CLEMENTE, JOSE FERNANDO B.

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS – Learning Task 5

BSCpE – 2B November 16, 2021

1. List the members of these sets.

a) {x ∣ x is a real number such that x = 1} - {−1,1}
2

b) {x ∣ x is a positive integer less than 12} - {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11}

c) {x ∣ x is the square of an integer and x < 100} - {1,4,9,16,25,36,49,64,81}
d) {x ∣ x is an integer such that x = 2} - {ϕ}
2

e) {x | x is a multiple of 3 ∧ 0 ≤ x ≤ 12} - {0,3,6,9,12}

2. For each of the following sets, determine whether 2 is an element of

that set.
a) {x ∈ R|x is an integer greater than 1} – 2 is an element of the set A
b) {x ∈ R|x is the square of an integer} – 2 does not belong to set B
c) {2,{2}} – 2 is the element of set C = {2,{2}}
d) {{2},{{2}}} – The element 2 does not belong to set D = {{2},{{2}}
e) {{2},{2,{2}}} – The element 2 does not belong to set E = {{2},{2,{2}}}
f) {{{2}}} – The element 2 does not belong to set F = {{{2}}}

3. Determine whether each of these statements is true or false.

a) 0 ∈ ∅ - FALSE
b) ∅ ∈ {0} – FALSE
c) {0} ⊂ ∅ - TRUE
d) ∅ ⊂ {0} – TRUE
e) {0} ∈ {0} – FALSE
f) {0} ⊂ {0} – FALSE
g) {∅} ⊆ {∅} – TRUE
h) ∅ ∈ {∅} – TRUE
i) ∅ ∈ {∅, {∅}} – TRUE
j) {∅} ∈ {∅} – FALSE
k) {∅} ∈ {{∅}} – TRUE
l) {∅} ⊂ {∅, {∅}} – TRUE
m) {{∅}} ⊂ {∅, {∅}} - TRUE
n) {{∅}} ⊂ {{∅}, {∅}} - FALSE

4. Let A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y}, and C = {0, 1}. Find

a) A × B × C -
{(a,x,0),(a,x,1),(a,y,0),(a,y,1),(b,x,0),(b,x,1),(b,y,0),(b,y,1),(c,x,0),(c,x,1),(c,y,0),(c,y,1)}

b) C × B × A -
{(x,0,a),(x,0,b),(x,0,c),(x,1,a),(x,1,b),(x,1,c),(y,0,a),(y,0,b),(y,0,c),(y,1,a),(y,1,b),(y,1,c)}

c) C × A × B -
{(0,a,x),(0,a,y),(0,b,x),(0,b,y),(0,c,x),(0,c,y),(1,a,x),(1,a,y),(1,b,x),(1,b,y),(1,c,x),(1,c,y)}

d) B × B × B - {(x,x,x),(x,x,y),(x,y,x),(x,y,y),(y,x,x),(y,x,y),(y,y,x),(y,y,y)}

5. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {0, 3, 6}. Find

a) A ∪ B – {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}
b) A ∩ B – {3}
c) A – B – {1,2,4,5}
d) B – A – {0,6}
 6. Let A = {a, b, c, d, e} and B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}. Find
a) A ∪ B - {a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h}
b) A ∩ B – {a,b,c,d,e}
c) A – B - {ϕ}
d) B – A – {f,g,h}

7. A, B, and C are subsets of a set S. Prove the following set identities using the basic set
identities listed in this section. Give a reason for each step. State the dual of each of these
identities.
a. (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ B′) = A – (A ∩ (B∪B’) = [using De Morgan’s Law]
- A ∩ S = [S is universal set B∪B’ = S]
- A = [ A ∴ A ⊆ S]
b. ([(A ∩ C ) ∩ B] ∪ [(A ∩ C ) ∩ B′]) ∪ (A ∩ C )′ = S – [(A∩)∩B] ∪ [B’ ∩(A∩C)] ∪ (A∩C)’
- [(A∩C) ∩ (B∪B’)] ∪ (A∩C)’ = [Apply De Morgan’s Law]
- [(A∩C) ∩ S] ∪ (A∩C)’
- [(A∩C) ∪ (A∩C)’] = [ ∴ A∩C ⊆ S]
- S = [S is universal set]
c. (A ∪ C ) ∩ [(A ∩ B) ∪ (C′ ∩ B)] = A ∩ B – (A ∪ C) ∩ (B ∩(A ∪ C’) = [Using De Morgan’s Law]
- (A ∪ C) ∩ B ∩ (A ∪ C’) = [By Commutative Property of Intersection of Sets]
- B ∩ (A ∪ C)∩(A ∪ C’) = [By Associativity]
- B ∩ [A ∪ (C∩C’)] = [De Morgan’s Law]
- B ∩ [A ∪ ϕ]
-B∩A=A∩B
d. A ∩ (B ∪ A′) = B ∩ A - A ∩ (B ∪ A′)
- (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ A) = [Distributive Law]
- (A ∩ B) ∪ (ϕ) = [Intersection of A & A is empty since A ∪ A’ = S]
-A∩B
- B ∩ A = [Commutative Law]
- RHS = B ∩ A
e. (A ∪ B) − C = (A − C ) ∪ ( B − C ) – RHS = (A-C) ∪ (B-C)
- (A∩C’) ∪ (B∩C’) = [Get difference (A-B) = A∩B’
- (A∪B)∩C’ = [Distributive]
- RHS = (A∪B) – C = [Get difference]
- LHS = (A∪B) – C
f. (A − B) − C = (A − C ) – B – LHS = (A-B) – C
- LHS = (A∩B’) – C = [Get difference]
- LHS = (A∩B’) ∩ C’ = [Get difference]
- LHS = A∩(B’∩C’) = [Associative Law]
- LHS = A∩(C’∩B’) = [Commutative Law]
- LHS = (A∩C’)∩B’ = [Associative Law] - i
- RHS = (A-C)-B
- RHS = (A∩C’)-B = [Get difference]
- RHS = (A∩C’)∩B’ = [Get difference] - ii