bS‚„“1buR .19

    
    ˆfR'LCRP‹\g!–‡L[`„ŒB69'ŒO„LN6Œ‚C…Cf„ 'Œ…N‰~[`‹t .20
    1bp…„!ŒY{„@YSRLˆ‹CNPB'LpO…„MXŒˆ„1bp…„@YSR!LŠ9bS‚„“ .21
    ,P=
    0<)<Jaf9b "@%1h,^  ,e ‫ﺣﺪﺩ‬

    ]C Š'(!'& 10PO f‹N6Œ‚C…C f„‰ ~[†S B@ ŠHz N .Œ ‹„‰‡ƒjŒˆ„@OgPtL‹j`‹t .22
    6Œ‚C…Ce '& 90ƒ‚„
    PCO…w‘!L‹\gˆfR P.Œ‹„z b\„!LŠ9bS‚„“ .23
    PC…}‘!L‹\gˆfR N.Œ‹„z b\„!ŒY{„ .24
    PC…}‘!L‹\g%`t %LB(s}ŒSˆ„‰‡@ŠHz P.Œ‹„‰C_fR`‹t .25
    PCO…w‘!L‹\g%`t6Lk~Šs}ŒSˆ„‰‡@Š N.Œ‹„‰C_fR`‹t .26
    !–jŒˆ„7LOgzPCO…w‘9PC…}‘!L‹\h„%`t`BcB‰C_fS„ .27

    
    ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬

    DIODEj( ?b

    aKYb  ?%

    0)b,3b ,\ib  ,T)3D ]i`f(aKYb  @% ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

    &)cS?'9b A)5*2#j( ?b jcDd'X •


    j( ?b H+,K=a)6f2 •
    &3);pJ,/3= #j( ?b kcSAT3b 0)Y)^ •
    j( ?b  jh
    W)iK2 •
    ,\)/P2#0)cfSA+ # •

    
    j( ?b  PN ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻠﺔ‬

    † =‰ ‡%ŒB` „Lz%ŒB` „‰BŒ‚Rz N " .Œ‹„9 P.Œ‹„!–jŒˆ„7LOg‘eLe‘5`_Se•6


    5ŒCŠL ‡bX96Œ‚C…C e 'Œ …N• =L ‡ PNP… jŒ„ ` B`t5L AˆN5Œ ~B@ ‹„P CŠ9bS‚„“b jL‹u„
    L C‚CŠL‚C‡– kzLA‹CNƒk{B•‰CtŒ‹„‰CNƒjL{„o_„9Lu‡69'ŒO„9]CŠ'c„!'aNLA‹~[†R `[9
     …t '` ~„!L Š9bS‚„”…za „9 N.Œ‹„L=`‹t`OB9 P.Œ‹„LACzAŠS„P~p‹ˆ„%`\B@‹‚„9
    Q ŠŒ€!L Š9bS‚„!` ~z S„]CŠ'c „!'&69 P .Œ ‹„!Œ Yz’ˆS „ƒ jL{„o _„a ='Œ Ot
     z6'Œ O„!'&L ˆ‹CNLANa YN N.Œ‹„L NP C}LO„!L Š9bS‚„“PO„Lf„QRL‹\h„Q‡L}POXŒ‡!LŠŒB
    P OXŒˆ„!Œ Y{„LASNa XPO„L e!L ŠŒBQ ŠŒ‚zL ARŒYzƒx hNQ ‡L}!L Š9bS‚„QO fS€ P.Œ ‹„
    ‰CN Depletion RegionPYmLŠP~p‹‡QCˆeP„(LtP~p‹‡%ŒX9„:%Lˆ‡.Œ‹„LNPC}LO„
    ` AY„P~p‹‡LnBˆfR9ƒjL{„o_„bOt!LŠ9bS‚„“‰‡`Bc‡'9b‡s‹ˆR N' P‰CtŒ‹„
    brŠƒjŒS„PKB%'P{Cum PN%ŒB`„P…j96Hza=…t9 Voltage BarriercXL\„
    . ( 1ƒ‚h„

    j( ?b kcSk.A'`b ?'9b A)5*2

    P B'LpO…„M XŒˆ„1b p„6T C[49cC ecXL \„` AY„bCUF R6H z%ŒB` „ …tNbA€`AYNLŠbUŒ„
    ` AY„P ~p‹‡ g–R „:%G BL ˆ‡N.Œ ‹„s‡bzL‹SBLA„M„Lf„1bp„9 P.Œ‹„s‡bzL‹SCe
     „&6H z bJ` „zPB'LpO„7LYRd‚uNL‹ˆ}Œ„‰C[z 2ƒ‚gbrŠNbA€'LCR'9b‡9cXL\„
    M XŒˆ„1b p„9!Œ Y{„a YNP B'LpO…„M„L f„1b p„5Œ~C eT C[cXL \„` AY„ %L Bc„:%GC e
     2ƒ‚ gb rŠ'L CR'9b ‡5` t9cXL \„` AY„P ~p‹‡†_ nR „:%G BL ˆ‡!L Š9bS‚„“aYN
     z‰ ‚„9 N ' P ‰CtŒ‹„‰‡PC…}‘!L‹\g%ŒXŒ„PYCSŠbCxj'LCRbˆCePC…ˆu„PC[L‹„‰‡‰‚„9
    (L AX …t b }:ƒY fB•@ ŠT CN` XbCx j'L CS„ L =LVB` [Pu‹ kˆ„!ŒB` „!– jŒ„
    @ R'Œ…N6‘5ŒCŠL ‡bY„P „L[ zb O€@ SˆC}'L CS„a=9# 2ƒ‚gbrŠ@„Lˆ=L‹‹‚ˆBa„9bSC‡‘
    !L‹\ g‰ ‡5ŒCŠL ‡bY„:Œ\BPzbx„ 'b[PX'%{zPC…}‘!L‹\g`BcBLˆ‡6Œ‚C…Cf„‰‡L~Šƒ}
    P ~p‹‡ƒ uYBP C…}‘!L‹\ g‰ ‡b CO‚„%`u„a=96Œ‚C…Cf„@BŒ\BL‡ƒV‡ b‡ 1000 ) y„PC…}‘
    cY„z6L‹ˆ…t`}„&yC€6Œ‚C…f„zLA‹t!LŠ9bS‚„“'ŒOts‹‡z '`}ƒ}cXL\„`AY„
    PC}LO„PCO…w‘!L‹\g 5Œ~R9!LŠ9bS‚„QOfS€LAŠ‘PO„LeP‹\hNP‹BFSˆ„!'a„‰‡%Œˆt6Œ‚SB P
    6H zsOp„L N9cXL \„`AY„ %LB('`~NPCO…w‘!L‹\g Œ} '`~N9%Œˆu„aA„aXPC…ˆuN P.Œ‹„LN
    
    P „L[ zcXL \„` AY„P ~p‹‡|C m „:%G BL ˆ‡P CO…w‘!L‹\ g1Lu mHN5Œ ~RP C…}‘!L‹\ g
    ‰ ‡.Œ‹ kˆ„%ŒB` „ƒ ˆuB €Œ …pˆ„‡L ‡‘` AY„bx j „:%G B7'9` Na =95ŒCŠL ‡bY„
    @ k^b„@‡`_S e.L g6Œ‚C…C f„‰ ‚„96Œ‚C…C f…„Q „Œz 0.6ƒ NL~‡Q „Œz 0.2` AX` ‹t5ŒCŠL ‡bY„
    9&bk‹t@…uYBLˆ‡`[97LYRz'LCS„'9bˆNZˆfBP~Bbp„7aAN%ŒB`„9PC…}‘!L‹\g'LCRbxj9
    bˆSf‡'LCS„@…BŒ\R9%%bSˆ„'LCS„`C[ŒRbJ9%zPx„LNPCˆ=

    
    j( ?b H+,K=

    b k‹t:3Œ…e†A{Š‚„9`[97LYRz'LCS„'9bˆ„P[LˆeŒ=%ŒB`„iJLk^‰‡PCjL^†=6
    Volt- Ampere Q „Œ{„iJL k^‹\‹‡@„†ebŠ6MYBPCNbA€9PCŠ9bS‚„ bJ%ƒ^%Š9bS‚„
    ` AYN%ŒB`„bk‹u„…tbCUFS„|Bb,‰t@ˆe'†SB‹\‹ˆ„a=9 Characteristic Curve
    7a=snŠ9'LCS„)LC~NL‹ˆ}`AY„PˆC}LŠbCwLˆ…€a‚=9bCO‡@„–^'Lˆ„'LCS„dC~Š†UQ„Œz
    
     …t'L CS„9 ~z‘‹C f„'Œ \ˆ„ …t` AY„ƒ VˆBT C\N† eb„ …tL Au}ŒŠ† U49` X z†C ~„
    6Œ ‚R` }@{ k„7a =9 p^b Cwb k‹t%ŒB` „6L ‹„Z nSB†eb„‰‡9eb„:%Lk„'Œ\ˆ„
    bJ9%zbCV€7a=@SCjL^LŠ`C{R%ŒB`„Lzbk‹u„@Cz5`_Sfˆ„|COpS„…ty}ŒSBa= 'Lm9 `C{‡
    . ( 3ƒ‚gbrŠŒB%b„

    Break Down Voltage ,)'ho ?'8

    L='` ‡‰ tL AXb_R9GzL ‚S„!L Š9bS‚„5%L kS„P CzL€P }LpNP C…}‘!L‹\ g` ˆB „{…_„`AY„Œ=
    7L YRP B%L[ =9 c CˆSˆ„@SC jL^%ŒB`„`~{BaAN9{…_„'LCS„P…JL= %LB('LCS„ %LB(„LS„LN9
    1000 „Q „Œz 50‰ ‡ {…_„` AY„$9b SBL‡` ‹t6Œ‚C…C f„%Œ B% z"` \B'L CAŠ•a ='LCS„
     %L t'L CAŠ•9y…SC e%ŒB`„6Hz@ˆCY\R9'LCAŠ•'LCRlC{_SN†~Š†„&9@StL‹jPC{C€Mf[Q„Œz
    %ŒB` „b Ot {…_„` AY„ z†‚\S„L N9P {…S_ˆ„!L~COpS„zMeL‹ˆ„%ŒB`„'LCS^‰f\N@O‹YR†SB

    
    b rŠb V€MJŒ g …t@ JŒS[•6Œ‚C…C f„P „L[ z@ ‹‡ƒ }5ŒCŠL‡bY„%ŒB%P„L[z'LCAŠ•`AX9
    . ( 3ƒ‚h„

     A<b A)5*2

    0.2Q „Œz 0,6‰ ‡ƒ }:ƒC jŒS…„Œ …pˆ„‡L ‡‘` AY„ƒ }L ˆ…€ 'b \„P X'%!%(Lˆ…€
    7LOg6FNL‹ˆ…ts‡L‡LˆR|Op‹Ba=9l{_‹RP‡9L~ˆ„6:„ŒS„…t5ŒCŠL‡bY„96Œ‚C…Cf…„Q„Œz
    ( 4 ) Negative Temperature Coefficient PO„L eP B'b[,L OR'!–‡L u‡!&!– jŒˆ„
    %Œ AY„ zb ^9P C„Lu„%Œ AY„ z5`_S fBLˆ=` [%ŒB` „‰ ‡‰CtŒ Š …t 'b \„bCUF RZ mŒB
    Pn{_‹ˆ„

    j( ?b  A
    ?(?<2

    MYB{…_„`AY„PˆC~z{…_„`AY„P„L[z@‹t‡L‡‘`AY„P„L[zbCO€y…S_B%ŒB`„3Œ…e6
     bJ` „ z@u m96‘` X5L =%ŒB` „1b ,` B`\R6H za „9'L CAŠ•` AX:` ‡‰ t ` CuN6Œ‚R6

    
    6M YBa „9 bJ` „ z:b ^c Xy …R97bC‡` S„ „&:%L ˆN'97bC‡` R „:%GBPK,L^P~BbpN
    P %L ˆ„•9@ zb,LŠ%` [&•bfCSB‰„a=9PˆC…eP~BbpN bJ`„z%ŒB`„1b,LˆJ%`€FSŠ
    Pu‹ kˆ„!L€b h„l uN5Œ ~Ra „9%ŒB` „z%ŒUL‚„ƒˆtƒˆuR N %Lˆ„Lˆ‹CN%ŒŠF€ƒˆuRLˆJ%
    9,Œ p^9s ˆY„P ‡–t† e'9 ('L N 9PzŒp h‡@ SzL[ƒ uYR6F N%ŒUL ‚„` B`\S„!L ‡–tsmŒN
     „LŠbp nBL ˆ‡!L ‡–u„7a =ƒ V‡s nR•:b ^!L€b g3L ‹=‰ ‚„9 5ƒ‚ h„b rŠ-99–}
    L ‹ˆABL ‡9 ( R * 100:` ‡ z59‘)L C}s m9 …t@pO nN5Œ ~‹zbCS‡Œz•L N%ŒB` „'L OS^
    1b ,L‹… j9Œ …zL ASˆC}‰ ‡|~\S„‰tbr‹„1bkN bCxj5 bCO€P‡9L~ˆ„QŠL€&L‡@Sr[–‡
    bSC‡Œ z’„M„L f„1b p„ƒC jŒR† R@ Š …t„&4%PC„LtP‡9L~‡pt9%ŒB`„1b,FNbCS‡Œz–„
    %ŒB` „ zb,‰C NP ‡9L~ˆ„` BcSzcXL \„` AY„P ~p‹‡`BcBf‚u„ƒCjŒS„6‘%ŒŠ• P.Œ‹„LN
    . ( 6ƒ‚h„brŠ bJ`„z%ŒB`„7LYRLŠ%`[L‹zbt`}6Œ‚Š„aN9 PN

     pt1b ,‘Q f‚t@ Š‰ ‡| ~\S„L ‹C…tM YCz•5L {„LR%ŒB` „6L €&L ‡Pzbu‡LŠ%'&L‡
    PC eLe‘@ RcC‡` ~z` }„a N6Œ ‚B‰CS…UL ˆS‡‰CRb } pt6H z@SC[– kN† ‚\ŠS[ bCxjP‡9L~‡
    ‰CRbCx jL SŠL€&L ‡P „(Lt %L ‡PNLVˆN6L€‰CRbCO€‰CRb}d…}Œ„@ŠTC['LCS„7LYR`C[ŒR=9
    ( 6ƒ‚h„brŠ…ePNLVˆN6L€

    ,)\b ,'8kcS0e,%,Q;pe

    
    ƒCx hS„zL €bSC‡Œ z‘` AX6` €FS„M YB9•9bSC‡Œ z‘ zM XŒˆ„9M„L f„1b p„` B`\RMYB
    0.2‰‡bO€96Œ‚C…Cf„%ŒB%P„L[zQ„Œz 0.6‰‡bO€`AY„6Œ‚B6MYB:PB`N%ŒB`„
    5ŒCŠL‡bY„%ŒB%P„L[zQ„Œz

    . P,)h#A3`bn  @9($@b APb kb ,f+ A)G(jhm !


    A^@2

    . N ‫ﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ‬3`bn RG($@b APb kb ,f+ A)G(j5,`b

    Diode Applications j( ?b ,\)/P2

    Rectification,)3b ?);j2 – 1

    Zˆ fB•%ŒB`„6LˆN9bˆSf‡'LCR„%%bSˆ„'LCS„4Œ\B:a„bk‹u„„&Œ=`C[ŒS„bk‹t
    PXŒ‡ykŠ '9bˆNZˆfCe@ŠHz%ŒB`„bOt%%bS‡'LCRbBbˆR†R&Hz`[97LYRz'LCS„'9bˆN
    %%b S‡` AX'` k‡‰ ‡!LB'LpO„‰\gz@‡`_SePCjL_„7aA„!L‡`_Se•‰f[‰‡9o~z
    M XŒˆ„1b p„7L YR z N.Œ ‹„%ŒUL ‚„!L Š9bS‚„”„s hˆ„1b p„6Œ ‚BT C\N
    T C\NM XŒˆ„1b p„ „M„L f„1b p„‰ ‡L ACz'LCS„:bfBPB'LpO„6TC[PB'LpO…„
    'LCRd‚t:PCŠLU b‡LACOp}‰CN`AY„2bz%%cCzPB'LpO…„M„Lf„1bp…„!LŠ9bS‚„“@YSR
    L ‡‰CKC g"`\C e@ ŠHzd‚u„L NL‹ˆ}Œ„L‡!LŠ9bS‚„“LNPB'LpO„‰\g„:%GBa=9ƒˆ\„
    . ( 7ƒ‚h„brŠ%ŒB`„y…SB9LA‹\gPB'LpO„/b{R6

    Voltage Regulation ?'9b 1)/62


    
     ‹\‹‡ Zener diode %Œ B%b ‹B(† e@ C…t| …pB!%ŒB` „‰ ‡.Œ Š| COpS„a A„5`_S fB9
    Œ B%z@‹‡bCV‚Nƒ}'LCAŠ•Pp~Š`AX:`‡‰‚„96Œ‚C…Cf„%ŒB%iJLk^bCO€`\„@OhB@kJLk^
    bJ9` „ z@‡`_S eP C{C€Œ =%Œ B%b ‹Bc…„ fCJb„1–S ^•9Q „Œz 200:`uSB•TC[6Œ‚C…Cf„
    q [–B9%ŒUL ‚…„%Œ Š‘‰‡6Œ‚BfCJb„7'LCR6::%LuR%ŒB`„d‚t@…CjŒR†SBTC[PCŠ9bS‚„“
    ` AY„ z bCx j!b CxR „:%G R%Œ B%b ‹Bc„'L CRz bCO‚„!bCCxS„6@kJLk^‹\‹‡…t
    . ( 8ƒ‚h„brŠ`AY„QCOVR…t3`tLfBLˆ‡

    Clipping Signals : ‫ – ﻗﺺ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬3

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    ` AX6L ‚„ƒ ˆ\„s ‡L B(ŒS‡%ŒB` „L‹… j9Œ „a = …t9:9L fS‡PCNbA€ bJ%:z‰CB(ŒS‡
    %Œ B%L‹… j9ƒ ˆ_„` AX %L B(L Š%'L ‡&9ƒ^`„`AX‰tbr‹„1bkNa=9Q„Œz 0.6ƒˆ\„
    5ŒCŠL ‡bY„%Œ B%5`_S e‰ ‚ˆˆ„‰ ‡9Q „Œz 1.2` AX„a N6Œ ‚Cz49‘s ‡„Œ S„ …tŠL U
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    6`YS e 9ƒ‚ h„b rŠP uNb‡!L XŒ‡ „PCOCY„!LXŒˆ„ƒBŒ\S„9LmŒn„%ŒAX‰‡
    ` AY„LuCS eLN5Œ ~R R1 9L A‹‡M XŒˆ„c Y„i } D2 P XŒˆ„‰ ‡M„L f„c Y„iz D1
    † R@ Š:%L uR%ŒB` „s ‡„Œ S„ …t%Œ B%b ‹Bc„ƒC jŒR` ‹t@ ŠFr[–B9Q „Œz 0.6‰t`Jc„

    
    ZOjLz6Œ‚C…f„%ŒB`„ 0.6„Q{CmQ„Œz 4,7%ŒB%b‹Bc„`AXPˆC}9PCf‚tP~BbpN@…CjŒR
    Q„Œz 5.3ƒˆ\„`AX

    Clamping Signals : ‫ – ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬4

    P B'LpN` XŒB9%ŒB` „s ‡:(Œ S„ …tƒ ˆ\„6L €Œ „&|NL f„| COpS„ …t‹O‡|COpS„a=9
    L ˆN …t „P [c‡P X'L_„P XŒˆ„6q[–‹ eb CxSˆ„` AY„'`k‡s‡„ŒS„…tP…kS‡
    %ŒB` „5Œ ~BT C[!L‹\ h„‰Bc _S„yV‚ˆNPB'LpO„4`OSeL‹‹‚ˆBL‹ŠbCwPB'LpO„`AX:9LfB
    yV‚ˆ„‰\hN

    dC „ Rƒˆ\„bOt#'L_„`AY„6`YŠ9 bCxS‡`AY„'`k‡`YŠ 10ƒ‚h„z bJ`…„br‹„LN


    #'L _„` AY„ ‹uBa =9P OXŒ‡P ˆC}PpeŒS‡6ƒNb{jdC„PpeŒS‡6&LB%LtbCxS‡`AX
    :a „%ŒB`„@ŠbˆSfˆ„`AY„„&LX‰B‰ˆzbˆSf‡b^‘9 bCxS‡Lˆ=`[‰B`AX‰t 'LOt
     …Sˆ‡b fB‘$Œ …„ƒ uXL ˆ‡b fB‘$Œ …„L=a „LN'L CS…„Zˆ eT C[y V‚ˆ„‰\ hN5L }
    6L €&M XŒˆ„M p~„ƒ VˆB‰ ˆB‘$Œ …„L ˆ‹CN9M„L f„M p~„P NLVˆN@ …uYBLˆ‡!LŠ9bS‚„“LN
    -L {S[•sCpS fCey V‚ˆ„6Hz`AY„'`k‡ '9%Q}9‰‡4Œ, t=R*C7'`…„vBb{S„Q}9
    4(L ‡L A‹‡c X6LŠ`XŒ„PX'L_„@XŒˆ…„br‹„LŠ%9LtŒ„9 '9%„ '9%‰‡PCNbA€P‹\hN
    @ ŠT C[i ~„!'% z%ŒB` „P {C-9LŠb€aRŒ„ZnSB„&9Q„Œz 0.6'`~ˆNb{k„Q\R
    `AY„PˆC}%`\B

    
    
    Variable Capacitor 0TEb A)V3eW6`e#?. ,)\b – 5

    L ‚B'L{„%Œ B%sC‹ kR a„9Mpu„PuBbe9†Y\„ bCO€9‰ˆV„PC„LwPuf„ bCxS‡!L{V‚ˆ„6


     %L ‡LˆA‹CN‰C…jŒ‡‰C[Œ„‰t 'LOtyV‚ˆ„Lz{…^`AYN@…CjŒRP„L[z%ŒB`„9 Varicap
    ƒ ˆuRT C[y V‚ˆ„@O hB dL ˆA‹CNPzL fˆ„9 A‰C[Œ …„P[L f‡ …t` ˆSuRyV‚ˆ„Pue9P„(Lt
    ‰CR%L ˆ„‰C N4(L u€ƒ ˆuRo eŒ„P ~p‹‡9ŠL V„$Œ …„P NLVˆN N %L ˆ„9‰C[Œ …„` [F€ P %L ˆ„
     {…_„`AY„%(Lˆ…‚zyV‚ˆ„Pue„LS„LN9P„(Lu„P~p‹ˆ„P[Lf‡bCxSR{…_„`AY„PˆC}bCxSN9
    
    A9Q NLU 5T C[ C=E ( A \ d6‘Pu f„Q …}L ˆ…€ d‰C[Œ …„‰C NPzL fˆ„!%(L ˆ…€
    . ( 11 )ƒ‚h„brŠ‰C[Œ…„‰CNPzLfˆ„ d9$Œ…„P[Lf‡

    Display Units,'n  ?;# – 6

    Light Emitting ( LED@ C…t| …,9Œ n…„sh‡@ŠFN(LSˆB!%ŒB`„‰‡b^.ŒŠ#LSŠ†R


    ƒV‡:b^%Œ‡‰‡@uC‹kR†SB9PCJŒmP}L,„PCNbA‚„P}Lp„‰‡cX4Œ\B@ŠTC[ Diode
    ƒ BŒ, mbSzb ˆt@ „9‰C S‡@ ŠFN%ŒB` „a =(L SˆB95ŒC„L Y„!L{ eŒz95ŒC„L Y„!L _CŠ'(
    lC N‘PuJL h„6Œ„‘9sC‹kS„ %L‡1–S^LN‰‡TuO‹ˆ„Œn„6Œ„y…S_B9PNLYSe•sBbe9
    Segments PuO f„ZJb h„!&'L A-“!` [9sC‹ kR† R@ ‹‡9b ˆ[‘9b n^‘9b{ k„9
    . ( 12ƒ‚h„brŠ 9„ 0‰‡5L}'‘'LA-LA‹‚ˆBS„9

    
    ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‬

    *P=
    0<)<Jaf9b 1h,^  ,e?;

    o~zPC…}‘!L‹\hN‰~\R%ŒB`„P…j9 .1
    !Œ Y{„’ˆS „ P.Œ ‹„‰‡!LŠ9bS‚„•'ŒOtPYCSŠ6Œ‚SRcXL\„`AY„Œn‹„P~p‹‡ .2
    ( ) . ( N.Œ‹„‰‡
    !ŒY{„’‡9P…jŒ„'ŒOt‰‡!LŠ9bS‚„“s‹ˆBcXL\„`AY„ .3
    
    `CXƒjŒ‡Œn‹„cXL\„`AY„P~p‹‡ .4
    LA‹‡i…_S„LAS„(‰‚ˆB•Œn‹„cXL\„`AY„P~p‹‡ .5
    Œn‹„P~p‹‡seŒB‡L‡‘`AY„ .6
    %ŒB`„ƒCxhSN5Œ~B9Œn‹„P~p‹‡|CnB{…_„`AY„ .7
    PC…}‘!L‹\g‰tWRLŠyCum{…^'LCR:bfB{…_„`AY„z .8
    {…_„'LCS„PˆC}`BcRPC„Lu„ 'b\„!LX'% .9

    0/D,ifb ,fc`b,.0)b,3b  ,/Tb af^

    . ....................Pp~‹NbˆBLˆJ%bCO‡Q„Œ{„P‡9L~ˆ„iJLk^‹\‹‡ .1
    @OhBbCO‡Q„Œ{„P‡9L~ˆ„iJLk^‹\‹‡ .2
     =L ˆz‹Cf„'Œ\ˆ„zQ„Œz 10PˆC~„`‹t59 1000P‡9L~ˆ„iJLk^‹\‹‡z .3
    . .....:%Lk„'Œ\ˆ„z'LCS„PˆC}
    o _„6Œ ‚B1Œ eƒ ˆ[–„P BLAŠ•L ‡P ‡9L~ˆ„6Œ ‚RL‡` ‹tP ‡9L~ˆ„iJL k^ ‹\‹‡ z .4
    ‹Cf„'Œ\ˆ„…t
    o _„6Œ ‚B1Œ eP ~…x‡ b J%b{ jP ‡9L~ˆ„6Œ ‚RL‡` ‹tP ‡9L~ˆ„iJL k^ ‹\‹‡ z .5
    :%Lk„'Œ\ˆ„…t
    bjL‹tŒB`„!–j9Lˆ‹CNPCp^bjL‹t!L‡9L~ˆ„ .6
    Q„Œz‡L‡`AX`‹t•ƒCjŒS„`OB•6Œ‚C…Cf„%ŒB% .7
     %LB(MOfN%ŒB`„'LA‹B .8
    ˆ fBP B'LpO…„M„Lf„1bp„LNƒkSˆ„%ŒB`„1b,6HzLC‡L‡–CjŒR%ŒB`„ƒCjŒRP„L[z .9
    . .................................
    ˆfB%ŒB`„…t %ŒXŒˆ„!L‡–u„‰‡MBb~„%ŒB`„1b,6 .10
    „bChR%ŒB`„…tP‡–t .11
    P YCS‹„d {Š)L }9 bCx mP ‡9L~‡b gGˆ„)L~zbSC‡9‘1b,FN%ŒB`„1b,ƒCjŒR†R& .12
    ƒˆuB%ŒB`„6Hz1b,‘d‚t`‹t
    ƒCjŒRˆfBƒCjŒS„a=6Hz%ŒB`„%ŒŠFNbSC‡9‘(LAY„MXŒˆ„1bp„ƒkR& .13
    
    ƒCjŒRˆfBƒCjŒS„a=6Hz%ŒB`„%ŒUL‚NbSC‡9‘(LAY„MXŒˆ„1bp„ƒkR& .14

    ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬

    Transistor ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬

    aKYb  ?%

    0)b,3b ,\ib  ,T)3D ]i`f(aKYb  @%0D ?T.

    &)cS?'9b a)Jj20\(A#j3DBh A3b jcDd'X •


    

    j3DBh A3b H+,K=a)6f2 •


    &3);pJ,/3= #&X A
    kcSAT3b 0)Y)^ •
    j3DBh A3b  jh
    W)iK2 •

    Amplification A)/`3b

    !'Lg“bCO‚R„ZCSR Amplifiers!bO‚ˆ„6&!LCŠ9bS‚„“zP‡LA„!LCeLe‘‰‡`uBbCO‚S„
    ]„Œn„9!Œk„!'LgbCO‚S€LA‹‡ %L{Se•‰‚ˆBS[

    ` [9#b ^9bˆS f‡` AX9L =bCO‚R%b ˆ„ 'L g“‰C …^%L A„P CŠ9bS‚„ b J%P,L fONb O‚ˆ„9
     'L g•bCO‚RzLA‡`_SfRP}L,PCŠ9bS‚„“ bJ`„Lf€HNbˆSfˆ„`AY„5Œ~BTC[ bO‚ˆ„ 'Lg“
    5Œ ~BT C[bSC‡Œ z•9Œ‚ eŒ…Ce9•| Bb,‰ t@ eLC}‰ ‚ˆB GainM f‚„Œ =9 1ƒ‚h„brŠ
    !b O‚ˆ„l uN9M fS‚ˆ„P r[–‡‰ ‚ˆB„a N9P X'L_„ 'L g“` AX9P …^`„ 'L g“` AX)L C~N

    
    10:9L fB` AXM f€!&L AŠ!b O‚ˆ„7a = …t|…pB9ƒ^`„ 'Lg4LV‡ bht`AX 'Lg#b_R
    . 5:9LfB'LCRMf€&bO‚ˆ„64L~Cz'LCS„…t:'Le5–‚„d{Š9

    P zbu‡bC fC„‰ ˆz'L CS„M f€9` AY„M f€L ‹ˆ…t&9ƒ^` „'L CR4LV‡ 5#b_„ 'Lg'LCR6L€&
    TC[Mf‚„P}L,

    P = V ×I Mf‚„P}L,6:

    Pgain = Vgain × Igain

    = 10 ×5

    = 50
    
    'L CRM f€46H z 10` AXM f€@ „:a „4Œ\ˆ„L zM f€P }L,LA„S„ `C[Œ„!'`„=!bO‚ˆ„9
    ZC\ j 1†ASO fŠƒ uYBLˆ‡PX'L_„P}Lp„:9LfRP…^`„P}Lp„6: 1P}Lp„Mf€ƒuYBLˆ‡ 0.1
    6: 'L g“` AXb CO‚S„LA‡`_S eP „L[ z „&9LAC…t`AY„bO‚‡†e2–,‰‚ˆB!bO‚ˆ„Lˆ‹CN
    Œ =b O‚ˆ„‰ ‡Œ …pˆ„+b x„6H z b CO€P …^`„ 'L g“Q ŠL€Œ „‰C [ z bCxjP…^`„ 'Lg“
     c AX6‘!'L g“#b ^“P CJLA‹„ƒ [bˆ„ z6Œ ‚RP }Lp„b CO‚Rb J9%9 'Lg“7a=P}L,bCO‚R
    . ( 2ƒ‚h„brŠ L{‚NƒˆuR€ bCO€P}Lp„#LS\RL=bCw9!LtLˆf„L€#b^“

    : Transistor ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬

    JL ‹U'ŒS fBcŠbS„‰ ‡ ` B`t.Œ Š3L ‹=9 (L Sˆ‡b CO‚Rb J9%†Cˆ kR z5`_S fB'ŒS ecŠbS„6
    Œ Az@ OC€bR zbCV€ Diode %ŒB`„@OhBŒ=9 Bipolar Junction Transistor ( BJTPCOp~„
    6H z‰CSCzbp„‰CS~p‹ˆ„1–^peŒ„P~p‹ˆ„6Œ‚RTC\NPfŠLYS‡P…jŒ‡@Og%Œ‡"–U‰‡y„FSB
     b V‚N:b^‘…tcCˆSR‰CS~p‹ˆ„:`[‰‚„9 N.Œ‹„‰‡6LRb^QŠL€ P.Œ‹„‰‡peŒ„QŠL€
    collector sˆYˆ„LAC…t|…pB:b^‘9 emittershˆ„@C…t|…pB9 majority PCO…w‘!L‹\h„
    'L CR'9b ‡ z†‚\S R S„ =9P[L f‡†=bx j = ` tL~„9 Base  ` tL~„L AC…t| …pBpeŒ„9
    !L‹\ h„3bS gŒ =P COp~„P CJL‹VN!'ŒS ecŠbS„7a =PCˆ fRMO e9sˆYˆ„„shˆ„‰‡!L‹\h„
    
    Œ B%‰CS… j9‰ ‡6Œ ‚SB@ ŠMŠLX„'LCS„'9b‡z electrons PO„Lf„!L‹\h„9 holes POXŒˆ„
    . ( 3ƒ‚gbrŠ PN

    PCŠ9bS‚„“!'`„zLˆA„6c‡'3L‹=9 NPN‰‡•`N PNPLA…uYN|,L‹ˆ„7a=MCRbR %Lt‰‚ˆB9


    .Œ‹„‰‡ `tL~„QŠL€&P„L[z6Œ‚B iN `tL~…„@YSˆ„…^`„†Af„„LS„L€LˆA‹CN2b{S„‰‚ˆB
    Not ) NPN.Œ ‹„‰‡6Œ‚B'ŒSfBcŠbS„6HzLX'L^†Af„6L€&L‡ PNP'ŒSfBcŠbS„6: N
    . ( 4ƒ‚h„brŠ Pointing iN

    j3DBh A3b  A
    kcS?'9b a)Jj20\(A

    s ˆYˆ„1b , …t Reverse bias  {…_„` AY„ƒC jŒRM YB NPN'ŒS ecŠbS„P „L[ z
     ` tL~„9 emitter s hˆ„1b , …t Forward bias‡L ‡‘`AY„9 Base  `tL~„9 Collector
    6TC[ PowerP}Lp„zMf€@‹tWS‹BLˆ‡ bCO€ RCB bCxj RBE6Œ‚R„aN Base

    
    P= I²RP}Lp„6ŒŠL}

    ƒ^`„ bJ%ƒVˆR9 I² × RBE ) emitter power shˆ„P}L,9

    #b_„ bJ%ƒVˆR9 I² × RCB ) Collector powersˆYˆ„P}L,9

    ( 4ƒ‚h„brŠ P Gain = RCB\RBE bCO€6Œ‚RMf‚„P}L,6Hz RBE‰‡bO€ RCB6LˆN9

    
    10000:9LfR RCB9 IB@ˆe@‹‡`XbCxjcXbfSBTC[P~C~\„z IBE:9LfB•ICB'LCS„9
    :9LfRMf‚„P}L,6Œ‚Sz59 100:9LfR RBE‰C[z!'ŒSecŠbS„luNz591• bht
    . 100

    %ŒB` „ƒ ˆtP BbrŠ9 B,C‰C N {…^` AY„6‰C [ zbCO€ ICB6Œ‚ByC€6$9bpˆ„4LfS„9
    Z nSB† eb„‰ ‡9'ŒSfBcŠbS„zy…S_‡smŒ„‰‚„9ZC\ja=†uŠ bCxjPˆC}@„s}ŒSŠL‹…uYR
    Q ŠL‚„‰Bb=L rS‡%Œ B%‰C‹UL €ƒ ˆuB'ŒS fBcŠbS„6L €Œ „ 5ƒ‚ h„b rŠ ICBP ˆC}b O€MOeL‹„
    'ŒS fBcŠbS„ z ` tL~„P ~p‹‡‰ ‚„9b{ k…„ ICP ˆC}ƒ kRL ˆ‹CN b CO€ IE IB†C }ZO kR6PYCS‹„
     S„ emitters hˆ„!L Š9bS‚„ƒuYBLˆ‡P…C…}LACzPCO…w‘!L‹\h„%`t9PjŒN 0,001PBLx…„P~Cm
    Q \RP u}9s ˆYˆ„P ~p‹‡6‰C [ zbCx j IB ` tL~„'L CR6Œ ‚B„L S„LN9P…C…}!L‡ŒY{„s‡`\SR
    P CO…w‘!L‹\ ga XsCpS fB@ ŠPX'`„ `tL~„P~p‹‡|Cms‡ VCB:Œ}MXŒ‡NbA€4LY‡bCUFR
    6: IBPˆC}:9LfBLˆN IE4‰‡bxj@‹‚„9bCO€ IC'LCR…tƒk\Š„aN9shˆ„‰‡

    IE = IB + IC

    100 % = 1% + 99%

    L‹… kzL ‹Š+b SzL ASCˆ=d ˆ…Š ‚„9 b CO€P Cˆ=L A„ ` tL~„6• IB'LCS„bxj‰‡†wb„…t9
     zb CO€'L CR:b fB9 IC'L CS„:9L fCe IE'L CS„6 „LN zb p_BL ˆN' bJ` „‰ ‡ ` tL~„1b ,
     ` tL~„ ‰C N‡L ‡` AX3L ‹=6L €&• IE@ˆ e'L CR3L ‹=6Œ ‚B‰ „@ Š‘"`\B‰„a=‰‚„9 bJ`„
    `AY„a=Lx„„:% `tL~„ƒkz9shˆ„9

    
     z9 ICs ˆYˆ„'L CRP ˆC} z†‚\S BIB bCx k„ ` tL~„'LCRPˆC}6=9P‡L= `tL}WS‹SfŠL‹=‰‡9
    † =:` [7a =9'L CS…„` CXM f€ puB'ŒS ecŠbS„6L ‹„Z nSB|O eL ˆ‡9 IEs hˆ„'L CR%Œ X9
    . hfe9 BLAC…t|…pB9@kJLk^

    β= IC = 99% = 99

    IB 1%

    Power  '` ~„!'ŒS fBcŠbS„PO f‹„LN 20‰ ‡` OR B b CV€†C }L A„6P [LSˆ„!'ŒS fBcŠbS„9
    IB, IC!'L CS„†C } …t` ˆSuR â6L ˆN9P B%Lu„!'ŒS fBcŠbS„ z 400 „ƒkR9 Transistor
    ‰ ‡y…S_R B‰xzP}`NLACz†‚\SB6s‹kˆ„sCpSfB•S„PC…}‘9PCO…w‘!L‹\g%`t…t„LS„LN9
    †}b„d{Š@„b^‘'ŒSfBcŠbR

    !L Š9bS‚„“P €b[P„ŒA f„ „&9s e92LpŠ…tbhS‹‡ NPN6bCw PNP…t4L~B5–‚„d{Š9


    PC„Lu„!%%bS„P„L[zPx„LNPCˆ=!&LA…uYBa=9!ŒY{„P€b[‰‡bV€ 'Œ…O„z

     e`‹A‡ƒ uYBL ˆ‡ NPN‰ ‡ b CV€.Œ Š6Œ YS‹B'ŒS fBcŠbS„u‹ k‡6 „PzL m“LNa =
    PO„L f„ m'’„M eL‹‡@ Š‰ t– nz†=b J9%†Cˆ kR z NPN'ŒS fBcŠbR6Œ…n{B!LŠ9bS‚„“
    ‰ ‡'ŒS ecŠbS„ƒ ˆtZmŒB 8ƒ‚h„9PVB`\„ cAX‘zbCV€5`_SfRS„9 Negative Ground
    M„L f„s ‡M„L f„ Forward bias‡L ‡–C jŒRshˆ„9 `tL~„ƒCjŒRMYBTC[ PNP.Œ‹„
    P r[–‡` ‹t9 Reverse biasL C{…^–C jŒRsˆYˆ„L N ` tL~„ƒCjŒR†RLˆ‹CNMXŒˆ„s‡MXŒˆ„9
    P CŠL‚‡5` t zMO f„b f{BL ˆ‡ 5ƒ‚ h„z†Aum9d‚t 6ƒ‚h„z VCB,VCE ‰CR'LpO„sm9
    CsˆYˆ„„ Eshˆ„‰‡'Lˆ„'LCS„6 6ƒ‚h„‰‡ZnSB9 NPNb^FN PNP'ŒSfBcŠbR4`OSe
    ‰ ‡:a „MO f„9 5ƒ‚ h„ z!L CŠ9bS‚„“‰ ‡y„FSB'LCS„a=6L€Lˆ‹CN!ŒY{„‰‡'LCR‰t 'LOt
     bJ` „ z PNP,NPN'ŒS ecŠbS„.ŒŠ5`_SfŠLŠLC[L‹Š PNP!'ŒSecŠbS„ƒˆtL‹\m9@…X
    . ( Printed circuitƒCjŒS„,Œp^9m'‘†CˆkR†CˆkS„PC…ˆtƒCAfS„ `[Œ„

    : Characteristic curves j3DBh A3b H+,K=,)i<ie

    
    Rf9fb ,)i<ie0Sjf9e – 1

    ƒ‚ h„b rŠs ˆYˆ„!LC‹\‹‡PtŒˆY‡'LhSŠLAue9'ŒSecŠbS„iJLk_„!LC‹\‹‡ `t3L‹=


    ‰C N` AY„2bzƒVˆB‹Cf„'Œ\ˆ„9 ICbCO‡ƒˆ„LNsˆYˆ„'LCR:%Lk„'Œ\ˆ„ƒVˆBTC[ 7 )
    Q„Œ{„LN VCEsˆYˆ„9shˆ„

    5`_S fŠ9!L C‹\‹ˆ„‰ ‡P tŒˆYˆ„7a =† eb„LA‡`_S fŠ S„= 8ƒ‚h„LNP\mŒˆ„ bJ`„9
    P SNLU:b ^‘9 b CxS‡ ` [9‰CSB'L pNL‹B` „9 VCE, IC, IB)LC~„bSC‡Œz)LC} cAX 3LACz
     bCxSˆ„P‡9L~ˆ„5`_SfR9 VCEPˆC}z†‚\S…„ bCxSˆ„PB'LpO„5`_SfR9 bCxS‡P‡9L~‡ bJ`„LN9
    IBPˆC}z†‚\S…„

    Rf9fb ,)i<ie0Sjf9edD0\(A

    : ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬

    IB = 0 ‫ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬IC,VCEg).0[pTb dD – ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‬

    
    . IB = 0)LC}†SBS[ bCxSˆ„P‡9L~ˆ„zbCw .1
    . ICPˆC}b}9 VCE = 0 6:b{j:9LfB bCxSˆ„PB'LpO„`AXƒuX .2
    \‹ˆ„a=†e'†UP…NL~ˆ„ IC!b}ƒYe9Q„Œz 20S[bCxSˆ„PB'LpO„`AX†C}zbCw .3
    IB =20 μ A ‫ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬IC,VCEg).0[pTb dD –,)h,5

    . IB = 20 μ A )LC}†SBS[P‡9L~ˆ„zbCw .4
    . 3,2!Œp_„'b€†U .5
    . (   
    
    PC„LS„ IB†C}`‹t„&ƒuz†U

    Rf9fb ,)i<ie0Sjf9ekcS,Q;pe

    Q COVR` ‹t IC'LCS„z bCxj!bCxR•LA‹tWS‹B• VCE `AY„2bzz bCO‚„!bCxS„6 .1


    . IB
    `XbCxj VCE6L€Œ„SX ICzP\m9!bCxR@…NL~B IB†C}bCCxR .2
    sˆYˆ„!LC\‹‡PtŒˆY‡‰‡LAXb_Se‰‚ˆBS„!LŠLCO„

    . IC ,VCEPzbu‡`‹t IBPˆC}#b_Se‹‚ˆB

    . IB, VCE Pzbu‡`‹t ICPˆC}#b_Se3‰‚ˆB

    
    . IB,ICPzbu‡ `‹t VCEPˆC}#b_Se‹‚ˆB

    :P zbu‡` ‹t BL f[‰ ‚ˆBa ‚=9 b gLO‡T „LV„WS‹S fŠ‰Bb CxS‡P ˆC}bzŒ R` ‹t@ Š:
    . B = IC \ IBTC[‰BbCxS‡

    : PNPjicbRf9fb ,)i<ie0Sjf9e

    7L YR z6Œ ‚B ICs ˆYˆ„'L CR9'L fC„7L YR!L C‹\‹ˆ„@ YSR„a „PO„L eP ˆC}6Œ‚B6MYB VCE
    ‰ ‡T „LV„sNb„ƒxhSe!LC\‹ˆ„6:ƒ{e‘!LC‹\‹ˆ„@YSR„a„9 NPN.Œ‹…„ IC'LCS…„ d€Lu‡
    . 9ƒ‚h„brŠ NPNP„L[z49‘sNb„ƒxhRQŠL€Lˆ‹CN!LCU`[“

    Fig.(9)

    : Constant power curve ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬


    

    P ˆC~„7a =6+b z …ty…S…„+buR•97`uSB6‰‚ˆB•P}Lp„‰‡k}`['ŒSfBcŠbRƒ‚„6


    . 7.5‰tLANbmƒjL[`BcB•TC\N IC,VCEƒ„†C}5`_SeL‹C…tMYCz!9 7,5

    ki<ifb dD0\(A

    . VCE = 7.5 W / IC P„%Luˆ„z+ŒuŠ9 IC†C}+bS{Š .1


    ( 10ƒ‚h„brŠsˆYˆ„!LC‹\‹‡PtŒˆY‡†e'd{Š…t†C~„s}ŒŠ9 `B`t!b‡„&'b‚Š .2
    : PNP ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ‬

     ‹\‹‡6:P OXŒ‡P }L,†C }WS ‹Rl uN zLANbnNPO„Le IC †C}9PO„Le VCE†C} PNP4P„L[z
    †C ~„` B`\RsCpS fŠ•L ‹…uYBL ˆ‡T „LV„s Nb„ zs ˆYˆ„!L C‹\‹‡P tŒˆY‡9s Nb„ z6Œ ‚BP}Lp„
    PO„L f„ ic †C }ƒ CVˆR† Ra „9 ic 4P ˆC}ƒ €` ‹t vceP ˆC}L f[L ‹C…u…N†eb…„br‹„%bYˆNPOeL‹ˆ„
     zP }Lp„9s ˆYˆ„!L C‹\‹‡PtŒˆY‡@C…t†e'L‹B`„6Œ‚B„aN9‰CˆC„PAXPO„Lf„ vce †C}9…t•
    10ƒ‚h„LNLˆ€br‹„%bYˆN 'Œr\ˆ„P}Lp„:ŒSf‡‰t `CuN,L~Š†C}'LCS^ƒAfCz `[9PAX

    Fig.(10)

    Breakdown voltages ,)'ho j'8

    6† eb„ …tL ‹„Z nSCe V1140P C„Lt%Œ AY„ƒ kB S[s ˆYˆ„!L C‹\‹‡† e'` ˆNL ‹ˆ}Œ „
    Œ ='L CAŠ•` AX9'L CAŠ•%Œ AYN1b uR9L=` uSR•M YB Vec ` AY…„P ‹Cu‡†C }LA„'ŒSfBcŠbS„

    
    Vce ` AY„Œ ='L CAŠ•` AX9'L CAŠ•%Œ AYN: Ic P ˆC} zb CxR"` \B7` ‹t:a „ Vce `AY„
    9 Vce L ˆ=9 Ic P ˆC} z6L ˆ‚\SB66b CxS‡L‹B` „ZOkB@Š: Ic PˆC}zbCxR"`\B7`‹t:a„
    T C[Z m9 „&9'ŒS fBcŠbRƒ ‚„'LCAŠ'LCAŠ%ŒAX `t3L‹=sOp„LN9@CzŒwb‡bCwa=9 Ia
    (11ƒ‚h„brŠy…S_‡'LCAŠ`AX Ia PˆC}ƒ‚„

    : Transfer Curve a);A3b ki<ie

     zb CxR:6T C[ƒ C[bS„ ‹\‹‡@SCˆfR†Ra„9sˆYˆ„…t `tL~„bCULR:`‡ZmŒB‹\‹ˆ„a=


    ƒ CVˆR†S B ‹\‹ˆ„a = z9s ˆYˆ„'L CR z@RŒ}zƒULˆ‡bCULR„:%GB `tL~„'LCR9 `tL~„`AX
    ‰ ‡9M XŒˆ„:%L k„'Œ\ˆ„…t Ic sˆYˆ„'LCR9MXŒˆ„9‹Cf„'Œ\ˆ„…t VBE  `tL~„`AX
    :` ‡Z nSB†eb„‰‡9MXŒˆ„:%Lk„'Œ\ˆ„z Ic sˆYˆ„'LCR9MXŒˆ„†‚\R:`‡ZnSB†eb„
    ‰C N2b {„‰C OB‹\‹ˆ„a=9 VBE `AY…„ Ia PCOuRMOfN•„&dC„9 Ic PˆC}z VBE `AY„†‚\R
     „&9P C„Lu„!%%b S„bJ9%z5`_SfBŒAzPjL_„@RL~COpR5ŒCŠL‡b\…„‰‚„96Œ‚…Cf„!'ŒSecŠbR
    †Cˆ kS„ zPC eLe•ƒ ‡Œu„‰ ‚„9ƒCxhS„`AXbxjMŠLX„@R'Œ…Nƒ^%!L‹\h„P€b[P„ŒAf„
    12ƒ‚h„brŠ6Œ‚…Cf…„ LACz„Œp„`C„a=9 'b\„!LX'%ƒˆ\R `g9buf„=

    
    Transistor Testing j3E( A3b ,/3=

     b V‚„ bzŒ S‡b CwLA‹‚„9:b^PCŠ9bS‚„bjL‹t9'ŒSfBcŠbS„!LC‹\‹‡†eb„PCŠ9bS‚„ cAX3L‹=


    1b,Pzbu‡zbSC‡9•5`_Se=sCˆY„49L‹S‡zS„9ƒAe•P~Bbp„9‰C‹{„9‰Ce`‹Aˆ„‰‡
    13ƒ‚h„z‰uˆSR6MYBLAˆAz‰f\R‚„9ƒˆu„!Œp^C„9'ŒSfBcŠbS„

    
    B ?S,\b ?(?<2

    „&'b€)LC~„'b€91b,•d‚t9‰Czb,‰CNP‡9L~ˆ„)LC}z(LAY„zb,5`_Se -1
    6Œ ‚B9 E ,C  …t(L AY„1b ,6Œ ‚Ra K‹C[‰C=L YS„ zP C„LtP ‡9L~‡ …tƒ k\RS[
    .B Œ=T„LV„1bp„
    j3E(Bh A3b jh?(?<2
    
     b}pt6Lz‰Bb^•‰Czbp„…tM„Lf„1bp„9 B …t(LAY…„MXŒˆ„1bp„sm9 -2
     ` tL~„6:‡L‡ƒCjŒS„6‹uR bCxk„P‡9L~ˆ„6• NPN 'ŒSfBcŠbS„6L€ bCxj
    P ‡9L~ˆ„6• PNP 6L € b CO€ b } pt69b SC‡–„M XŒˆ„1bp„L NP… kS‡ P MXŒ‡
    b rŠb SC‡–„MXŒˆ„1bp„LNP…kS‡ N PO„Le `tL~„6:f‚tƒCjŒS„6‹uR bCO‚„
    14ƒ‚h„
    :NPN ‫ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬E ‫ ﻭ‬C Ao ?(?<2

    593 100L ASˆC}P ‡9L~‡b n[9 R ×100:` ‡ …t(L AY„P ‡9L~ˆ„s mNPN P „L[ z -3
    M XŒˆ„1b p„s m† U B  ` tL~„LNb ^•LAzb,9(LAY…„MXŒˆ„1bp„LNLAzb,`[ƒj99
    6L z bCx jP ‡9L~ˆ„ …tQ… k[L ‡&L z E ,C ‰ ‡ƒ € …tP ‡9L~ˆ„LN7L‹…j9:a„(LAY…„
    15ƒ‚h„b- E b^•1bp„6Œ‚B9 C …ts~BMXŒˆ„1bp„

    
    PNP ‫ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬E ‫ ﻭ‬C Ao ?(?<2

    1bp„L NL Azb,` [ƒ j995931L ASˆC}P ‡9L~‡b n[9 R1 :`‡…t(LAY„sm PNP P„L[ z -4
     …tQ… k[6Lz C s‡ b‡9 E s‡ b‡M„Lf„1bp„ƒj9 B  `tL~„LN'L^•LAzb,9(LAY…„M„Lf„
    16ƒ‚h„brŠ E b^•1bp„6Œ‚B9 C …ts~BM„Lf„1bp„6Lz bCxjP‡9L~‡

    
    ,/3=o  jP=A)E‫ﺗﻔ‬

    L ˆ=9 bJ` „ z‰C… jLz‰B` [%Œ XŒ„ „&9‰C=LYR•z bCO€6Œ‚R6MYB E, C ‰CNP‡9L~ˆ„6
    z P  %Lˆ„ƒVˆR=9P‡9L~ˆ„bOt B  `tL~„…tMXŒˆ„1bp„%ŒX96„&ƒC…uR9 BE , BC
    7L YR(L AY…„M„L f„1b p„6Œ ‚B9L Au‡bzL ‹SCz!Œ Y{„7L YRM XŒˆ„1b p„6 ‹uB PNP
    Q }Œ„|C n„ „&9 bCx jP ‡9L~‡ƒY fCz ` tL~…„s hˆ„‰ ‡'L CS„<b fCzLAu‡bzL‹SCz!LŠ9b‚SC„•
     `tL~„LNM„Lf„1bp„ƒjŒB PNP P„L[z"`\BƒVˆ„9P…jL{„P~p‹ˆ„

     Œ p_„7a =P zbu‡† Ry C€† A{R ‚„9 NPN 'ŒS fBcŠbS„M f€'L OS^L AC…t| …pB!Œ p_„7a=
    „a€9{…^`AYNsˆYˆ„…tLŠbUL‹ŠL€: C sˆYˆ„…tsm9(LAY…„MXŒˆ„1bp„6+bSz
    ‰ ‚„‡L ‡` AXbCUL RQ \R ` tL~„6: b CO€P‡9L~‡bOt `tL~„s‡(LAY…„MXŒˆ„1bp„ƒkSB
    b CO€ IC 'L CRWS ‹Ba „M f€@ „'ŒS fBcŠbS„6L ˆN9 IB 'L CS„bxj…tqzL\R bCO‚„P‡9L~ˆ„
    E,C ‰C NP ‡9L~ˆ…„ bCx jP ˆC}(L AY„dC~C e„a „9b SC‡9•P B'LpN‰ ‡`ˆS f‡'L CS„sOp„L N
     `tL~„…tbSC‡9•PB'LpONbCULS„P‡9L~ˆ„‰‡1`A„'LkS^LN9

    7ƒ‚h„brŠ

    Filed Effect Transistorkb,9fb A)5,3b j3E(Bh A2

    BIPOLAR JUNCTION (B J T ) PCO n~„JL ‹U'ŒS fBcŠbS„6†wb „ …t


    s e9'L hSŠ9&ZO j„L Yˆ„bCULS„'ŒSfBcŠbR‰‚„9!'`„†ru‡z5`_SfB TRANSISTOR
    † e•a =9 UNIPOLAR TRANSISTOR PCO n~„P B%L['ŒS fBcŠbR.Œ ‹„a = …t| …pB9
    L ˆ=‰CtŒ ŠL A‹‡` XŒB9!Œ Y{„9!L CŠ9bS‚„•'L CS„!– ˆ[‰ ‡` [9.Œ Š5`_S fRL AŠ ‹uB
    MOSFET , JFET

    JFET : j3E(Bh A2

    CHANEEL JFET >P 9 CHANNEL JFET >N ‰CtŒŠ„.Œ‹„a=†f~‹B9

    
    N- CHANNEL JFET j3E(Bh A3b

    oNb …„s ˆYˆ„9s hˆ„ƒV‡ N .Œ‹„‰‡@„ L‹}ƒˆt†RPCOn~„JL‹U'ŒSfBcŠbR•Œ=L‡ JFET 6


    ( 18ƒ‚h„brŠ `tL~„bOtLˆA‹CN

    s ˆYˆ„ …t9 SOURCE'` kˆ„† e ( EMITTERs hˆ„ …t| …pB JFET P „L[ z9
     L ‹~„7a=9 GATE PNŒO„†e BASE  `tL~„…t9 DRAIN 1bkˆ„†e9 COLLECTOR
    .Œ ‹…„ uCOp„s mŒ„6:` AX:•P XL\„69%P„ŒAfN:bfB'LCS„ƒuYBLˆ‡'LCS„!L‹\hNPC‹w
    †A fN.Œ ‹„a A„c ‡bB9 (BJT)PCO n~„P CJL‹R'ŒS fBcŠbS„d ‚t …t TURN ON Œ=9 JFET
    ` AXbCUL RQ \RP NŒO„L‹um9Œ„L‹Š p-chaneel jfet .Œ‹„P„L[z GATE PNŒO„z IN ƒ^%
    'L CS„y B9P ‡9L~ˆ„` BcBL ˆ‡L ˆA‹CNP… jŒˆ„ L ‹~„Œ Š91b kˆ„9'` k‡!L CŠ9bS‚„6L zM„L e
    ZO kB6 „ƒ ~B ID 1b kˆ„'L CR6L zvgs '`kˆ„9PNŒO„‰CNM„Lf„`AY„%(Lˆ…€@Šq[–B9
    (ID=0) Turn Off 2–w•sm9z'ŒSfBcŠbS„

    p-Chanel JFET j3E(Bh A2

    ‰ ‡P NŒO„sC‹ kR† R‰C [ z P .Œ ‹„‰‡LˆA‹CNPpNb„ L‹~„„LS„LN91bkˆ„9'`kˆ„sC‹kR†R


    (L C\Š „:%G BLˆ‡ P  L‹~„ƒ^%bzL‹SSe!ŒY{„6LzPNŒO„…tMXŒ‡`AYNbCULS„`‹t N .Œ‹„
    1bkˆ„9'`kˆ„‰‡ƒ€„!ŒY{„

    
    VGS PNŒO…„MXŒˆ„`AY„%(Lˆ…€@Šq[–B9'LCS„y}ŒB9LAS‡9L~‡`BcBLˆ‡ L‹~„ŒnŠ„LS„LN9
    Channel JFET > P,N ‰CtŒ ‹„‰C NP COp~„1–S ^•P YCSŠ9ƒ ~B ID 1b kˆ„'L CS„6L z
    P NŒO„LN'L CR:•#L S\R• JFET 'ŒS fBcŠbR9b^•L NLˆ=` [4`OS e‰ ‚ˆB• Channel JFET
    L ‹u‹‡` }6Œ ‚Š„a N9P „(Lt %L ˆN L ‹~„‰tL‡LˆRPNŒO„4ctL‹ŠL‚‡LN6‹uBa=ƒCxhS„PC…ˆtL‹U
     L‹~„9PNŒO„‰CNPC…}•!L‹\g‰tWRL‹„'LCS„bfS‡'LCR:'9b‡

    BJT ‫ ﻭ‬FET g).0h,\e

    FET BJT

    0f)[&b ID ! lT)/Pb RMjb -1 IC = 0lT)/Pb RMjb -1

    ID kXd`<3( v6s -2 IC kXd`<3( IB -2

    MOSFET j3E(Bh A3b

    L ‹„ctŒ „L ‹Š ‹uBa =9@ CzŒwb‡bCw'LCRPC…}•!L‹\g‰tWRL‹„ s,g ‰CN'LCS„6ZmŒ„‰‡


    „a N96Œ‚C… e`C f€‰ t 'L OtP „(Lu„ %L ˆ„ƒ uX9P CŠ`u‡ %L‡‰‡PNŒO„ƒuYBP„(Lt %LˆNPNŒO„
    L‹B` „6Œ ‚SB„a N96Œ‚C… e`C f€‰ t 'L OtP „(Lu„† e@ C…t| …pB` B`X'ŒS fBcŠbRL‹B` „6Œ ‚SB
    Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor MOSFET †e@C…t|…pB`B`X'ŒSfBcŠbR
    . 19ƒ‚h„

    † R L ~„9P NŒO„‰CNP…jŒ„ %ŒB`„P…j96TC[‰C=LYR•zƒˆuB6‰‚ˆBPNŒO„PNŒO„`AX6


    6Œ ‚Cz Drain '` kˆ„9 Source '`kˆ„‰CN L‹~„sp}‰‚ˆB„aN96Œ‚…Cf„`Cf€PpeŒNLA…kz
    2–w•sm9Œ='ŒSfBcŠbS„uCOp„smŒ„

    `AX…t`ˆSuBLˆŠ9 Drain 1bkˆ„9 source '`kˆ„‰CN L‹}ƒˆuBs‹kˆ„5Œ~B•.Œ‹„a=z


    P €'LR Œ Y{„s ‡P NŒO…„M XŒˆ„` AY„bzL‹R|Bb,‰tLˆA‹CN L‹}LhŠzMXŒˆ„ GATE PNŒO„
    '`kˆ„‰CN!LCŠ9bS‚„bˆ‡

    
    'L CRP Cˆ€„L S„LN9 L ‹~„.L fR %L B('` ~NP NŒO„` AX %L B('` ~N9 drain1b kˆ„9 Source
    s m9 …t3b OYR%ŒB` „P… j9@ Š•5L r‹„a ANƒ ˆu„@ ‹‚ˆB•9 JFET 6L zsOp„LN9!LCŠ9bS‚„•
    P-CHANEEL MOSFET,N-CHANEEL MOSFET, N-P ‰CtŒŠ„.Œ‹„a=†f~‹B9‡L‡•7LYR•Œ=9•`[9

    20ƒ‚h„„brŠ

    : MOSFET Reae,T3b 0\(A

    P „(Lu„P ~Op„6•y …S„PuBb eL AC…t ` ˆSuˆ„P …‡L‚Sˆ„!'` „9 MOSFET .Œ‹„'ŒSfBcŠbR6
    6L A‹‚ˆB3`CNP‹€Lf„!L‹\h„6ƒN`AY„‰‡ƒC…} %LBcNy…S„P…Ae`XP~C}'P~O,6Œ‚…Cf„`Cf€
    !L€b g5Œ ~Ra „9P ~JLzP BL‹uNb jL‹u„7a=49L‹RMYBa„96Œ‚…Cf„`Cf€P~O,P„(Lu„ %Lˆ„b‡`R
    b k‹u„+b uRŒ „T C\NP „(Lu„P ~Op„P BLˆ\„!–‡L ‚Sˆ„ …S„%Œ B%PzL mLN!–‡L ‚Sˆ„sC‹ kR
     …tL ‡Œˆt FET.Œ ‹„(L SˆB9` AY„v Bb{RP C…ˆt‰‡9%ŒB`„ƒxSg`AY„'ŒSfBcŠbR9P…‡L‚S‡
    a =9P C„Ltƒ ^%P‡9L~‡!&!bO‚‡†CˆkR`‹t`X`C{‡a=9'LCR„#LS\R•PNŒO„6LN Bipolar
    PBLAŠ•L‡:9LfR RQŠL€b{kN IPˆC}‰tL‹mŒt&Lz V/I=R 596ŒŠL}4–^‰‡ZnSB
    

    Lˆ…€ I PˆC}Q…}Lˆ…€PNŒO„'LCRbO‚ˆ„7a^LB:a„'LCS„Œ= IbO‚ˆ…„ƒ^`„`AY„Œ= V 6+bSz


     bCxjƒ^`„P‡9L~‡„LS„LN9 bCO€ IB  `tL}'LCR„#LS\B:a„ BJT d‚t…t R PˆC}!%&

    VMOSFETj3E(Bh A3b

    6L ˆA‹CN1–S ^•@ X99 bJ` „ z7c ‡'d{‹ Nƒ VˆB@ŠƒN MOSFET 4‰‡‰f\ˆ„.Œ‹„@OfB
    .L ~„ z1b kˆ„s m99 MOSFET4P „L[ zLC mbt9 VMOSP „L[ zLC e':b fB'LCS„
    P C„Lu„P }Lp„!&!L ~COpS„ z`C{‡ VMOS ƒuYBLˆ‡'LCS„'9bˆ„Pue9 bCk} L‹}%ŒXŒNZˆfB
    !L[L f‡ z:bfBbCO€'LCS„#LS\B@‹‚„9ƒˆuBƒN!L~COS„7a=ƒV‡zƒˆuB• BJT6‹uB•a=9
    L ˆ‹CN@ …ˆt z!LNbp m „:%G RP‹^L e,L ~Š@ ‹tWS ‹BL ˆ‡P… jŒˆ„@O g %L ˆ„‰ ‡ bCx j
    BJT‰ ‚„9PC„Lu„P}Lp…„POeL‹‡bV€ŒAza„9!LNbm•7a= ƒV‡@N"`\B• VMOS 'ŒSfBcŠbS„
    @k^b„PCOugbV€

    (21ƒ‚h„brŠ

    : VMOS j3E(Bh A3b afS0\(A


    
    ‰ ‡ P P ~p‹‡ƒ ^%!L CŠ9bS‚„•7'9`NaYBLCNbA€•LY‡Lh‹B1ŒePNŒO„…tMXŒˆ„`AY„6
    1bkˆ„ƒ{e„'LCS„'9b‡…t`tLfBƒ‚h„ a=9 V ƒ‚h„!&PNŒO„OŠLX…t

    N+L ˆ‹CN 3† eƒ‚„ '& 1015‰‡ƒ}‰~[„bChR (N-)–Vˆz‰~\„'LCu‡„bChR N+N-S~p‹‡


    3†eƒ‚„ '& 1019‰‡bV€c€b‡‰~[„bChR

    VMOS ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬

    LA‹‡q[–BS„!LBL‹\‹ˆ„PtŒˆY‡‰‡ZnSR@kJLk^9

    'L CS„†C }s ‡ƒ ‡LuSB MOSFET‰C [ zP C„Lu„P }Lp„!L ~COpRM eL‹C„ ID 'L CS„ †C }b O€ .1
    bCO‡•LN†C}s‡ VMOS ƒ‡LuSBbCO‡……ˆ„LN
    1b kˆ„‰C N` AY„6 ‹uBL ˆ‡ (VDS) ‹C f„'Œ \ˆ„s ‡P B(ŒS‡ VMOS!L C‹\‹‡ .2
    P‡L= cC‡`uR7a=9 ID PˆC}…tbUGB•'`kˆ„9

    
    ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‬
    PK,L_„ 'LOu„5L‡Lp^P‡–t9P\C\k„ 'LOu„5L‡ZjP‡–tsm

     bO‚‡ 'Lg#b_C„PBaxR'`k‡9ƒ^% 'Lg•#LS\BbO‚ˆ„ .1


    . 50VM#b_„ 'Lg9 2MV  'Lg9 50`AXMf€bO‚‡ .2
    . 10W 'LCS„Mf€9 10MA #b^ 'Lg9 IMA 'Lg@„bO‚‡ .3
    ~C~[`AXbO‚‡szb„'Œ\‡ .4
    P}L,Mf€LA„!bO‚ˆ„ƒ€ .5
    P}L,Mf€LA„!•Œ\ˆ„luN .6
    'LCS„!–‡L[‰‡`B`u„LANshˆ„P~p‹‡ .7
    !–‡L \€!L CŠ9bS‚„•9!L‹\ h„‰ ‡ƒ€5`_Se„bChR BIPOLAR PCOn~„JL‹UPˆ…€ .8
    'LCS„
    LC‡L‡–CjŒRsˆYˆ„LN `tL~„ƒCjŒRMYB .9
    
    MJŒh„‰‡PC„LtPOf‹N‰~\R `tL~„ .10
    .IB = 0L‡`‹t Ic = 0 .11
    IC z†‚\SB IB .12
    IB9 IE .13
    bCO‡……ˆ„LN)L~R• .14
    PNP 6L‚‡ NPN 4–[‰‚ˆB .15
    !ŒY{„shBshˆ„ PNP 'ŒSfBcŠbS„z .16
    PO„Lf„m'•!&!'`„z NPN 'ŒSfBcŠbR5`_Seƒn{B .17
     '`„z!'LCS„9%ŒAY„!LBŒSf‡9PCOn~„L‹Ct'&6L‚‡ PNP 4–[L‹‚ˆB .18
    PCO n}‰ tb r‹„1bkNsˆYˆ„9shˆ„‰CN bCxjP‡9L~‡b~B6MYB†C…f„'ŒSfBcŠbS„ .19
    bSC‡•
    bSC‡9•LN'ŒSfBcŠbS„ `tL}`B`\R‰‚ˆB• .20
    1b p„d ˆ„` ‹t9 ` tL~„LNb SC‡9–„M XŒˆ„1b p„ƒCjŒR†R†C…e'ŒSfBcŠbR'LOS^`‹t .21
    NPN 'ŒSfBcŠbS„6‹uBLˆ‡ bCxj b}pt E,C …tbSC‡9–„M„Lf„
    P‡9L~‡9bSC‡9•|Bb,‰t'ŒSfCŠbS„Mf€)LC}‹‚ˆB .22
    PtŒOp‡ bJ%ƒ^%'ŒSfBcŠbS„'LOS^‹‚ˆB• .23
    PCOn~„:%L[bk‹t JFET.24
    `AX!bO‚‡PCO~„PB%L[Lˆ‹CN 'LCR!bO‚‡PCO~„PCJL‹U!'ŒSecŠbS„ .25
    PNŒO„…tM„Le`AXoC…fSN CHANEEL JEFT |…w‹‚ˆB .26
    PNŒO„4ct'LCAŠs‹ˆ„PBL‹uN MOSFET 449L‹RMYB .27

    
    ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬

    Operational Amplifier ,)cfTb d>Ne

    aKYb  ?%

    0)b,3b ,\ib  ,T)3D ]i`f(aKYb  @%0D ?T.

    ,)cfTb d>Ne d'X •


    ,)cfTb d>NeH+,K=d'X •
    . ‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻰ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻰ‬
    . ‫• ﺿﺒﻂ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﻢ‬
    ,\)/P3b LT.kcSAT3b •

    
    Differential Amplifier ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻰ‬

    q [–R9b O‚ˆ„aA„LX&ŒˆŠZmŒB91ƒ‚h„9ƒ^%R'Lg‰CN2b{…„MCYSfBTC\N†ˆjbO‚‡Œ=
    (-VEE+VCC)PCOn~„{…S_‡`AX:'`k‡„#LS\B@Š@RbJ%‰‡

    
    kcM,Y3b A/`fb afS0(AQh

     …t bO‚ˆ„ 'Lg•bArR‰C[z 4ƒ‚h„LNLˆ€@C…^`‡`[|Bb,‰t…mL{S„bO‚ˆ„ƒCxhR‰‚ˆB9


    ‰CXb_‡

    
    bCO€'LCR'9b‡9 Q1ƒCjŒS„:%GBLˆ‡ Q1'ŒSfBcŠbS„ `tL}…t@OXŒ‡ƒ^%L‹~O,L‹Š+bSz
    ƒuYBLˆ‡@Cz'Lˆ„'LCS„ %LBc„PYCSŠ Q1'ŒSfBcŠbS…„ƒˆ\„`AX%%cB„LS„LN9 RC1P‡9L~ˆ„z
    IC2ƒ~B„LS„LN9 VBE2ƒ~B„LS„LN9%%cCe Ie1'LCS„9 VCC+‰‡PCNLYBƒ} VC1sˆYˆ„`AX
    PeŒ‚u‡ 'LgbArSe%a„9 VC1#b_„%%cB„LS„LN9 VC2`BcCz Q2(IC2RC2) ƒˆ[ `AXƒ~Cz
    Q1sˆYˆ„…t

     Q2 sˆY‡…tPOXŒˆ„ƒ^`„ 'LgbCULRŒ=L‡

    PˆC}ƒ…~BLˆ‡ RE …t49aOˆ„`AY„ %LBc„:%GeLˆ‡ RE zbˆCe'LCR6Lz Q1ƒCxhS„PYCSŠ


    ‰B'ŒSfBcŠbS„TtLN…tM„Lf„`AY„

    Œ=9• Q2 `tL}…tPO„Leƒ^% 'LgbCULRƒULˆBPCNLYB•„ Q2TtLN4Œ\RbCULR6Zm99


    Q2sˆY‡ƒuYBLˆ‡ Q2ƒˆ[…t49aOˆ„`AY„bxj„LS„LN9 Q2 sˆYˆ„ƒˆ\N'Lˆ„'LCS„P…}
    ƒ^`„ 'Lg•P…ULˆ‡ Q2#b^ 'LgƒuYBLˆ‡ `tL~…„POf‹„LNLOXŒ‡

    : ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

    4V 6Œ‚BLˆA‹CN2b{„6Lz Q2 (+2V) sˆY‡`AX9 (-2V) Q1 sˆY‡`AX6Œ„

    4V=+2V-(-2V)

    
    z‰C…^`‡„ƒ^`„PBaxSNZk‹Ba„9…mL{S„bO‚ˆ„Xb_‡‰CN1–S^"`\B`}‰C‹p„PYCSŠ9
    5ƒ‚h„LNLˆ€2b{„a=M‹YS„`[96

    ‰C…^`„–€…t|OpSe‰C‹p„ 'Lg6•‰C‹p„ 'Lg•…mL{S„bO‚ˆ„lz'PC{C€ZmŒB 7ƒ‚h„9


    ‰C…^`„…tPf€LuS‡P~BbpNƒ^`„`AX 'Lg|OpSeLˆ‹CN7LYR•d{‹N`[96z

    Q1 ƒ^% PYCSŠ Lˆ=`[ ‰CSf€LuS‡ ‰C‹, R'Lg @N `„ŒSe @Š `YŠ Q1 #b_‡ „ br‹Š Lu‡ 4LuR
    z4L\„„a€9L‡LˆRLACg–R„:%GBLˆ‡P…ULˆˆ„ 'Lg–„ Q2 ƒ^%PYCSŠPCŠLV„9PeŒ‚uˆ„ 'Lg•
    Œ„S[!'ŒSfBcŠbS„!L{jŒ‡1–S^•PYCSŠ6(ŒS„a=ƒV‡"`\B•LC…ˆt‰‚„9 Q2#b_‡
    P…ULˆSˆ„ 'Lg•lz'POfŠ)LC~„ CMRRƒ‡Lu‡…mL{RbO‚‡6Lza„9†}b„d{ŠLA„QŠL€
    
    CMRR AV Diff = `AY„2bzMf€

    av com‰C‹p„Mf€

    ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

    :`‡ AV COM Mf[ 70.05QŠL€#b_„zLAeLC}`‹t9 V1 ƒ^`„‰C‹, 'Lg6+bSz


    3bShˆ„ƒ^`„ 'LgMf€

    AVCOM = 0.05 / 0.05=1

    AVDIFFMf[ 10V #b_„`‹tQŠL€9 0.1Vƒ^`„ 'Lg6+bSz

    AVDIFF=10/0.1=100

    CMRR=100/0.05=2000

    AVDIFF
    CMRR(DB)=20LOG
    AVCOM

    ,)cfTb d>Ne

    PC„LVˆ„!L{jŒˆ„=L‡‰‚„9!bO‚ˆ…„PC„LVˆ„!L{jŒˆ„sˆYBTC\N!LC…ˆu„†_n‡†CˆkR†R
    PNŒ…pˆ„

    . HIGH CMRR LmŒn„9‰C‹p„!'Lglz'…tPC„Lt '`} .1


    ‰‚ˆ‡`[k}• 'Lg•bCO‚R…t7`tLfBLˆ‡ High Input Impedance PC„Ltƒ^%P‡9L~‡ .2
    `[k}• 'Lg•bCO‚R…t7`tLfBLˆ‡ Low Output Impedance Pn{_‹‡#b^P‡9L~‡ .3
    ‰‚ˆ‡
    ‰t@nC{_R†SB9 '`„2b[PX'`„‰‚ˆ‡bCO‚Rk}…t4Œk\…„ High Gain „LtMf€ .4
    7a= ƒ€ |~\R 6 sCpSfR `[9 P…[b‡ !& bCO‚R '% `XŒR • P~C~[  {…_„ oNb„ |Bb,
    !L{jŒˆ„
    ‰‡6Œ‚SB:a„8ƒ‚h„LNLˆ€ `[9P…‡L‚S‡zbCO‚Rƒ[b‡ `t‰‡6Œ‚SB!LC…ˆu„†_n‡‰‚„9
    ƒ[b‡ `t
    

    LŠLC[9PC„Ltƒ^%P‡9L~‡9„Ltlz'4`u‡…t4Œk\…„…mL{RbO‚‡‰‡6Œ‚SR ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ‬


    …tƒ^%P‡9L~‡…t4Œk\…„ FET'ŒSfBcŠbR5`_Se†SB

    „LS„|~\BLˆ‡b^…mL{RbO‚‡ 0)h,6b 0c;Afb

    High Gain zLmMf€ -2 CMRR %LB( -1

    Max Signal Swing 'Lg–„ZX'LR…t -3

    ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬

    6Pr[–ˆ„LNbB`X9Pn{_‹‡#b^P‡9L~‡…t4Œk\…„sNLRTtLN93bSh‡sˆY‡ '%‰‡ƒ‚hSR
    ƒ^`ˆ„LN ˆe ‰C…^`ˆ„ `[ LnB q[–B9  !L~COpS„ †ru‡ z Œ…p‡ a=9 `[9 #b_‡ LA„ '`„
    #b_„ 'Lgs‡'Œp„z2–S^„ 'Lgd€Lu„

    
    !LC…ˆu„ bO‚‡ ZmŒB 9 ƒ‚h„9 #b_„ 'Lg 'Œ, d{Š z @Š• d€Lt bCw ƒ^`‡ ˆe b^•9
    ƒ^% -Lˆ=`[6–^%@„T…VˆN@…CVˆR†SBTC[PCŠ9bS‚C„• '`„z7c‡'@…‚g‰‡POBb} 'ŒkN
    f‚tbCwƒ^%b^•9f‚t

    
    ,)cfTb A/`eBe:Mj( 10 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

    Offset Null LˆAC…t|…pB‰Czb,@„6q[–Š9 741bO‚‡bAg•PC…Ck{S„ '`„ZmŒB 11ƒ‚h„9


    #b^zLp^MOfN4–S^6• bCO€P}`NbO‚ˆ„6cRzMwbŠL‡`‹tLA‡`_Se†SB Terminal
    m'–„POf‹„LNb{j:9LfB#b_…„bˆSf‡`AX4L^%5`t`‹tbˆSfˆ„`AY„

    …t|…pB96cR•z OFFSETLp_„g–S„ OFFSET1b,5`_SePC{C€‰COB 12ƒ‚h„


    PŠ(Œˆ„1b,1b,•7a=

    
    b{m!LC…ˆu„†_n‡#b_‡`‹tbˆSfˆ„`AY„6Œ‚BTC\NbO‚ˆ„6cSB bCxSˆ„P‡9L~ˆ„oOnN9
    m'

    d€LtbCx„9 -d€Lu„ƒ^`„zb,bOt@eLC}†Rƒ^`„6cRzbCO€Lp^L‹B`„6L€9"`[L‡&9
    bCxk„Lp_„ƒVˆB•!L~COpS„†ru‡z9g–Nƒ~Ce@‹‚„9–‡L€@C…tM…xS„sCpSfŠ‰„L‹ŠLz
    !L~COpS„†ru‡zPŠ(Œˆ„1b,5`_Se‰tL‹xSe•L‹‹‚ˆB@ŠLza„9P…‚h‡:6cR•z

    PCOn~„ PCJL‹U !'ŒSfBcŠbR ‰‡ 6Œ‚SB LAnuN !LC…ˆu„ †C_nS„ P…‡L‚Sˆ„ !'`„ ‰‡ `B`u„ 3L‹=9
    !9L{R3L‹=sOp„LN‰‚„9ƒO}‰‡L=L‹mbuSe JT !'ŒSecŠbR‰‡oC…^‰‡6Œ‚SBluO„9 BJT
    C„9 !Lˆ_n‡ sN' :Œ\R :b^9 !LC…ˆu…„ ‰Cˆ_n‡ :Œ\R !–‡L‚S‡ 3L‹=9 :b^9 P…‡L‚S‡ ‰CN
    PC„LS„!L{jŒˆ„LNcCˆSB:a„ 741 !LC…ˆu„†_n‡!–‡L‚Sˆ„7a=bAg!L{jŒ‡

    y„SJL‡200.000`AY„Mf€ -1
    (75 Ω #b_„P‡9L~‡ -2
    (2M Ω ƒ^`„P‡9L~‡ -3
    . 90 dB‰C‹p„lz'ƒ‡Lu‡ -4

    
    +15MV 6cR•oOm:`‡ -5
    Vp-p = 26V6: V13V #b_„`AXZX'LR:`‡ -6
    Slew rate = 05V/usPCŠLU9b‚C‡ƒ‚„ 0.5V#b_„'ŒA-4`u‡ -7
    Lˆ‹C[PC„Lu„!%%bS„z!LC…ˆu„†_n‡zLASzbu‡MXŒ„!L{k„†=‰‡'ŒAr„4`u‡ƒu„9
    „LS„4LVˆ„)'%$LnB•z %LB(9PtbfN#b_„`AXZX'LSB

    4LV‡

    z ZX'LS„ 'ŒAr„ $LS‡ ‰‡( bO€ 6 : 500KHZ %%bR !& @COCX ƒ^% L‹~O, L‹Š +bSz
    ZX'LS„ 'LA-• {‚R '9% ykŠ 6 ZmŒB 13 ƒ‚h„9 2us=1000*(1/500)=1/f=t #b_„
    Pˆ~„„Pˆ~„‰‡

    ‰‡bO€`AX#b^sCpSfB‰„!LC…ˆu„†_n‡6Lz 0.5v/u s :9LfR slew ratePˆC}P„L[z9


    Qu‹‡ bCO‚„%%bS„PˆC}‰‚„9 26vp.p#b^PˆC~NZˆfB@Š†wb„…t u s 1z 0.5 v p.p
    PˆC~„7a=‰‡ %L{Se•

    PjL^!LC…ˆt!Lˆ_n‡3L‹=6•PC„Lu„!%%bS…„POeL‹‡bCw!LC…ˆu„!Lˆ_n‡6LzL‡Œˆt9
    bO€ slew rate 'ŒA-!&

    a\2#kNY>ifb  A3b 0b,;kXA)/^-E^&b,)cfTb d>Ne 0e,%0j<ce


    ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺐ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ‬

    : gain setting op –amp,)cfTb d>Ne-E^O/M

    LAXLS\ŠL‡'%LŠ bCO‚„PˆC~„7a=‰‚„96ŒC…‡†t`BcB`AXMf€LA„!Lˆ_nˆ„‰‡LtŒŠ3L‹=6
    bCxjMf€…t4Œk\„ %Ltƒnz•‰ˆza„9Pn{_‹ˆ„!%%bS„`‹tbCO€6Œ‚B`AY„Mf€9
    `‹t4Œ[•‰‡4L[:LN`BcB•#b_„ 'Lg`AX6„PzLm•LNa=9lBbt:%%bR:`‡ 9&‰‚„9
    Mf‚„PˆC}QŠL€LˆA‡†_nˆ„PBaxR`AX

    
    6Œ‚B•L‡`‹tMf‚„6:P[ŒS{ˆ„P~…\„Mf€PˆC}=†_nˆ„!LŠLCNP}'9z69`ˆ„Mf‚„6
    5`_SfBL‡ %Lt op-amp†_nˆ„6ƒNP~Bbp„7aAN5`_SfBL‡'%LŠ†_nˆ„9PC{…^PBaxR:3L‹=
    Lˆ‹CN ƒ^`„ 'Lg „a€9 d€Lu„ ƒ^`ˆ„ PBaxSN #b_„ 'Lg ‰‡ cX 5Œ~B TC\N PO„Le PC{…^ PBaxR
    •5`_SfB•.Œ‹„a=9d€LtbCx„ƒ^`ˆ„LN#b_…„ 'Lgƒj9†R&POXŒˆ„LNPC{…_„PBaxS„ˆfR
    PC~p‹ˆ„!L~COS„z

    inverting amplifier ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﻢ ﻛﻤﻀﺨﻢ ﻋﺎﻛﺲ‬

    Fig.(14)

    S„ !'Lg• %%bR :`‡ %LB(9 Mf‚„ ƒC…~S„ PO„Le PC{…^ PBaxR 9& Lˆ_n‡ ZmŒB (14A)  ƒ‚h„
    k}6#b_„9ƒ^`„‰CN (180)1–S^3L‹=6Œ‚CeLuO,9†_nˆ„LAu‡†_nˆ„LAu‡ƒ‡LuSB
    (1000.000†_nˆ„Mf€9 10VPBaxS„`AX6L€Œ„4LVˆ„ƒCOe…t`X bCxj6Œ‚R ƒ^`…„PˆC}
    6Lzb{j7`AXm'•…t†_nˆ„…^`‡`[6Œ‚BL‡`‹t9 10UVƒ^`„`AY„PˆC}k}6Lz
    `AX6:mbSzm'L='LOSt‰‚ˆB9LAN`SuB•PˆC}7a=9 10UV+b^•ƒ^`ˆ…„`AXk}
    b{j

    :9LfBƒ^`„'LCR6:LOBb~R`AY„PˆC}d{ŠLˆA„†_nˆ„…^`‡6:

    
    
    
    virtual ground : ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻰ‬

    …tP~Op‡ƒ^`„ 'Lg6TC[†_nˆ„ƒ^%P‡9L~‡…tbUGR (14b)ƒ‚h„zPC{…_„PBaxS„6


    ‰CR'LgLN:axBd€Lu„ƒ^`ˆ„6:d€Lu„ƒ^`ˆ„

    ƒ^`„ 'Lg -1
    PC{…^PBaxS„#b_„ 'Lg -2
    †_nˆ„#b^6Œ‚CeL=`‹tLOXŒ‡d€Lu„ƒ^`ˆ„ƒuYBLˆ‡POXŒ‡QŠL€ƒ^`„ 'Lg6+bz…t9
    L‡a=9m'•`AX‰‡LOBb}d€Lu„ƒ^`ˆ„ƒuYBPO„Le6Œ‚SePC{…_„PBaxS„ 'Lg„LS„LN9LO„Le


    ƒ^`ˆ€d€LtbCx„ƒ^`ˆ„5`_Se`‹t"`\R‰„ b=Lr„7a=6Zm99mbSz•m'•LN1buB
    „&yC€ƒ^`„P‡9L~‡…t„&bCULR‰tL‹VB`\„%ŒuŠ9 'Lg–„

    bO‚Nd€LtbCx„†_nˆ„(LSˆB9 R1ƒ^`„P‡9L~‡bxj„:%GRmbSz•`AY„Pp~‹„6†uŠ
     'Lg `XŒR • TC[ mbSz• m'• ,9bg @C…t |OpR • d€Lt bCx„ ƒ^`ˆ„ 6• ƒ^`„ PˆC}
    Lˆ‡ƒ^`„ 'Lgs‡:(ŒSR…t R2q[–RTC[ (15c)ƒ‚h„brŠd€LtbCx„ƒ^`ˆ„`‹tPC{…^
    ƒ^`„P‡9L~‡ƒ~B

    ƒ^`„P‡9L~‡PˆC}bO€…tqzL\R€ R2PˆC} %LB(49L\R• •


    `„ŒSCe@ŠLz R1,R2†C}!%(&Lz R1,R24–^bˆBbCxj'LCR3L‹=6TC[LC…ˆtCe„&6•
    †_nˆ„Mf€bO‚„PYCSŠ9ƒ^`„…t dc offsetbˆSf‡`AX2bz`„ŒBLˆ‡LˆAC…t bCO€%ŒAX
    #b_„ 'LgZX'LR†C}ƒ…~B9bˆSfˆ„`AY„a=†_nSB9

    gain against frequency A3b #-E`b g).0[pTb

    ƒOCfB% @C…t |…pB 5L= mLB' ‹u‡ „ 'Lg• L‹N '`YB %%bS„LN Mf‚„ P}–t ‰t TB`\„ ƒO}
    power 'Lg• P}L, ‰CN P}–u„ mLBb„ ‹uˆ„ a= LACz Q‡`_Se P}–t 5`} 69 decibel
    !b‡ 4Q{tLnRP}Lp„6: 16w„ 4w‰‡ 'Lg•P}L,!%(L‡&Lz audio level:ŒSf‡9
    !L{tLn‡2TC[ 2 4 =16PC„LS„P„%Luˆ„LN„&ƒVˆR‰‚ˆB9o~z‰C{um `BcCesˆf„:ŒSf‡6Lz
    3
    4 =64P„%Luˆ„L‡sˆf„:ŒSf‡

    PNLS€ ‰‚ˆB9 !b‡ 3 ytLnSCe sˆf„ :ŒSf‡ 6Lz 64 „ 4 ‰‡ P}Lp„ !%( & @Š ‹uSz
    log 64=3PCˆSB'LwŒ…„ 'Œk„LAC…t|…pB:b^ 'ŒkNP„%Luˆ„

    6Lz p1=4 QŠL€ &Lz P~NLf„ PˆC~„ z 4 bnN `BcR P}Lp„ 6 ‹uR P„%Luˆ„ 7a= z 4 9
    a‚=9 (p3=64) , (p2=16)


    a= z q[–Š9 Open Loop PC{…^ PBaxR %ŒX9  5`t P„L[ z †_nˆ„ Mf€ ƒ} %%bS„ %( Lˆ…€9
    . (10HZ)‰‡ƒ}`‹t'Lf‚ŠPp~Š‹\‹ˆ„

    PˆrS‹‡ 'ŒkN6Œ‚Bi~‹„9bgLO‡Pp~‹„7a=M~tMf‚„zi~‹„`OBTC[`XP‡L=Pp~‹„7a=
    20 dB/decadeMf‚„ƒ~BTC\N

    ‹\‹‡ ‰COB 17 ƒ‚h„ Closed Loop Performance (16 ƒ‚g brŠ `tLfR PC{…_„ PBaxS„ 6
    (16ƒ‚h„zS„…S€ %L['Lf‚ŠPp~ŠLC…ˆt`XŒB•@ŠTC[…u{„%•

    Fb  %%bR `‹t „&9 X&Œˆ‹„ ‹\‹ˆ„ ‰t 3db ƒ~B …u{„ ‹\‹ˆ„ 6 17 ƒ‚h„ ‰‡ q[–Š9
    †_nˆ…„ƒ^`„ 'Lg%%bR%&Lˆ…€Mf‚„ƒ~B&Lˆ„‰‚„9oOn„LN

    ƒj9L‡&9 'Lg•'Œ,zLp^6Lz bV€9bV€%%bS„%(Lˆ…‚z…fˆ„a=…fC„†ˆj†_nˆ„6


    6Lz d€Lu„ ƒ^`ˆ„ `‹t ƒ^`„ 'Lg QŠL€ &Lz b~Sf‡ bCw ZOkB †_nˆ„ 6Lz 180 bC^LS„ a=
    7LYR•d{Šz6Œ‚CeƒNƒ^`„d‚t6Œ‚B‰„#b_„


    
    ƒ‚h„9 PCX'L^ bjL‹t PpeŒN %%bS…„ LASNLYSe z †‚\S„ †SB !Lˆ_nˆ„ ‰‡ :b^ .ŒŠ 3L‹=9
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    5LB• 7a= !Lˆ_nˆ„ †ru‡9 %%bS…„ †_nˆ„ PNLYSe z †‚\S…„ !L‡9L~‡9 !L{V‚ˆN †A…CjŒR †SB
    †CˆkS„zP{…‚Rƒ}95`_Se•zƒAea=6LzsOp„LN91b,•7aA„#LS\R•TC\NLC…^%PmŒu‡


    
    f{ŠbOS^
    PK,L_„ 'LOu„5L‡Lp^P‡–t9P\C\k„ 'LOu„5L‡ZjP‡–tsm

    PCOn~„{…S_‡`AX:'`kˆ„@SXL[!LC…ˆu„†_n‡!cC‡‰‡ .1
    !LB'LpN|Bb,‰t†_nˆ„ƒˆuB .2
    !'ŒSfBcŠbS„ƒULˆR:`‡…t`ˆSuB CMRR‰C‹p„ 'Lglz'ƒ‡Lu‡ .3
    P…‡L‚S‡ bJ%!LC…ˆu„†_n‡ .4
    bCO‚R‰CS…[b‡‰‡6Œ‚SB!LC…ˆu„†_n‡ .5
    †_nˆ„ƒ[b‡b^Œ=…mL{S„bO‚ˆ„ .6
    100„ƒkB†_nˆ„Mf€ .7
     bCO€†_nˆ„#b^P‡9L~‡ .8
    ‰CXb^@„†_nˆ„ .9
    bCxSˆ„#b_„`‹tbˆSfˆ„`AY„g–RPŠ(Œˆ„1b,‰‡+bx„.10
    6cR1b,LA„dC„ 741P…‡L‚Sˆ„ .11
    Lu‡‰Cˆ_n‡:Œ\RP…‡L‚S‡!'%`XŒB• .12
    PC„Lu„!%%bS…„POeL‹‡LC…ˆ…u„!Lˆ_n‡ .13
    !Lˆ_nˆ„z`X bCO€ SLOW RATE#b_„ 'Lg'ŒA-4`u‡ .14
    %%bS„!&Lˆ…€†_nˆ„Mf€PˆC}ƒ~R .15
    †_nˆ„PBaxR`AX‰t#b_„ 'Lg`AX`BcBLŠLC[ .16
    !L‡9L~ˆ„z†‚\S„|Bb,‰t†_nˆ„Mf€lC{_R†SB .17


    
    ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬

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    aKYb  ?%

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    j3DA(,6b  jh W)iK2 •
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    j3DA(,6b ,\)/P2 •


    
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    |…x‡$LS{ˆ€ bJ`„LACzƒˆuRS„ Saturation sOhS„P„L\„‰B'ŒSecŠbS„ƒkBS[PB'9%

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    'LCS…„eL‡ bJ`€6–ˆuB‰B'ŒSecŠbS„b^‹uˆN Cut Offƒk{„sm9ƒkBS[a‚=9


    
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    ƒCxhS„sm9z bJ`„ƒrR9 2dƒ‚gƒˆ\„o^…tPp~Š…tzƒˆu„

     `tL}'LCR IB1'LCS„6Lz„LS„LN9 2aƒ‚g APp~‹„`‹t %L[PO„LePnO‹NbCULS„ -2


    P~…[ z 6'ŒSecŠbS„ ƒ^`B9 +L{_Š• …t Ic2 bOYB9 l{_‹Ce Q2 'ŒSecŠbS„
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    ƒn{„smŒ„'ŒSebBLS„
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    PC„Lu„!'`~„!&bJ9`„zPjL^@N4ŒO~„‰‚ˆB•9P}Lp„'`=PBLwa=9

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    POˆ…„ƒˆ\„:ŒeP}Lp…„
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    PC„Lu„
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    Gate Triggering :‫ﻗﺪﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ‬


    P}'9‰‡$`~…„5(–„'LCS„Lf[L‹‹‚ˆB9Q„Œz 0.7`AYNPNŒO„zb,$`}†SB'ŒSebBLV„ƒCxhS„
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    ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‬

    ‫
    ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

    Power Supplies Design0(@V3b ,Ked)fK2


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    l{^4Œ\‡ˆfBJ`SN•

    sz'4Œ\‡ˆfBJ`SN•!L{„%`t‰‡bO€:ŒŠLV„y…ˆ„!L{„%`t@Cz:a„4Œˆ\ˆ„

    : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻤﻞ‬

    :`B`\„M…~„zfC,L‹xˆ„lC{„l{^„:%GB'LCS„a=:ŒŠLV„y…ˆ„‰‡'LCRM\e†SBL‡`‹t
    ( 2 ƒ‚g brŠ sO‹ˆ„ 'LCR PˆC} %%cCz J`SN• y…ˆ„ z PCNbA‚„ Puz`„ Œ~„ PˆC} ƒ~R „LS„LN9
    LAN:ŒŠLV„y…ˆ„'LCRM\e†RS„PˆC~„d{‹N%%cBJ`SN•y…ˆ„'LCS„6P…k\ˆ„6Œ‚R9

    `AX ƒrB PC…t9 J`SN• y…ˆ„ z VpE  PCNbA€ Puz% Œ} `C„ŒS„ QNLU fC,L‹xˆ„ lC{„ ƒrB
    ‰‚B9LA„Lˆ=‰‚ˆBa„ bCxj6Œ‚R IQƒˆ[–„'LCRPˆC}6•brŠ9QNLU:ŒŠLV„y…ˆ„‰‡#b_„
    :ŒŠLV„'LCR:9LfBLOBb~RJ`SN•'LCR
    
    Rectification ?);j3b

    'LCS„ƒBŒ\R=PBaxS„ `[9yJL-9`[6Lza„9 "DC"bˆSf‡`AY„#LS\RPCŠ9bS‚„•bJ9`„†ru‡


    aA„ %ŒB`„ 5`_SfB9 `[9 7LYR z :bfB  bˆSf‡ 'LCR „ ‰C=LYR z :bfB :a„9 %%bSˆ„
    `CX`[Œ‡ŒAza„9o~z`[Œ=LYRz'LCS„ƒjŒB@‹ +bx„

    :Half-Wave rectifier ‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﻰ‬

    z'9bˆ„LN'LCS…„$Lˆf„LN%ŒB`„5Œ~B9 Vac120„ Vac120 `AY„lC{_SN4Œ\ˆ„5Œ~B9


    7LYR d‚t [–pj• 'LCS„ 6 : !LCŠ9bS‚„• 'LCR „ bChB :a„ †Af„ 7LYR z RL ƒˆ\„
    †Af„

    !LŠ9bS‚„• aYCe LA„ MXŒˆ„ 1bp„ 6• LA‹\g †SCe PB'LpN 'LOt RL ƒˆ\„ 6L€ Œ„ –Vˆz
    LA‹\g†RPB'LpO„:PB'LpO„zb,‰CN`AY„2bz`BcBLˆ‡!ŒY{„aYCeM„Lf„1bp„9

    1b, d‚t MYB „& M‹Y‹S„9 LAS‹\g vBb{SN 5Œ~Se PB'LpO„ 6Lz %ŒB`„ 7LYR d‚t †R & Lˆ‹CN
    ŠLV„ƒk{„LN'LCS„`C[ŒRsX' 4ƒ‚h„LNLˆ€PB'LpO„

    %ŒB`„†Ae7LYRzLˆJ%Š9bS‚„•'LCS„6Lˆ…tLz'LCS„7LYRq{[C…tƒAfB‚„9

     %Lt9M„Lf„1bp„ƒVˆB9T…Vˆ„)'%ŒUL‚„9MXŒˆ„1bp„ƒVˆB9%ŒB`„T…V‡ `tL}Œ=%ŒŠ‘
    M„Lf„1bp„…tsnByC€&dO„„&"`\B`}9%ŒUL‚„5L‡P‡–ts‹kˆ„snBL‡

    
    1b,‰‡1b,:‹{…„ZmŒRLAŠ&P‡–u„ `JLz„bArCe`[Œˆ€%ŒB`„5`_Se`‹t‰‚„9
    „&‰‡|~\R9 4 3ƒ‚h„brŠLOXŒˆŠŒ‚B6MYBƒˆ\„

    
    
    
    

    Avg0PDj3fb 0f)\b kb RMSODj3fb kT).A3b @9b 0f)[a(j<2

    ZmŒB9ƒ‚h„9`C[ŒS„!'%‰‡WRL‹„bˆSfˆ„'LCS„9|…pˆ„bˆSfˆ„'LCS„‰B5LR1–S^3L‹=
    PˆC}`‹tbSC‡Œz•b~SfB~‹„|…pˆ„bˆSfˆ„'LCS„P„L[{z‰CtŒ‹„–‚„bSC‡Œz•PNLYSePC{C€
    …tQOVB†U O Peak‰CSˆC}‰CNZX'FSBPXŒ‡ykŠ`[Œˆ„'LCS„P„L[zLˆ‹CN bgLO‡'LCS„
    uCNbS„'aY„PˆC~N'`~RcBbO„%%bSˆ„`AY„sNL‹‡†C}6 avgPpeŒSˆ„PˆC~„=LˆA‹CNPˆC}
    . RMSoeŒSˆ„

    Œ=LNbA‚„P€bg@…ebR:a„%%bSˆ„`AY„6‹uBaAzQ„Œz220@SˆC}sO‹‡3L‹=6L‹„Œ}–Vˆz
    bSC‡Œz•(LAXL=b~BS„PˆC~„= V220PˆC~„‰‚„9 9'a„PˆC}Q„Œz 3119 17)

    'LCS„ PˆC} bgGˆ„ …t bArB †U 7 'Lˆ„ %%bSˆ„ 'LCS„ L='`kB S„ PB'b\„ P}Lp„ Mf\B @Š•
    PB'b\„P}Lp„d{Š`„ŒB:a„bˆSfˆ„

    @„PpeŒSˆ„PˆC~„9`AY…„oeŒSˆ„uCNbS„'aY„PˆC}‰CNP}–u„ZmŒR PC„LS„P„%Luˆ„9

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    : Inductive input filters k6<b a=?b  ,<FAfb ,)h,5
     %Lt9‰ˆV„PC„Lw9 bCO€5LY[!&9P…C~U!L{…ˆ„6•bCV€ƒˆuSfB•†Cu‹S„bJ9%‰‡.Œ‹„a=6
    `B`t!cC‡.Œ‹„aA„9 18ƒ‚h„brŠy…ˆ„`uNRLB@‹‚„9!L\gbˆ„7a=‰‡yV‚ˆ„x…B•
    :Œuf„ƒ^`„!&!L\gbˆ„‰t

    zbCxS„ %Lt…t bCO€ '`}@„y…ˆ„9#ŒˆS„ƒC…~S„Lu‡6–ˆuBy~‚ˆ„9y…ˆ„6 kb#o B)fb


    †SB a„9 `AY„ z bCxS„ 59L~B yV‚ˆ„ Lˆ‹CN ƒˆ\„ s‡ „ŒS„ …t 7`YŠ a„9 'LCS„
    QŠbV€#ŒˆS„l{_Ce„&6LzsOp„LN7`AXQOVC„ƒˆ\„s‡:(ŒS„…t@…jŒR
    7%b{ˆNyV‚ˆ„5`_Se

    z bCO€ 'b\„ QŠL€  `C[ŒS„ bJ%9 4Œ\ˆ„ z `„ŒSˆ„ 'b\„ P…} =9 •  0)h,6b  B)fb
    PYCSŠ ƒCjŒS„ z LS}9 a^LR !%ŒB`„ 6• 'LCS„ bCO€ MOfN PBŒuf„ !LS\gbˆ„
    LˆN'9 ƒ} !'LCR !& !%ŒB% 5`_SfŠ LA…uYCe „LS„LN a=9 bJ`„ z y…ˆ„ %ŒXŒ„
    LnB!•Œ\ˆ„

    Pˆ~„„ƒkB#b_„`AX6L€Lˆ‹CNƒˆ\„'LCR %LB(`‹t#b_„`AXzbCxS„bxj 06b,6b B)fb


    ‰\h„‰‡ yV‚ˆ„ s‹ˆB y…ˆ„ ‰‚„9 ƒˆ\…„ 'LCRƒ} s‡  PBŒuf„ !L\gbˆ„ P„L[ z
    •7bxj ‰‡†wb„…t#b_„`AX6LzbCxjƒˆ\„'LCR6Œ‚BL‡`‹tS[PˆC}…t•
    QNLU@Š

    : Pi Filter ‫ﻣﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ‬
    ( 19ƒ‚h„LNP\mŒˆ„ZCgbS„ bJ%9 TTŠLŠŒC„1b\„@OhRLAŠ•„aNLASCˆfR†R

    
    
    ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‬

    ‫
    ‬
    
    
    ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬

    Voltage Regulators Design?'9b ,fQied)fK2


    aKYb  ?%

    : 0)b,3b ,\ib  ,T)3D ]i`f(aKYb  @%0D ?T.

    ?'<b d)Qi2#jf3b •
    ,'S jh
    #?'9b ,fQied)fK2 •
    af<b ,)2,(ge0(,f<b A+ # •

    
    Unregulated Power Supplies 0fQ3ifb 0(@V3b ,Ke
    Bipolar JL‹U.ŒŠ Single Polarity ‰COp~„:%L[.ŒŠ‰CtŒ‹„†f~‹R bˆSfˆ„PBaxS„'%Lk‡6
    .( 1ƒ‚h„brŠ

    `[Œˆ„`AY…„PˆC}…t`‹t 1ƒ‚h„LNP‹COˆ„'%Lkˆ„LN#b_„6Œ‚B No load ƒˆ[–„P„L[z


    ƒˆ[ƒCjŒR`‹t9 VNLƒˆ[–„`AXLAC…t|…pB9

    
    %(Lˆ…€ƒˆ\„P‡9L~‡yn_Š'LCS…„ƒˆ\„M\e%(Lˆ…€9#b_„`AXl{_‹BPBaxS„'`kˆN
    `AXZOkB9bCO€ IFL'LCS„6Œ‚B Full Load ƒ‡L‚„ƒCˆ\S„P„L\„ƒkŠL‡`‹t9#b_„`AX+L{_Š
    .( 2ƒ‚h„ brŠ VFL @„PˆC}Š%`‹t#9b_„

    ƒˆ[:•#ŒˆS„#9b_„`AXbCxRPCfŠLf[z `C{‡PC„LS„P„%Luˆ„9
    VNL - VFL
    VR Lood = 000000000000000000000000000 *100
    VFL

    LRLOUbV€#b_„`A[6L€#ŒˆS„POfŠQ{_ŠLˆ…€9`AY„!LOU:`‡„bChR bCxk„#Œ‚S„POfŠ9
    ƒˆ\„'LCR!bCxRs‡

    ‰‚ˆBa=…t9 RLƒˆ\„P‡9L~‡9 RQPBaxS„'`kˆ„PC…^`„P‡9L~ˆ„…t`ˆSuBƒˆ\„`AXi~Š6


    PC„LS„P„%Luˆ„LN#ŒˆS„Lf[

    
    Ro
    %VR Lood = 000000000000000 × 100
    RL
     bp‹}5`_SeLN9P‡9L~ˆ„bCxj4Œˆ\‡5`_SeLNPBaxS„'`kˆ„PC…^`„P‡9L~ˆ„ ROlC{_RL‹‹‚ˆB9
    !Lue!&!L{V‚‡5`_Se„zLm•LNPn{_‹‡P‡9L~‡!&LAŠTC[!%ŒB`„ bp‹}5`_SeLN9
    P{…‚S„ bCO€2bp„7a=ƒV‡ bCO€

    PC„LS„†C~„@„PBaxR'`k‡z 14LV‡

    VNL = 15V9 RLoad = 100 ? QŠL€L‡`‹tVFL = 13V

    ƒˆ\„'LCR9 Ro PC…^`„P‡9L~ˆ„9P‡9L~ˆ„9#ŒˆS„POfŠMf[

    ƒ\„

    P„%Luˆ„LN+Œt#ŒˆS„Lf\„

    
    : Linear Voltage Regulators 0)P>b ?'9b ,fQie

    .( 3ƒ‚h„ Series PC„ŒS‡!Lˆr‹‡9 Shunt Regulators PB(ŒS‡„`A\„!Lˆr‹‡†f~‹R9

    : Shunt Regulators PB(ŒSˆ„!Lˆr‹ˆ„

    ‰‡ Œ\fˆ„ 'LCS„ ƒˆ[–„ P„L[ z ƒˆ\„ s‡ :(ŒS„ …t  ƒjŒB †Cr‹S„ bk‹t .Œ‹„ a= z
    .(ŒSB ƒˆ\„ P„L[ z Lˆ‹CN Is = ISH6 : †Cr‹S„ bk‹t9 Rs z bˆB ISPˆr‹ˆ„ bCw '%Lkˆ„
    €ƒˆ\„'LCR%(Lˆ…€PSˆC}%%cR:a„ ISH†Cr‹S„bk‹t'LCR9 IL ƒˆ\„'LCR‰B'LCR„ IS'LCS„
    (4ƒ‚h„brŠ`AY„QCOVR‰‡‰‚ˆSB

    
    `AXzbCxS„…ty}ŒSBbCxS„a=9 25?  ?‰CNL‡LASˆC}bCxSR rzb‹Bc…„PC…^`„P‡9L~ˆ„9
    †Cr‹S„ bk‹t 6 PB(ŒSˆ„ !Lˆr‹ˆ„ ŒCt ‰‡ ‰‚„9  ŠLV„ ƒk{„LN `AY„ QCOVR sX'  ƒˆ\„
    ƒˆ[–„P„L[z:Œk~„P}Lp„……A‹fB

    : Series Regulators 0)b j3fb ,fQifb

    zb,‰CN`A\„6Lzƒˆ\„P‡9L~‡bCxRPYCSŠƒˆ\„'LCRbCxR& 3bƒ‚h„z„ŒSR†r‹‡z
    Power Transistor '`~„'ŒSfBcŠbR5`_SfB9LSNLUƒˆ\„`AXƒrBTC\NbCxSCe†Cr‹S„bk‹t
    „ŒR†r‹‡ofNZmŒB5ƒ‚h„9†Cr‹Rbk‹t

    
    `BcBL‡`‹t VLƒˆ\„`A[ŒˆeL~SB R4, R3‰CS‡9L~ˆ„9 `tL~„'LCSN Q1'ŒSecŠbS„`ˆR R16TC[
    Q1  `tL}'LCRM\fB9ƒˆuCe Q2'ŒSecŠbS„6Lza„9 VZ+VBE2‰‡bO€ZOkR VR46PX'`„ VL
    S„9L=`‹t@SCOVR%bˆ„PˆC~„ƒ~B„LS„LN9 C1,E1‰CNP‡9L~ˆ„`BcR9ƒˆu„‰t Q1y}ŒSB„LS„LN9
    L‹‹‚ˆB9R1bOt Q1 `tL}'LCRbˆB9ƒˆu„‰t Q2„LS„LN9 VZ + VBE2‰‡bxj VR4ƒuYR
    '9% i_…SB VL = ( VZ + VBES ) ( R4 + R3) /R4  PC„LS„ P„%Luˆ„ ‰‡ VL  PˆC} 'LCS^
    'LCRM\fN5Œ~B9ƒˆuB„LS„LN9 R4 P‡9L~ˆ„bOt VLz %LB(:buhSfB@Šz Q2'ŒSecŠbS„
    7a=%‰Cf\RL‹‹‚ˆB9P~NLf„P„%Luˆ„‰‡„‰‹~ˆ„`\…„ VL i~‹B€ƒˆu„‰ty}ŒSC„ Q1 `tL}
    .6ƒ‚h„brŠ OP-amp†_nˆN Q24`OSeLN bJ`„

    '`kˆ€@Šb‹Bc„P{C-99 VLz %LB(:•PC„LtPCeLf[9&@…uYB„LtMf€@„†_nˆ„6TC[


    !& RL6:ƒˆ[%ŒX95`t5`t+bz…t VZzbCxR:@N6'L~C„ V2QNLUuXb‡`AX
    `X bCO€VL „LS„LN9`X bCO€PˆC}

    
    sOp„LNƒ~Se R6• VL`AY„i~‹CeƒCˆ\S„`‹t@ŠLz VZ = V1 ) PŠcS‡ bJ`„6+bz…t9
    E,C ‰CN P‡9L~ˆ„ 6•  VZ < V1  ƒu\B Lˆ‡ V1z i~Š MOfB 7'9`N a=9   PBLAŠ •L‡ ‰t
    7`B`\R†SB:a„@„‰‹~ˆ„`AY„„„ŒS…„…tLu‡ VL,VCE ) VL`AY„`BcB„LS„LN9l{_‹Se
    PC„LS„P„%Luˆ„LN

    VL = VZ (1 + R2/R3)

    Mf‚„%(Lˆ…‚z†_nˆ„Mf€9 VZuXbˆ„`AY„!LOU…t`ˆSuB bJ`„7a=z`AY„†Cr‹R:`‡9


    †_nˆ…„ „Lu„ Mf‚…„ PYCSŠ9 V1 |Bb, ‰tVL  z bCxR ƒ} bCO‚R †SCe TC[ †Cr‹S„ ‰f\R Lˆ…€
    P…jŒˆ„!L{V‚ˆ„LN…tM…xS„†SB9 bJ`„LN!(cS=•:%GB`}„&6Lz Slew RATE bxj9
    LAC…t|…pBa„9POOp~„2'L{N‰‚„9P~NLf„ bJ`„d{ŠZmŒB 7ƒ‚h„9 bJ`„LNPup~‡,Œp_N
    ‰tPmLuSe•Œ=9b^2'Lz3L‹=9 PNP b^LN NPN'ŒSecŠbS„4`OSe†Ra„9M„Lf„†r‹ˆ„
    .R2 bCxS‡P‡9L~ˆN R3`AY„†Cf~R

    LANLf[†SB9 Q1„ŒS„'ŒSfBcŠbRz %`Oˆ„P}Lp„:Œeb€aRP}L,…ASfR•„ŒS„!Lˆr‹‡6


    P„%Luˆ„LN

    

    ƒO}L‡P…[b‡ ) †Cu‹S„ bJ%`AX9 VL #b_„`AX‰CN`AY„|BbzƒVˆR VCE , PD = VCE X IC


    „LS„LN9`AY„†r‹‡ L{€!%(Lˆ…€ %`Oˆ„P}Lp„Q…}Lˆ…€IL ƒˆ\„'LCR:9LfB IC `AY„†Cr‹R
    P„%Luˆ„LNMf\R„ŒSR†r‹ˆ„ L{€9PBaxS„'`k‡ L{€

    = PL / ( PL + PQ )

     L{‚…„c‡bRTC[

    : 2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
    PCR•!•L\„z†r‹ˆ„ L{€Mf[ Vin = 25V ( 6ƒ‚h„ bJ`„z

    VL = 15 , IL = 2A (

    (ƒ^`„`AXˆru„PˆC~„ ‰‡ƒˆ\„`AXbS}Lˆ…€%%cR†r‹ˆ„ L{€6L‹„ZnSB|BLf„4LVˆ„‰‡

    'ŒSecŠbS„ QCOVRMYBa„9P}Lp„‰‡`Bcˆ„%`OB'ŒSecŠbS„ƒuYBbCxjƒˆ[`AX‰‡bCO€'LCR6
    Lu‡:(ŒS„…t!'ŒSecŠbR `t9'ŒSfBcŠbRƒCjŒR†SB6LC[•luNz9:'b[%bO‡…t
    †AC…t Qt(ŒR LAŠ TC[ 'ŒSecŠbS„ z %`Oˆ„  P}Lp„ ƒ~R „LS„LN9 LˆA‹CN ƒˆ\„ 'LCR .(ŒSB S[
    ( 8ƒ‚h„brŠ 'b\„MOfNy…S„‰‡‰‡L‡z†A‹‡ƒ€ZOj9LCuˆX

    
    zbCO€'LCRbˆB•€:9LfS„LN!'ŒSecŠbS„z'LCS„†Cf~R6LˆmLAS{C-9TtŒO„!L‡9L~‡9
    10? ‰CN$9bSB RE!L‡9L~ˆ„7a=PˆC}97bC‡`R„LS„LN9P…^% 'b\„ %LBc„:%GBLˆ‡L=`[
    0.1?

    Over Current Protection 0)b,Tb  ,)3b ge0(,f<b

     bJ`„y…R„:%GBPBaxS„'`k‡#b^`‹t Short Current  bk~„ƒV‡ƒˆ\„ %LB(6


    ƒN`C[ŒS„ bp‹}ƒV‡PBaxS„'`k‡!LŠŒ‚‡luNQ{…RLˆN'9†r‹ˆN„ŒS„'ŒSfBcŠbRy…SCeTC[
    6MYB@ŠLza„9P…BŒ, bSzƒˆ\„ %LB(P„L[!bˆSe&4Œ\ˆ„bC‡`S„ƒˆ\„ %LB(!%LˆN'
    (9ƒ‚h„9 ( Current limiting 'LCS„`B`\RP„9L\‡`AY„†r‹‡†CˆkR`‹tRLNLf[zsnR
    Lˆ‹CN'LCS„PˆC~N)Lf[•bk‹t Rsc P‡9L~ˆ„ƒVˆR9PC„Lu„!'LCS„‰‡PCˆ\‡`AX†r‹‡ bJ%‰COB
    „&yC€PC„Lu„!'LCS„‰‡PBLˆ\„PC…ˆuN Q2'ŒSecŠbS„5Œ~B

    '9%:LˆA„dC„ Q2,Rsc6bCwP~NLf„bJ9`„POhBPB%Lu„4Lˆ[•P„L[z bJ`„ƒˆt6

    ‰CN`AY„`BcB„LS„LN9 IL`BcCe„&6Lz bJ`„#b^bCwL‡6L‚‡zbk}"9`[L‹mbS}&‰‚„9


    ‰‡#'L_„'LCS„ƒ€@NbˆCz VCE2ƒ~R9 Q2ƒˆuBL=`‹tQ„Œz 0.7„ƒj9L‡&S[ Rsczb,
    Isc yCum 'LCR • ƒˆ\„ z bˆB ‰„ ƒˆuB • „LS„LN9 Q1 `tL~N 'LCR bˆB• „LS„LN9 A1 †_nˆ„
    ISC = 0.7/RscP„%Luˆ„‰‡PNLf[‰‚ˆB9

    
    Fig. (9)

    6q[–ŠTC[PCˆ\ˆ„`AY„!Lˆr‹‡zƒˆ\„'LCR9ƒˆ\„`AX‰CNP}–u„ZmŒB 10ƒ‚g9
    L=`‹t:9LfB Rsc…t`AY„ƒuYRS„ IscPˆC~„„ ICƒkB6`BcB IL 6s‡b~Sf‡ VL`AY„
    bC‡`S„‰‡ bJ`„PBLˆ[†SB„aN9b{k„„ VLƒˆ\„`A[ƒ\ˆnB

    (3 ) ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
    Mf[ A40N'LCS…„ k}•`\„`B`\R†R9 VO = 15.Vin = 25 6L€„ŒSR!Lˆr‹‡`[z
    ‰CS‹U•‰CS„L\„z†r‹ˆ„z %`OSˆ„P}Lp„

    IL = 2A6Œ‚BL‡`‹t (
    bk}"9`[`‹t (

    : ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬
    PC„LS„P„%Luˆ„5`_Se†SBbk~„!•L[9PCuCOp„4Lˆ[•!•L[z

    Preg = PD (Vin > Vo) IL

    IL = 2A (

    
    PD = (25-15) = 20w
    b{jƒˆ\„`AX6Œ‚Ce9 A47'`}bk}'LCR bJ`„z:bfCebkz"9`[`‹t (
    PD = ( 25 > 0 ) 4 = 100w

    'LCS„bO€PYCSŠP…BŒ,!bS{„bk~„bˆSe&'ŒSfBcŠbS…„y…R"`\B`}@Š•'LCS„`B`\R`uNS[
    7'9b‡ 'ŒSecŠbS„ ƒˆ\SB S[ Isc PˆC} ƒC…~S„ `AY„ †r‹‡ bJ% z ƒB`uS„ L‹C…t MYB a„9 Isc
    P…BŒ,!bS{„

    : Fold Back Current Limiting R8 Ab AK\b ,)2ge?<b

    . (11ƒ‚h„brŠbk~„!•L[L‹U VLƒˆ\„`AX9 ILƒˆ\„'LCRlC{_RŒ=„&‰‡1`A„9

    Fig (11)

    &bjJjb  Afb ?'b :Mj($@b

    b{k…„ ƒˆ\„ `AX l{_Š  Iknee  'L‚fŠ• Pp~Š  PˆC} …t• 'LCS„ ƒj9 @Š q[–R TC[
    y…S„‰‡LACˆ\B9 bJ`„z %`Oˆ„P}Lp„l{_CesOp„LNa=9PSˆC}ykŠ‰‡ƒ}• Iscƒ\ˆm9

    sXb„bk~„'LCR‰‡`\RS„ bJ`„ZmŒB 12ƒ‚h„9

    !•L[z|OeLˆ€„ŒR†rˆ€ bJ`„ƒˆuR9:9%:†A„dC„ Q2, R3, R2PB%Lu„4Lˆ[•P„L[z


    †_nˆ„‰‡'LCS„ƒ€M\fN5Œ~B9 Q2ƒˆuCz R4…tPtbfN`AY„`BcBbk~„`Jc„ƒCˆ\S„
    +L{_Š•a=9 VO#b_„`AX+L{_Š„:%GBLˆ‡ƒˆu„‰t y}ŒSCz Q1 `tL~N'LCR:bˆB–z
    
    ƒˆ\„'LCS„i~Š"`\Cz Saturation sOhS„P„L\„ Q2„aNƒkCz R2…t`AY„i~Š„:%GCe
    ƒˆ\„`AY„i~‹„‰‡`Bc‡9

    ‰CSC„LS„‰CS„%Luˆ„LN 11ƒ‚h„z Iscbk~„'LCR9 Iknee 'L‚fŠ•Pp~Š`B`\RL‹‹‚ˆB9

    ICS?'9b d)Qi2pe,`3e
    LAˆY[bxkN(LSˆRP…‡L‚Sˆ„bJ9`„9`AX!Lˆr‹ˆ€ƒˆu…„P…‡L‚Sˆ„bJ9`„‰‡`B`u„sC‹kR†R`~„
    |COpS„  P}L, :ŒSf‡ s‡ MeL‹SR P~…w !–‡L‚Sˆ…„9 PBL‹uN LAˆCˆkR †SB @Š TC[ PC„Lu„ LARL{€9
    Pn{_‹ˆ„!L~COpS…„ ( TO > 5 can, DIPs) LA„0NLA„c‡bB9C‡bCf„9CSe–O„M…tP{…wFz
    . ( To > 220, To > 3Package )0NLA„c‡bB9PC„Lu„P}Lp„!&!L~COp‹…„PCŠ`uˆ„M…u„9P}Lp„
    bk~„'LCR‰‡`\…„†ˆk‡LAnuN9 Rsc , Q1„ŒS„'ŒSfB(cŠbR:Œ\R`AY„†Cr‹R!–‡L‚S‡ƒ€9
    Pu{Rbˆ„ 'b\„!LX'%`‹tƒk{„…t '`~„LAB`„.ŒŠ`XŒB9sXb„

    
    ƒ^`„`AXbCxRs‡LAXb^QCOVR…t '`~„P…‡L‚Sˆ„ aA„9P}Lp„Pn{_‹‡`AXPˆr‹‡LAŠL‹„ZnSB
    Line regulation PC…t|…pBL‡Œ=9

    †ru‡9 723 !–‡L‚S„ z 100:1 POf‹„ 7a=9 ƒ^`„ `AX bCxR „ #b_„ `AX bCCxR POfŠ Œ=9
    LOBb~RPOf‹„d{ŠLA„!–‡L‚Sˆ„

    
    
    
    PC„LS„P„%Luˆ„LN Vo#b_„`AXPˆC}`B`\RL‹‹‚ˆB (14B)- bJ`„

    Vref TC[ 37V, 7V‰CNL‡PˆrS‹‡%ŒAXWS‹R bJ`„7a=9Vo = ( Vref / R2 ) ( R1 + R2)


    Isc = 7.V / P„%Luˆ„LN‰CRbJ`…„ Isc `B`\RL‹‹‚ˆB9P~NLf„2bp„d{‹N†ANLf[†SB R2, R3 PˆC}9
    Lˆ€!LNLf\„sCˆX9 ( 15 ) ƒ‚h„brŠ 723P…‡L‚Sˆ„s‡„ŒRŒSfBcŠbRƒCjŒR‹‚ˆB9 Rsc
    . ( I4b )  bJ`„LN

    
    PC„LS„P„%Luˆ„LNVo #b_„`AX`B`\RL‹‹‚ˆB9

    Vo = 1.25 + 1.25 ( R2/R1)

    ƒ}PBaxS„'`k‡9†r‹ˆ„‰CNPzLfˆ„6Œ‚RL‡`‹tŒ…p‡Œ=9aNaS„s‹‡…t`tLfB C1yV‚ˆ„9
    yV‚ˆ„vBb{R‰‡†r‹ˆ„PBLˆ\N5Œ~B D19!LjŒN 6‰‡

    78XXS : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼﺕ‬

    #LSŠ• 7805,7812,7815 .ŒŠPU–ULA‹‡bzŒS‡9POXŒ‡PSNLU#b^†C}LA„91b,PU–U!&=9


    „ŒS„…t 5V,12V,15V%ŒAY„

    79XXS : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

    %ŒAY„ 7905, 7912, 7915=.ŒŠPU–ULA‹‡bzŒS‡9PO„Le%ŒAXWS‹R91b,PU–U!&=9


    „ŒS„…t 5V, 12V, 15V%ŒAY„#LSŠ•

    ( 17) ƒ‚h„LNLˆ€LA…CjŒSN 7805P…‡L‚Sˆ„`AX#b^z†‚\S„L‹‹‚ˆB9

    

    VO = 5V + R2 ( IQ + 5V/R1 ) PC„LS„P„%Luˆ„LN#b_„`AXLf[L‹‹‚ˆB9

    PˆC~„#b_„`AX…t bUG‡6Œ‚Se'LCS„a=PˆC}zbCxR:9 6Ma„Œ[ 7805P…‡L‚Sˆ…„ IQ


    #b_„`AXz bCO€!LNbpm•:%GSe bCO‚„†C~„6• 100 ?

    Switch Mode Regulators 0)N/ib ?'9b ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬

    =o~zP„Lu{„P~p‹ˆ„zƒˆuB„ŒS„'ŒSfBcŠbR6•PCp^QCˆePCp_„`AY„!Lˆr‹‡6
    z ƒˆuB Q}Œ„ 4Œ, PŠ• „ŒS„ 'ŒSfBcŠbR P}Lp„ ‰‡ bCO€ cX …ASfR LA‹‚„9 'LhSŠ bV€•
    'LCR@NbˆB9Q„Œz 12@Xb^9Q„Œz 18P…^%`AX†r‹‡+bSz„&…t•LV‡a^L‹„9P„Lu{„P~p‹ˆ„
    bfˆ„#LS\R bCO€P}L,7a=9 6V X SA!9 30P}L,…ASfB„ŒS„'ŒSfBcŠbR:bCO‡ 5
    p_„ L{€…tbUGR '`Aˆ„P}Lp„7a=sOp„LN9 Heat Sink †_m:'b[

    
    PC~N9`C[ŒS„ bJ%94Œ\ˆ„LNP}Lp„`CtL{‡MOfN %50‰tƒ~RPBaxS„'`kˆ„PC…‚„ L{‚„Lz„LS„LN9
     bJ`„cX

     bCO€ 'b[!LNbf‡5`_Se•bpnŠ„LS„LN9 'b[ 'Œjz'`ABP}Lp„ %50‰‡bV€6:


    PBaxS„'`k‡6(99†Y[`BcB†U‰‡9

    'ŒSecŠbRƒCxhRPCnO‹„!Lˆr‹ˆ„ƒˆt b‚z9PCp_„!Lˆr‹ˆ„ƒ\‡ƒ\RPCnO‹„!Lˆr‹ˆ„!`N
    : 'ŒSecŠbS„ …ASfB• sp~„ P„L[ {z Saturation  sOh„9 Cut off sp~„ S~p‹‡ z „ŒS„
    Lˆ‡bxj 'b[!LNbf‡9bxjbjL‹t5`_SfŠ„LS„LN9P}Lp…„L€–ASeƒ}PCnO‹„!Lˆr‹ˆ„P}L,
    PCp_„PBaxS„'%Lk‡6(99†Y[ 3/1nO‹„PBaxS„'`k‡6(99†Y[ƒuYB

    0)N/ib ?'9b ,fQie jh

    `AY…„Pf€Lu„9Puzb„9PnzL_„!Lˆr‹ˆ„=9.ŒŠPU–U3L‹=

    Step – Down Switching Regulator : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻓﻀﺔ‬

    sp~„S„L[‰CN'ŒSecŠbS„@…~‹Cz'ŒSecŠbS„ `tL}:axRPuNbˆ„!LnO‹„ 18ƒ‚g bJ`„z


    `AY„bˆB9%%bSˆ„`AY„MY\B:a„ LCZgbˆ„ƒ^%…tsNb‡`AX@‹tWS‹BLˆ‡ '9%ƒ€sOhS„9
    MOea=9ƒ^`„`AX‰‡ƒ}#b_„`AXoeŒS‡ On OffƒCjŒS„9ƒk{„PC…ˆu„PYCSŠ9bˆSfˆ„
    PnzL_„!Lˆr‹ˆ„LNLASCˆfR

    
    Step up Switching Regulator : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻌﺔ‬

    sOhS„9sp~„S„L[‰CNM…xSCz'ŒSecŠbS„ `tL}:axRPuNbˆ„!LnO‹„ 18ƒ‚g bJ`„z


    PYSB[–pj'LCS„9'LfBPYSB!LŠ9bS‚„•'LCRy…ˆ„z'LCS„bˆBsOhS„P„L[z9 '9%ƒ€
    P„L[`„ŒSCzy…ˆ„4Œ[fC,L‹xˆ„4LYˆ„+Œ~BLˆ‡ LYz'ŒSecŠbS„ƒk{Bsp~„P„L[z9L‹ˆB
    a=9ƒ^`„`AX‰t#b_„`AX%%cB„LS„LN9@=LYRbCxB•'LCS„ƒuYBLˆ‡bCO€f‚t`AXy…ˆ„LN
    Puzb„!Lˆr‹ˆ„LNLASCˆfR

    Inverting Switching Regulator : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ‬

    …t•y…ˆ„z!LŠ9bS‚„•'LCRbˆBsOhS„P„L[z'ŒfBcŠbS„6Œ‚BL‡`‹t (‫‚ƒ) ﺟـ‬g bJ`„z


    |…x‡'ŒSecŠbS„6•%ŒB`„bOt‰‚„97LYR•d{Šz'LCS„bˆBsp~„„L[z9'ŒSfBcŠbS…„LAYS‡
    d‚uŠ`}#b_„`AX6`YŠyV‚ˆ„‰\g'LCRPr[–ˆN9 0)b,S&3e#,\e

    
    
    Step-Down Switching Voltage Regulator ?'9cb0NX,>b ,YQifb gS?(Be

    PBaxR'%Lk‡zseŒ„L='LhSŠ•Px„LNPCˆ=MfS‚RPnzL_„!Lˆr‹ˆ„

    'ŒSecŠbS„ƒVˆB S1$LS{ˆ„19ƒ‚g bJ`„z!LOeL\„

     bJ%`O„Pp~Š„$LS{ˆ„„@‹‡9 Ly…ˆ„4–^bˆB I load ƒˆ\„'LCR S2–w`‹t •


    P}Lp„luN6c_Ce9y…ˆ„LNfC,L‹x‡4LY‡`„ŒSCesOp„LN9`C[ŒS„
    DŒB`„ƒuYBTC\Ny…ˆ„…t`AXLh‹Cz'LA‹Bt`SBfC,L‹xˆ„4LYˆ„ S$LS{ˆ„ZSz`‹t •
    y…ˆ„LNPŠc_ˆ„P}Lp„‰‡PS}L,`Sf‡ƒˆ\„LN'LCRbˆB9‡L‡ƒCjŒRP„L[z
    P}Lp„LNƒˆ\„`‡‰ˆnRS„P}Lp„LN Ly…ˆ„‰\g%LuB9PCŠLU b‡ S$LS{ˆ„|…xB bCk} bSz`uN •
    .S$LS{ˆ„ZSzL‹U
    ƒˆ\„…t`AY„†u‹BS[V[ƒ^%9&Zgbˆ€y…ˆ„s‡Zgbˆ€ƒˆuB C1yV‚ˆ„9 •
    oeŒS‡6L€7'9%PnO‹„+bt6L€L‡`‹uzƒˆ\„`AXz†‚\S„L‹‹‚ˆBnO‹„+btz†‚\S„LB •
    PnO‹…„ 9'a„PˆC}ykŠ`AY„
    . ( 19ƒ‚h„brŠoeŒSˆ„`AY„PˆC}!%(Lˆ…€ '9`„„PnO‹„+btPOfŠ!%(Lˆ…€9 •

    ( 4a`F?'9cbLX,=kN/hdQifb0ce,^A+ 
    PpeŒN:axB9sOhS„9sp~„S„L[zƒˆuB„ŒR9'ŒSfBcŠbR$LS{ˆ€ƒˆuB Q1'ŒSecŠbS„
     bCxS‡!LnOŠ`„Œ‡

    :cYˆ„ |Bb, ‰t #b_„ `AX9  b‹Bc„ z –Vˆz  uXbˆ„ `AY„ ‰CN 6'L~B  !LC…ˆu„ bO‚‡9
    . R3,R2

    PnO‹„+btz†‚\SR 'Lg#b^97bf‚SN5L}!LC…ˆu„bO‚‡…^%‹CN`AX2bz3L‹=6L€&Lz
    s{RbB „LS„LN9 sOhS„ P„L[ z 'ŒSecŠbS„ ƒˆt Q}9 %( %LBc„LN QŠL€ 6Lz 'ŒSfBcŠbS…„ PBaxˆ„
    . ( 19ƒ‚g bJ`„L‡LˆRƒˆuR ( D. , L1 , C1 ) !LŠŒ‚ˆ„PC~N9`AY„oeŒS‡

    
    0ce,`3fb   ?b  ?>3D,.kN/h?'8dQied)fK2
    6L€LBnOŠ`AX†r‹‡L‹O„P‡(–„!LŠŒ‚ˆ„‰‡`B`u„…t:ŒS\R 78590†}'P…‡L‚Sˆ„ bJ`„
    …tƒˆShRAz@tŒŠ

    z ƒˆuR PCnO‹„ !L{r‹ˆ„9 X'L^ C1 yV‚‡ |Bb, ‰t 7%%bR z †‚\S„ ‰‚ˆB aNa‡ -1
    !L{…ˆ„9!•Œ\ˆ„!bxjLˆ…€…t%%bS„6L€Lˆ…€9 30 KHz, 20Khz ‰CNL‡!%%bR
    P‡`_Sfˆ„!L{V‚ˆ„9
    †r‹ˆ„#b^9uXb‡`AX‰CN6'L~ˆ€Lˆ=`[5`_SfŠ!LC…ˆt‰BbO‚‡ -2
    uXb‡`AX -3
    9 L{€ puB Lˆ‡  Q2 `tL} Q1 sh‡ :axB 6'ŒSfBcŠbR ‰t 'LOt 6ŒSY‹„ '% bJ% -4
    $LS{ˆ€LA‡`_SfŠL‹Š:`[9'ŒSfBcŠbR5`_Se‰‡ bV€
    %ŒB% -5
    6'L~ˆ„#b_‡b^•9aNaˆ„#b_‡‰CS…^%LA„ ANDPNŒN -6

    
    
    ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‬

    ‫‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬

    0J,=0(@V2,Ke

    aKYb  ?%

    0)b,3b ,\ib  ,T)3D ]i`f(aKYb  @%0D ?T.

    ?'9b 0YS,NeA+ #d)fK2 •


    Af3Efb ?'9b o?/e •
    j9b 0)b,S0(@V3b ,Ke •

    
    Voltage Multiplier ?'9b ,X,S,Ne
    brŠ ‰f\Sf‡ bCw b‡ a= ‰‚„9 `AY…„ Puz' !•Œ\‡ 5`_SeLN Pu{Rb‡ %ŒAX …t4Œk\„ L‹‹‚ˆB
    LA‹ˆU.L{R'‰t–nzLAŠ(9ƒ~U9LAˆY[bO‚„

    Voltage Doubler kh,i6b ?'9b WS,Ne

    „LS„L€LA…ˆtP~Bb,9P…‡L€@XŒ‡`AXytLn‡‰COR 1a ƒ‚g bJ`„

     '9a„`AY„ƒkBS[ C1yV‚ˆ„‰\hB9 D1%ŒB`„z'LCS„bˆBMXŒˆ„@XŒˆ„ykŠz -


    . 1bƒ‚h„brŠ Vp
    C2yV‚ˆ„‰\hB9 D2%ŒB`„z!LŠ9bS‚„•'LCR'LCS„bˆBM„Lf„@XŒˆ„ykŠz9 -
    . 1Cƒ‚h„brŠLnB Vp `AY„LN`AY„LN
    PC„LS„P„%Luˆ„‰‡ Vp 9'a„`AXPˆCzLf[9 -
    Vp = 1.414 X Vr. m.s
    bSC‡Œz•LN)L~RoeŒSˆ„uCNbS„'aY„PˆC} Vr.m.sTC[
    : RLƒˆ\„s‡:(ŒS„…t‰C…kS‡LˆAŠ9PCOp~„d{ŠLˆA„ C2, C1‰C{V‚ˆ„6q[–R -
    . 1dƒ‚h„brŠ 2Vp 9'a„`AXyumƒˆ\„WAX6
    220 ƒ^`„`AXPˆC}QŠL€& 2ƒ‚g bJ`„zƒˆ\„1b,…t`AY„PˆC}Mf[4LV‡
    Vr.m.s

    …t`AY„ZOkB9 VP 9'a„`AYN C2,C1‰C{V‚ˆ„‰\g†SCe…‡L€ '9%4–^z : ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻞ‬


    2VPƒˆ\„
    VP = 1.414 X Vr.m.s
    = 1414 X 220
    VRL = 2VP = 2X221.414 = 442.828

    

    ( ‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻰ ) ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﻰ‬


    kb,3b,^&cfSj\(Ak8jeWKhk+,i5WS,Ne 2a ‫ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺷﻜﻞ‬

    d{Šz C1…t`AY„9 VP 9'a„`AX„ C1yV‚ˆ„‰\g†SBM„Lf„PXŒˆ„ykŠz -


    2bƒ‚h„brŠMXŒˆ„@XŒˆ„ykŠ7LYR
    C1yV‚ˆ„`AX.ŒˆY‡‰t 'LOtPSˆC}`AYN C2yV‚ˆ„‰\g†SBMXŒˆ„@XŒˆ„ykŠz -
    . 2C ƒ‚h„brŠMXŒˆ„@XŒˆ„yk‹„ 9'a„`AX9
    `AXyum:9LfBƒˆ\„`AX6: C2yV‚ˆ„s‡:(ŒS„…tƒkS‡RL ƒˆ\„6q[–Š -
    PC„LS„P„%Luˆ„LNLˆ€ 2VP  9'a„
    VRL = VC2 = 2VP = CX 1.141 X Vr.m.s
    = 2.828X220 :9LfBƒˆ\„`AX6:.5#z V220:9LfB Vr.m.s `AY„9 -

    
    
    Voltage Tripler ?'9cbk5p6b WS,Nfb

    -kb,3b,^&cfS0\(Ak5p5WS,Ne 3a ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺷﻜﻞ‬

    . VP`AYN C1yV‚ˆ„‰\hB9 D1%ŒB`„LN'LCS„bˆCeMXŒ‡@XŒ‡ykŠ49z -


    C16• 2VP`AYN C2yV‚ˆ„‰\hB9 D2%ŒB`„LN'LCS„bˆCeM„Le@XŒ‡ykŠ49z -
    .3Bƒ‚go_„`AXsˆ‡„ŒS„…tƒkS‡
    6• 3VP`AYN C3yV‚ˆ„‰\hB9 D3%ŒB`„LN'LCS„bˆCeMXŒ‡@XŒ‡ykŠŠLUz -
    .3Cƒ‚g 2VP7`AX C29o_„`AXs‡„ŒS„…tƒkS‡
    :(ŒS„…t@u‡ƒkSˆ„ C3yV‚ˆ„`AX:9LfB RL ƒˆ\„`AX -

    
    VOLTAGE QUADRUOLER ?'9cbkS,.Ab WS,Nfb

    kb,3b,^&cfS0\(AkS,.WS,Ne 4 ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‬

    VP 9'&`AYND1bOt C1 yV‚ˆ„‰\g†SBM„Le@XŒ‡ykŠ49z -


    .VP79'&`AYN C3yV‚ˆ„‰\hB9 D3%ŒB`„LN'LCS„bˆCeMXŒ‡@XŒ‡ykŠ49z -
    . 2VP79'&`AYN C2yV‚ˆ„‰\hB9 D2%ŒB`„LN'LCS„bˆCeM„Le@XŒ‡ykŠ ŠLUz -
    79'& `AYN C4 yV‚ˆ„ ‰\hB9 D4 %ŒB`„LN 'LCS„  bˆCe MXŒ‡ @XŒ‡ ykŠ ŠLU z -
    .2VP
    4VPƒˆ\„`AX6: C4 , C2 ‰C{V‚ˆ„@N.bzs‡:(ŒS„…tƒkS‡ RLƒˆ\„ -
    P„%Luˆ„LNMf\B9

    ?'9b 0YS,NeA+ # 0(,f;


    a=‰‡`\„L‹‹‚ˆB9ƒˆ\„'LCR %LB(`‹tƒ\ˆnBL‡6Ltbe@‹‚„bCO€LAXb^`AY„!L{tLn‡ƒ€
    bJ9%4–^bˆR bCO€‰\g!'LCR„#LS\SeLA‹‚„9 bCO€†Cu‹R!L{V‚‡5`_SeLNsBbf„+L{_Š•
    `C[ŒS„b,L‹}9!`[Œˆ„'LCS^`‹t!'LCS„7a=PˆC}'LCStMYCz`C[ŒS„

    
    z bCO€ 6Œ‚B @Š• ‰\h„ 'LCR Œ} ‰‡ LnB PBLˆ\…„ `C[ŒS„ bJ% ƒO} P‡9L~‡ ƒCjŒR †SB9 -
    ‰\h„'LCR‰‡PBLˆ[P‡9L~‡@„ƒ‡L€XŒ‡`AXytLn‡ bJ%ZmŒR 5ƒ‚g bJ`„9PB`O„

    ?'9b ,YS,Ne j)S


    #LS\RS„bJ9`„zIe'LCS^Az bCO€Az bCO€PtbfN#b_„`AX+L{_ŠŒCt‰‡ -1
    QNLU`AY„
    bO€ ‰‡ =9 7axˆ„ bJ9`„ ‰t o_„ `AX LA„cuN !•Œ\ˆ„ 7bzŒR :a„ 6L‡• bCzŒR • -2
    bJ9`„†ru‡6•„&94Œ\‡…t:ŒS\R•PBaxR'%Lk‡5`_SeW‹tL‹AXŒRS„b,L_ˆ„
     cBbO„o_„`AX‰tM…u„7a=4ct‰‡`€FS„MYCzPCŠ`u‡M…tƒ^%smŒRPCŠ9bS‚„•
    M…t 5`_Se `CY„ 4Œ…\„ ‰‡9 `B`g PCJLNbA€ !L‡`k„ cAX• ‡`_Sf‡ +buR •9
    CSe–O„L€P„(Lt%Œ‡‰‡Pu‹k‡

    ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬
    PO…u„ƒuYBLˆ‡1b,•U–UƒNL€LA„ !LXŒ‡`„Œ‡ >Œ‚eŒ…Ce9•'LOS^• cAX†ru‡6
    LCJL~…RPm'G‡'LOS^• cAX•PCŠ`uˆ„

    
    d‡–R1b,•U–UƒNL€@„Œ‚eŒ…Ce9(LAY„$LfˆS„†z'LOS^•1b,`[6M= -
    ‰CNbk}"9`\„:%GCed‡–S„a=6 6ƒ‚h„brŠJL‹UƒNL€@„(LAY„PCŠ`u‡PO…uN
    +'G‡bCx„bOS_ˆ„(LAY„bOt cBbO„o_„`AX9Œ‚eŒ…Ce9•(LAX
    (LAY…„ PCŠ`uˆ„ PO…u„ †U  JL‹V„ ƒNL‚„ †U HOT LINE  \„ o_„ ‰‡ `OB 'LCR 'Lf‡9 -
    m'• o_„ †U 1b,• U–U ƒNL‚„ †U  $LfˆS„ †z  'LOS^• 1b, †U bOS_ˆ„
    . NEUTRAL LINE 4%LuS„o_NƒkSˆ„ GROUND LINE
    FUSE bAk‹ˆ„ZSz9 CIRCUIT BREAKER bJ`„s,L}ZSz†SCebk~„aA„PYCSŠ9 -
    ƒN bk~„ 'Lf‡ z PCŠ9bS„• bJ9`„ luN LˆN'9  $LfˆS„ †z  'LOS^• 1b, bC‡`R9
    bk~„'Lf‡ƒ^%6LfŠ:|uj9
    a=ƒjŒB\„o_„‰t cAX•4ct+bxN!•Œ\ˆ„5`_Se b‚z!`Na=…tL‹N9 -
    ( ‫ ) ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬bOS_ˆ„ cAX• PBaxR †SB9 JL‹U ƒNL€ 9& 4Œ\ˆ„ J`SN• y…ˆ„LN o_„
    J`SN•9:ŒŠLV„‰C{…ˆ„‰CNbCO‚„4cu„PYCSŠ9:ŒŠLV„y…ˆ„LN@YS‹Sfˆ„ `„ŒSˆ„P}Lp„LN
    .7ƒ‚gbrŠ\„o_„bOtbk}'LCR'9bˆ„4LˆS[:3L‹=6Œ‚B‰„

    
    DC TO CONVERTER Af3Efb ?'9b o?/e

    zP{…S_‡#'L_‡ `t…t4Œk\„9bxj9…tb^PˆC~„bˆSf‡`AXPˆC}ƒBŒ\R#LS\RLŠLC[
    `[9bˆSf‡'`kˆ„‰‡bˆSfˆ„`AY„†C}

    z%%bR!&PuNb‡@XŒ‡aNa‡…tƒ^`„`AXbˆSf‡`AX‰‡L‹B`„L‡bˆŠ!•`Oˆ„†ru‡z
    ZCgbS„ bJ%!LŠŒ‚‡94Œ\ˆ„†Y[s‡LCf‚tMeL‹SR%%bS„PˆC}9cRb=Œ…C€ 1 > 100%9`[
    ‰‡ bCV€ z 5`_Sfˆ„ %%bS„9 PuNb‡ @XŒ‡ …t 4Œk\„ Muk„ ‰‡ ƒuYB %%bS„ PˆC} bO€ ‰‚„9
    cRb=Œ…C€ 20PC…ˆu„bJ9`„

    `AXz†‚\SŠJ`SN•9:ŒŠLV„!L{„MfŠz†‚\S„LN94Œˆ\‡…t@uNbˆ„@XŒˆ„ƒ^`Š„&`uN †U
    ƒCpSf‡fC,L‹x‡iJLk^‹\‹‡9&*L^.ŒŠ‰‡!•Œ\‡5`_SfŠ4`Oˆ„ L{€‰Cf\S„9:ŒŠLV„
    
    ZCgbSN 5Œ~R †U :ŒŠLV„ y…ˆ„LN L‡LˆR sNb‡ `AX #LSŠ• RECTANGULAR HYSTERESIS
    . 8ƒ‚gbrŠ:ŒŠLV„`AX

    
    A+ ?b afS0\(A
    #b^9  PuNbˆ„ PXŒˆ„LN Q1 'ŒSecŠbS„ PBaxR †SB9 C2 , R3 PˆC} z †‚\S„LN %%bS„ `B`\R †SB
    Q2 'ŒSecŠbS„ PBaxS„ sˆYˆ„ …t Lˆ=`[ 'Œp„ z ‰CS{…S_‡ ‰CR'Lg ‰t 'LOt Q1 'ŒSfŠbS„
    Lˆ=`[ ZSz &Lz 6Lf€LuS‡ 6L[LS{ˆ€ 6–ˆuB Q3, Q26'ŒSecŠbS„ Q3 PBaxS„ shˆ„ …t :b^•9
    `„ŒSB„a„9b^•yk‹„L‹U Q39PuNb‡ '9%ykŠL‹UƒjŒB Q2'ŒSecŠbS„Lz b^•|…w
     bp‹}…tƒ^`B:a„:ŒŠLV„!L{…‡…tsNb‡`AX`„ŒSBPC…t9J`SN•y…ˆ„LN@XŒˆ„sNb‡'LCR
    POeL‹ˆ„`AY„†Cr‹RP…‡L‚S‡†U C1†Cu‹S„yV‚ˆ„LA‹‡9`C[ŒR

    
    ‫ﺃﺧﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‬

    ‫
    ‬
    ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬

    ,';pJ #0(@V3b ,Ke0h,)J


    aKYb  ?%
    0)b,3b ,\ib ,T)3D ]i`f(aKYb  @%0D ?T.
    .,PSo R/32-)b,D •
    .,'b,PS pJ #0fQieA)Vb 0(@V3b ,Ke0h,)J •
    .,'b,PS
    pJ #?'9b ,fQie0h,)J •

    
    0)2#A3`bo A+ # ?b 0h,)J
    kcS?f3T2kh#A3`b ,'8$o0<8,ib 0h,)Kb 0)cfS!
    ƒpu„`uN9ƒO}(LAY„%•Pr[–ˆ„ Œ} -1

    bJ9% `tƒ[b‡„LAˆCf~R9(LAY„ƒC…\RP}% -2

    L=bk[9ƒpu…„P…ˆS\ˆ„LOe•!•LˆS[PC{kR -3

    0\.,Eb  jP>cbk<)Mj2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬

    MYBƒpu„a=PŠLCjz`OŠ6ƒO} bgŒgbC{jLYCYm"`\BQeL€ŒB%'(LAXL‹B`„
    6Œ‚B`}@Š•Pt&•!Lp\‡sˆYN6Œ‚B69X'L^'`k‡:‰tLYRLŠdC„bC{k„a=6`€LS„
    (LAY„%•Pr[–ˆ„ Œ~N„9• Œp_„zL‹{j9L‡a=9L‡Pp\‡4Le'yum‰tLˆXLŠ

    (LAY„ƒ‹t b‚z1buB‰ˆ„•„&‹fSB•9 bJ`„z@ŠL‚‡`B`\RMYBƒpu„‰‡LŠ`€LR6`uN


    |B%L‹j `t„@ˆCf~R|Bb,‰t(LAY„ƒˆt b‚z‰COBofO‡\CmŒR†e'}9`‹k„op_ˆ„9
    (LAY„ bJ%ƒC…\RP}`NPCŠLV„ Œp_„z7LŠ`k}L‡a=9  %`\‡P{C-9LA‹‡ƒ‚„

    € P}`NLAk\{R9cX•7aA„!'LOS^•PC…ˆt`ORƒpu…„LOOe6Œ‚R6‰‚ˆBS„cX•`B`\R`uN
    P…ˆS\ˆ„LOe•PC{kSNPV„LV„ Œp_„zLŠ`k}L‡a=9P{„LS„PCŠ9bS‚„•bjL‹u„9bk‹u…„i…_Š
    ƒpu…„

    0(@V3b ,Ke0h,)J

    =9PuJLg4Lpt@„PBaxS„'`k‡9P~NLf„!Œp_„d{ŠsOSŠPBaxR'`k‡PŠLCj`‹t

    b{j#b_„`AXPˆC} -1
    s}ŒSˆ„‰t l{_‹‡#b_„`AXPˆC} -2
    #b_„`AYN#ŒˆS„ %LB( -3
    #b_„`AXPˆC}.L{R' -4

     
    &e,%,j<ce

    ?; #0(@V2?Kfb1[jb HYhkXaPSgeA6^


    ?<(! g`f(o -1

    ?'9b ,Y>h Rejf3b kX,(#?;a)<3Eep6fX

    ‫ﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬b ,3<2 ,D,)\b  "@% a6e !o ,)3b  ,)\b A3)ejXo  ?>3E2 ,e ,h -2
    Z(A gS  ,)3b  ,33D  d5 ge# ,e#,\fb # j'9b  ,)[ kcS  ,/3=o  B^A33EX
    ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻡ‬

    AYJA>b ?'80f)[#o aPTb


    ‫ﺍﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬

    `AY„sB(ŒRP[Œ…NbAk‹ˆ„9 bJ`„s,L}ZSzƒkz -1

    oJL\„LN cBbO„`AY„#b_‡9ƒCxhS„$LS{‚‡9P}Lp„ƒNL€y…R -2

    4Œ\ˆ„LNy…R -3

    `C[ŒS„ bJ%PBLˆ[P‡9L~‡ZSz -4

    "9`\„'%LŠa=9!`[Œˆ„`[LNƒkz -5

    ƒ^`„`AXs‡„ŒRƒkSˆ„`AY„ytLn‡yV‚‡9ZCgbS„ bJ%ƒkz -6

    : ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
    z MOfSˆ„ cY„ `C\R L‹C…t ƒAfC„ D,C,B,A  ,L~Š sN' `‹t Pˆf~‡ L=`YŠ 1 ƒ‚g bJ`„ z
    b{k…„`AY„,ŒO=

    bJ`„s,L}bAk‹ˆ„y…R…t„&4%b{j:9LfB B`AX9 220:9LfB A`AX6L€& -

    PBLˆ[P‡9L~‡…t„&4%b{j:9LfB C`AX9 220:9LfB B`AX:9LfB A`AX6L€& -


    `C[ŒS„ bJ%

    ‫ = ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬D ?'8#220 = C?'8 B?'8 A?'8!,^  -


    &<3X
     
    A>b ?'80f)[,Y>h kh,6b aPTb
    ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬

    bCO€'LCRM\fBƒˆ\„ -1

    o_„`AXPBaxS„'`k‡ƒ^%`AX+L{_Š -2

    `C[ŒS„ bJ%PBLˆ[P‡9L~‡ %LB( -3

    †Cu‹S„yV‚‡y…R -4

    `C[ŒS„ bJ%y…R -5

    :%GCzbCO€'LCRM\fB`}:a„ƒˆ\„ bJ%zcX%b\‡6Œ‚RL‡ %LtPBaxS„'`k‡ bJ%


    'LCS„ Pzbu‡ MYB „a„9 PBaxS„ '`kˆN y…R : "9`[ 69% #b_„ 69% #b_„ `AX +L{_Š•
    7a=9`AY„+L{_Š!•L[zŒ\fˆ„'LCS…N@Š'L~R€PB%Lu„19br„zƒˆ\„@O\fB:a„
    'LCS„)LC~„LACz#LS\RS„!•L\„:`[

    C2,C1,  bOS_‹z PBaxS„ bJ% 'LOS^ z `OŠ @„ ‰‹~ˆ„ 'LCS„ M\fB ƒˆ\„ 6 ‰‡ `€FS„ `‹t
    `C[ŒS„ bJ%Rs

     
    Fig.(2)

    A>b ?'9.jf3b ,(4b,6b aPTb


    ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬
    ƒˆ\„'LCR %LB( -1

    ZCgbS„ bJ`NyV‚‡y…R -2

    Lˆ‡V[ƒ^%&Zgb‡„:Œue&Zgb‡‰‡Zgbˆ„4Œ\B C1y…R2ƒ‚g bJ`„z


    #ŒˆS„`BcB„LS„LN9#b_„`AXƒ…~B

    …t„&4%#ŒˆS„4(6Lz:(ŒS„…tyV‚‡@u‡ƒjŒŠ bJ`„LNŒ=9 C1y…R‰‡`€FS…„9


    @‹‡•`N`B`Y„yV‚ˆ„ƒjŒŠ9@‡L\„{‹zy…R C1…t6

    #b_„`AX.L{R'sNb„ƒpu„

    Pu}ŒSˆ„LOe•

    ƒˆ\„cX`[LNy…S„ƒˆ\„'LCR+L{_Š -1

    @f{ŠPBaxS„'`kˆNƒkSRLOe3L‹=dC„@Š:

     
    ?'9b ,fQie0h,)J
    ?'9b ,fQifb0T+,Gb ,PSo
    b{j#b_„`AX -1

    #b_„`AX+L{_Š -2

    #b_„`A[.L{R' -3

    `AY„†Cr‹RŒe -4

    #ŒˆS„ %LB( -5

     'b\„PX'%.L{R' -6

    WCYm9b~Š!Œj.Lˆe -7

    '`k‡bJ9%PC~N‰tbr‹„lxN`AY„†r‹‡ bJ%zLA„P…ˆS\ˆ„LOe•b€a‹e4Lpt•a=
    LAS‡–e‰‡`€LS„9L='LOS^†R6Œ‚B6`N•7aAz†Cr‹S„P…[b‡ƒO}PBaxS„

     
    AYJA>b ?'8#o aPTb

    0)P>b ,fQifb kX0T[j3fb  ,/Do

    #b_„`AX5`uŠL[bS{‡6L€&@ŠLz`AY„†Cr‹R‰t4ŒKfˆ„'ŒSecŠbRy…R -1

    6L€ 6Lz 'ŒSecŠbS„ `tL} )LC~N „& ‰‡ `€FS„ ‰‚ˆB9 „ŒS„ 'ŒSecŠbR PBaxR bJ% y…R -2
    P[ŒS{‡ R2QŠL€&3ƒ‚h„{z$ŒS{‡'ŒSecŠbS„Lz•9PBaxS„ bJ`NMpu„6L€b{j
    'ŒSecŠbS„ `tL~„`AX:ƒkB‰…z

     `tL~„PBaxR bJ`„`JLt„&9'ŒSecŠbS„ `tL}`AX+L{_Š -3

    #b_„…tbk}"9`[ -4

    Fig.(3)

     
    0)N/ib ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬
    †Cr‹S„'ŒSecŠbRy…R -1

    'ŒSecŠbS„ `tL~„PBaxˆ„bJ9`„LNy…R -2

    ƒˆ\„…tbk}"9`[ -3

    zbCO€bU@„L=%%bR9@XŒˆ„ƒ‚g6•PnO‹„!Lˆr‹ˆ„'LOS^zŒ‚eŒ…Ce9•5`_Seƒn{B9
    %%bS„!•Œ\ˆ„†U'ŒSecŠbS…„L‹…~SŠPˆC…eQŠL‡6Lz `tL~…„PBaxˆ„bJ9`„'LOS^•9†SB9LAS{C-9
    . (4ƒ‚h„brŠ!L\gb‡9!`[Œ‡9!L{…‡‰‡LAC…BL‡9…u„

    L‹Uƒˆ\„‰tPBaxS„'`k‡ƒnzMYCzsXb„'LCS„‰‡`\…„Pˆˆk‡`AY„†r‹‡ bJ%QŠL€&9
    PŠLCk„

    Fig.(4)

    A>b ?'8,Y>h kh,6b aPTb


    ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬

     
    `AX 'LOS^LN `OŠ9 `tL~„ `AX +L{_Š MOf„9  b{j #b_„ `AX  49• ƒpu„ LOe d{Š =
    MOf„Pzbuˆ„Lp_„bO‚‡9uXbˆ„`AY„LNPjL_„ bJ`„†U†Cr‹S„bk‹t'ŒSecŠbS„ `tL}
     `tL~„`AX+L{_Š'9

    LOe• = 7a=  MBbfR @N yV‚ˆ„ 9 L{„LR b‹Bc„ 9 bCO€ R2  6Œ‚R `} 5 ƒ‚g bJ`„ {z
    †_n‡zLOe•bk\‹R6ƒ‚g bJ`„zLˆ‹CN'ŒSecŠbS„ `tL}`AX`AX+L{_Š•P…ˆS\ˆ„
    `AY„cY‡9 R1P‡9L~ˆ„9b‹Bc„9!LC…ˆu„

    Fig (5)

    A>b ?'8,Y2 4b,6b aPTb

    0)P>b ,fQifb kX0T[j3fb  ,/Do

    .‫ ﻗﺼﺮ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻰ‬-1

    ‰‡bV€+bu‡ŒAza„9@z9b-9ƒCxhS„‰‡cNbULR bJ`„bjL‹tbV€Œ='ŒSecŠbS„a=9
    `AY„s{RbCzPCzb,‰CN`AX:…ASfB•9…f€ƒˆuB@{…R`‹t9y…S…„ bJ`„bjL‹t‰‡ bCw
    ƒˆ\„…t
    
    ‰C=LYR•zsˆYˆ„9shˆ„‰CNP‡9L~ˆ„)LC~N bJ`„‰‡@…kz69%'ŒSecŠbS„'LOS^‰‚ˆB9
    !L{V‚ˆ„ƒ€vBb{R9PBaxS„'`k‡ƒkzPr[–‡s‡'ŒSecŠbS„y…R‰‡LŠ`€LRb{jQŠL€6Lz
    'LOS^•ƒO}

    0)N/ib ,YQifb kX0T[j3fb  ,/Do

    'ŒSecŠbS„…ˆt…tbCO€bCULR!&LAŠ•`AY„:cY‡9Fp_„bO‚‡9'ŒSecŠbS„y…R -1

    …t LˆS[ bUGCe aAz PBaxS„ '`k‡ 'ŒYN 4Le' (LAX ƒV‡ X'L^ !LNaN& '`k‡ %ŒX9 -2
    PBŒ}!•LY‡:LNbULS„‰tPBaxS„'`k‡ bJ%4ct5L‚[MYCzPBaxS„'`k‡aNa‡ bJ%

    ?'9b d)Qi2jDR. Ab aPTb

    ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬

    @NMBbfR9 †Cu‹S„yV‚ˆNZSz -1

    ƒˆ\„LNP~…uS‡Lp^ -2

    bULSB'ŒSecŠbS„6•PjL^P{kNPCnO‹„!L{r‹ˆ„P„L[z@NPBL‹u„MYB†Cr‹S„Œe9
    !%%bS„LNbCV€

    s‡ bˆSfˆ„ `AY„  XŒˆ„ ƒ‚h„ 6L€ 6Lz  'Lg• †e' Œ‚eŒ…Ce• 5`_Se ƒnz•9
    7aA„5L\…„,L~Ši\{R9!–‡L‚Sˆ„'9LYRS„ …RPjL^9!L{V‚ˆ„i\{‹…zyC{,aNaR
    `CX!L{V‚ˆ„

    #b_„`AX!LOV„POf‹„LNPCˆ=•PBLwz C3,C2,C1!L{V‚ˆ„6ƒ‚g bJ`„{z

    A>b ?'9.,MjNb #jf3b ,(Ce,>b aPTb


    ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬

    y…S„PuBbeLAŠLzPCJLCˆC‚„PjL^9!L{V‚ˆ„y…R -1

    P‹‹~ˆ„†C~„‰tLAN 'b\„PX'%.L{R'Lz`AY„†Cr‹SNPjL_„'ŒSecŠbS„9!–‡L‚Sˆ„ -2
    LmŒn„'`k‡sOSS„ (LSˆ‡ %Œ‚eŒ…Ce•9#ŒˆS„ %LB(9LmŒn„MOfR

    †C~„ …t LASuXb‡9 `AY„9 'LCS„ †C} PuXb‡ M\B 'b\„ PX'% .L{R' L‹r[• &9
    .LA„P‹‹~ˆ„

    
    7)9M#A\hjJ,fD,Eb aPTb

    ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬

    6LfŠ•sˆe!%%bR2LpŠz@„Œ^%„aNaˆ„LN:%GCe„&6•PCnO‹„!Lˆr‹ˆ„zƒˆ\„ %LB(
    PuNbˆ„@XŒˆ„PYCSŠb~Š 'ŒjzsOhS„9sp~„‰CN'ŒSecŠbS„%%bR6LfŠ•sˆfSz

    
    
    ‫ﺃﺧﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ‬

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