NATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL OF MEXICO

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF OAXACA

CIVIL ENGINEERING
SEMESTER: AUGUST - DECEMBER 2022

ENGLISH B1M2

EXERCISE
INVESTIGATION ABOUT CANADA
POLITICS AND GEOGRAPHY

TEACHER
RIVAS CASTELLANOS JOSE RICARDO

ROOM 4:
LÓPEZ SANTIAGO ERWIN GEOVANNI

DATE: MONDAY, OCTOBER 03, 2022

POLITICS AND GEOGRAPHY – ROOM 4

POLITICAL CONDITIONS

Canada is considered by most sources to be a very stable democracy. In 2006, The Econo-

mist ranked Canada the third-most democratic nation in its Democracy Index, ahead of all other
nations in the Americas and ahead of every nation more populous than itself. In 2008, Canada
was ranked World No. 11 and again ahead of all countries more populous and ahead of other sta-
tes in the Americas.

More recently, with the existence of strong third parties and first past the post electorates
amongst other factors, Canada on a federal and provincial level has experienced huge swings in
seat shares, where third parties (eg NDP, Reform) end up (usually briefly) replacing the Liberals,
the Progressive Conservatives or the Conservatives as the main opposition or even the govern-
ment and leaving them as a rump. Such federally examples include the 1993 federal election with
the collapse of the Progressive Conservatives, and the 2011 election leaving the Liberal Party a
(temporary) rump along with Bloc Québécois. Other examples include the changes of fortune for
the Albertan NDP during the province’s 2015 and 2019 elections, and possibly the 2018 Quebec
elections with the rise of Coalition Avenir Québec taking government out of Liberal and Parti
Québécois.

PARTY SYSTEMS
According to recent scholars, there have been four party systems in Canada, at the federal level
since Confederation, each with its own distinctive pattern of social support, patronage relations-
hips, leadership styles, and electoral strategies. Political scientists disagree on the names and pre-
cise boundaries of the eras, however. Steve Patten identifies four party systems in Canada's politi-
cal history.
 REFERENCES

 Anne Westhues; Brian Wharf (2014). Canadian Social Policy: Issues and Perspecti-
ves. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. pp. 10–11.