Laboratory VII

An Electronics Laboratory

Víctor Valenzuela
 Contents

Contents i

1 Laboratory Practices 1
1.1 Introduction to Analog Circuits and Operational Amplifier . . 1
1.2 Impedance and Frequency Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Nonlinear Circuits: Diodes and Rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.4 Nonlinear Circuits: Diodes, Frequency Multipliers and Logic
Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.5 Diodes Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

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 CHAPTER 1

Laboratory Practices

1.1 Introduction to Analog Circuits and Operational

Amplifier

1.2 Impedance and Frequency Response

1.3 Nonlinear Circuits: Diodes and Rectifiers

1.4 Nonlinear Circuits: Diodes, Frequency Multipliers and

Logic Gates
Voltage Multipliers
Assemble and characterize the proposed electronic circuits. You can extend
these schemes as far as you want, producing what’s called a Cockcroft-Walton
generator; these are used in arcane applications (such as particle accelerators)
and in everyday applications (such as image intensifiers, air ionizers, laser
copiers, and even bug zappers) that require a high dc voltage but hardly any
current.

Voltage Doubler
The circuit shown in Fig. 1.1 is called a voltage doubler (frequency). It is a
full-wave rectifier circuit because both halves of the input waveform are used.
The ripple frequency is twice the AC frequency (120 Hz for the 60 Hz line
voltage in Mexico).

Voltage Tripler
The circuit shown in Fig. 1.2 is called a voltage tripler (frequency). The ripple
frequency is three times the AC frequency (120 Hz for the 60 Hz line voltage in
Mexico).

Voltage Quadrupler
The circuit shown in Fig. 1.3 is called a voltage quadrupler (frequency). The
ripple frequency is four times the AC frequency (120 Hz for the 60 Hz line
voltage in Mexico).

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1. Laboratory Practices

Figure 1.1: Doubler fig:doubler

Figure 1.2: Tripler fig:tripler

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 1.5. Diodes Gates

Figure 1.3: Quadrupler fig:quadrupler

1.5 Diodes Gates

Another application of diodes, is to pass the higher of two voltages without
affecting the lower. A good example is battery backup, a method of keeping
something running (e.g, the “real-time clock” chip in a computer, which keeps
a running count of date and time) that must continue running even when the
device is switched off.

OR Gate
OR gate has two or more inputs and only one output. The output of the OR
gate is HIGH if one or more inputs are HIGH. Circuit diagram of two input,
positive logic OR gate using diodes and a resistor is shown in Fig. 1.4. In this
logic gate circuit,Va and Vb are inputs and Vout is output. These symbols can
take only two values either LOW or HIGH.

AND Gate
AND gate has two or more inputs and only one output. The output of logic
AND gate is HIGH if all inputs are HIGH. For other input, the output is LOW.
Circuit diagram of two-input AND gate using diodes and a resistor is shown
Fig. 1.5. Here Va and Vb are inputs and Vout is output.

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1. Laboratory Practices

Figure 1.4: OR Gate fig:ORgate

Figure 1.5: AND Gate fig:ANDgate