= 1.

66 x 10–27 kg
AP Chemistry
6_elec_struct_2_of_4_line_spectra.pptx (actual p+ mass
is ~1.673 x 10–27 kg)

= 3.3 x 10–10 m

Unit 06
= 0.33 nm

Page 8 of 11
A wave is smeared out through space, i.e., its location

is not precisely deTned. Since maVer exhibits wave

characteristics, there are limits to how precisely we

can deTne a paMicle’s (e.g., an e–’s) location.

-- the limitation also applies to a paMicle’s... momentum

-- Heisenberg’s unceMainty principle:

It is impossible to know simultaneously

BOTH the exact momentum of a paMicle

AND its exact location in space.

Δ = “unceMainty in”

6_elec_struct_1_of_4_ …
h = Planck’s const.
6_elec_struct_3_of_4_…

Werner Heisenberg
PPT
(It is inappropriate 1
to imagine an e– as a solid paMicle moving in a PPT 2
well-deTned orbit.) (1901–1976)

Page 9 of 11
Schrodinger’s wave equation (1926) accounts for

both wave and paMicle behaviors of e–.

where h-bar
(for a non-relativistic
V is the is the
paMicle
potential reduced
of energy, Planck’s
mass m and
w/no constant
Ψelectric
is the wave (=h/2π),
charge
function)
and zero spin,

6_elec_struct_4_of_4_… 6_elec_struct_2_of_4_l…
-- Solutions to the wave equation

yield wave functions, symbolized

PPT 3 PPT 4
by Ψ, which have no physical
meaning, but Ψ2 at any point in

space gives the probability that

you’ll Tnd an e– at that point. Ψ2

is called the probability density,

Erwin Schrodinger
which gives the electron density.
(1887–1961)

Page 10 of 11
-- Orbitals describe a speciTc distribution of electron

density in space.

6_elec_struct_stunotes_f11.docx

Guided Notes
Each orbital has a characteristic shape and energy.

Page 11 of 11

(“Not.”)

(Well, theory says that there ARE g orbitals, but they don’t look like
this.)

6_wp_2013.docx
We also
Thethink
lanthanides
g orbitals
andexist,
actinides
and they
contain
look flike
orbitals.
this…

HW Packet
Page 10 / 11