Supplementary Problems

Tugas ini disusun guna memenuhi tugas

Mata Kuliah logika Matematika dan himpunan

Dosen Pengampu: Rima Aksen Cahdriyana, M. Pd.

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

UNIVERSITAS AHMAD DAHLAN

2021
 A. SETS AND SUBSETS

1.41 Which of the following sets are equal?

A={x : x 2−4 x +3=0} C={x : x ∈ P , x <3 } E={1,2 } G={3,1}

B={ x : x 2−3 x+ 2=0 } D={x : x ∈ P , x is odd , x< 3 } F={1,2,1 } H={1,1,3 }

Answer :

A={ x=1∨ x=3 }={1,3 }

B= { x=1 ∨ x=2 }={1,2 }

C={ 1,2 }

D= {1,3 }

E={ 1,2 }

F={ 1,2,1 }

G={3,1}

H={1,1,3 }

Equal:

B=C=E=F

A=D=G=H

1.42 List the elements of the following sets if the universal set is U ={a , b , c , … , y , z }
furthermore, identify which of the sets, if any, are equal.

A={x : x is a vowel } C={x : x precedes f ∈the alphabet }

B={ x : x is a letter∈the word little } D={x : x isa letter ∈the word title}

Answer:

A={ a , i , u , e , o }

B={l, i ,t , e }

C={a ,b , c , d , e }

D={t , i ,l , e }
 Equal:

B=D={l ,i , t , e }

1.43 Let

A={1,2,3 , … , 8,9} B={2,4,6,8} C={1,3,5,7,9 } D={3,4,5 } E={3,5 }

Which of the above sets can equal a set X under each of the following conditions?

a) X and B are disjoint b) X ⊆ D but X ⊈ B

c) X ⊆ A but X ⊈ C d) X ⊆ C but X ⊈ A

Answer:

a) X =C
b) X =E
c) X =B
d) Himpunan kosong ( { } )

1.44 Consider the following sets:

A={a } B={c ,d } C={a ,b , c , d } D={a , b } E={a , b , c , d , e }

Insert the correct symbol , ⊆or ⊈, between each pair of sets:

(a) ∅ , A (c) A , B (e) B ,C (g) C , D

(b) D , E (d) D , A (f) D , C (h) B , D

Answer:
a) ∅ ⊆ A
b) D ⊆ E
c) A ⊈ B
d) D ⊈ A
e) B⊆C
f) D ⊆ C
g) C ⊈ D
h) B ⊈ D

B. SET OPERATIONS

1.45 Let U= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} be the universal set and let :

 A={1,2,5,6 } B={2,5,7 } C={1,3,5,7,9 }

Find :

a) A ∩B and A ∩C
b) A ∪ B and A ∪ C
c) Ac and Cc

Answer:

a) A ∩ B = {2,5} A ∩C = {1,5}
b) A ∪ B = {1,2,5,6,7} A ∪ C = {1,2,3,5,6,7,9}
c) Ac = {3,4,7,8,9} Cc = {2,4,6,8}

1.46 For sets in Problem 1.45, find:

a ¿ A ¿ dan A ¿ b ¿ A ⨁ B dan A ⨁ C

Answer:
a) A ¿=A−B
{ 1,2,5,6 } −{ 2,5,7 }
{ 1,6 }

A ¿=A−C
{ 1,2,5,6 } −{ 1,3,5,7,9 }
{ 2,6 }

b) A ⨁ B=( A ∪B )−( A ∩ B )
{ 1,2,5,6,7 } −{ 2,5 }
{ 1,6,7 }

A ⨁ C=( A ∪C )− ( A ∩C )

{ 1,2,3,5,6,7,9 }− {1,5 }

{ 2,3,6,7,9 }

1.47 For sets in Problem 1.45,

 A={1,2,5,6 } B={2,5,7 } C={1,3,5,7,9 }
find:
a ¿( A ∪C )¿ b ¿( A ∪ B)c c ¿(B ⊕C )¿

Answer:

a) (A∪C)\B
→ {1,2,3,5,6,7,9} \ {2,5,7} = {1,3,6,9 }

b) (A∪B)c

→ {1,2,5,6,7}c = {3,4,8,9 }

c) (B⊕C)\A

→ ({B \ C}∪{C \ B }) \ A

→ ({2}∪{1,3,9}) \ {1,2,5,6 }

→ {1,2,3,9} \ {1,2,5,6 }= {3,9}

1.48 Let A={ a , b , c , d , e } , B= { a ,b ,d , f , g } ,C= { b , c , e , g , h } , D={ d , e , f , g , h } . Find :

a ¿ A ∪B c ¿ B ∩C e ¿C ¿ g ¿ A ⊕B
b¿C∩D d¿A ∩D f ¿D¿ h¿ A ⊕C

Answer:

a) A ∪B ={a ,b , c , d , e , f , g }
b) C∩D ={e , g ,h }
c) B∩ C = {b , g }
d) A∩D = {d , e }
e) C¿ = {b , c }
f) D¿ = {f , g ,h }
g) A ⊕B = {c , e , f , g }
h) A ⊕C = {a , d , g , h }

1.49 For the sets in Problem 1.48, find:

 (a) A ∩ ( B∪ D ) (c)( A ∪ D ) ∖C (e) ( C ∖ A ) D (g) ( A ∩ D ) ∖(B∪ C )
(b) B ∖(C ∪ D) (d) B∩ C ∩ D (f) ( A ⊕ D) B (h) ( A ∖ C ) ∩(B ∩ D)

Answer:

(a) A ∩ ( B∪ D ) = {a, b, d, e} (e) ( C ∖ A ) D ={ }

(b) B ∖(C ∪ D) = {a} (f) ( A ⊕ D) B ={c, h}
(c)( A ∪ D ) ∖C = {a, d, f} (g) ( A ∩ D ) ∖(B∪ C ) ={ }
(d) B∩ C ∩ D ={g} (h) ( A ∖ C ) ∩(B ∩ D) = {d, g}

1.52 Prove the absorption laws :

a ¿ A ∪ ( A ∩B )= A b ¿ A ∩ ( A ∪B )= A

Answer:

a) A ∪ ( A ∩B )= A

Ambil x ∈ A ∪ ( A ∩ B )

⟹ { x| x ∈ A ∪ x ∈( A ∩ B) }

⟹ { x| x ∈ A ∪ (x ∈ A ∩ x ∈ B) }

A ∪ ( A ∩B ) ⊆ A

Ambil x ∈ A

⟹ { x| x ∈ A ∪ x ∈ ( A ∩B ) }

x ∈ A ∪( A ∩ B)

Dari kedua proses diatas terbukti bahwa A ∪ ( A ∩B )= A

b) A ∩ ( A ∪ B )= A

Ambil x ∈ A ∩ ( A ∪B )

⟹ { x| x ∈ A ∩ x ∈( A ∪ B) }

⟹ { x| x ∈ A ∩(x ∈ A ∪ x ∈ B) }

A ∩ ( A ∪B ) ⊆ A
 Ambil x ∈ A

⟹ { x| x ∈ A ∩ x ∈ ( A ∪B ) }

x ∈ A ∩ ( A ∪B )

Dari kedua proses diatas terbukti bahwa A ∩ ( A ∪ B )= A

1.53 The formula A−B= A ⋂ Bc difference operation in terms of the operations of

intersection and complement. Find a formula that defines the union A ⋃ B in terms
of the operations of intersection and complement.

Answer:
A ⋃ B={ x|x ∈ A ∪ x ∈ B }
A ⋃ B={ x|(x ∉ Ac ∩ x ∉ Bc )c }
A ⋃ B=( A c ∩ Bc )c

1.54
a) Prove: A ∩ ( B ∖C )=( A ∩ B ) ∖ ( A ∩C )
b) Give an Example to show that A ∪( B ∖ C)≠( A ∪ B) ∖( A ∪ C)

Answer:

a) Pilih titik x∈A∖(B∩C)x∈A∖(B∩C).

Kemudian x∈Ax∈A, tetapi x∉B∩Cx∉B∩C.
Kondisi terakhir berarti bahwa baik x∉Bx∉B atau x∉Cx∉C (karena bukan
milik BB dan CC). Jadi x∈A∖Bx∈A∖B atau x∈A∖Cx∈A∖C. Yaitu,
x∈(A∖B)∪(A∖C)x∈(A∖B)∪(A∖C).
Lihatlah implikasi yang baru saja dibuktikan:
x∈A∖(B∩C)⟹x∈(A∖B)∪(A∖C).x∈A∖(B∩C)⟹x∈(A∖B)∪(A∖C).
Inilah tepatnya arti dari A∖(B∩C)⊆(A∖B)∪(A∖C)A∖(B∩C)⊆(A∖B)∪(A∖C).
Tetap dibuktikan bahwa (A∖B)∪(A∖C)⊆A∖(B∩C)(A∖B)∪(A∖C)⊆A∖(B∩C).
Anda dapat mengambilnya dari sini.

b) (MUTI)

C. VENN DIAGRAMS, ALGEBRA OF SETS, DUALITY

1.56 The Venn diagram in Fig. 1-7 shows sets A, B, C. Shade the following sets :

a) A ¿ B ∪C ¿ b) Aᶜ ∩( B ∩C ¿ c) ( A ∪ C)∩( B ∪C ¿

A B

Fig 1-17

A B A B A B

C C C

a) b) c)

1.57 Write the dual of each equation

a) A=( B C ∩ A ) ∪ ( A ∩ B )
b) ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ BC ) ∪ ( AC ∩ B ) ∪ ( A C ∩B C )=U

Answer:

a) A=( B C ∪ A ) ∩( A ∪B)
b) ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ BC ) ∩ ( AC ∪ B ) ∩ ( A C ∪ BC ) =∅

1.58 Use the laws in Table 1-1 to prove :

a) ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ BC ) = A
b) A ∪ B=( A ∩ BC ) ∪ ( AC ∩B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B)

Answer :

a) ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ BC ) = A
A ∩( BC ∪ B)=A
 A∩ U ¿ A

A=A

b) A ∪ B=( A ∩ BC ) ∪ ( AC ∩B ) ∪ ( A ∩ B )
A ∪ B=( A ∩ BC ) ∪[ B∩ ( B ∪ BC ) ]
A ∪ B=( A ∩ BC ) ∪¿ U¿
A ∪ B=( A ∩ BC ) ∪(B)
A ∪ B=( A ∪B ) ∩ ( BC ∪ B )
A ∪ B=( A ∪ B)∩ U
A ∪ B=¿ U¿ ∪ ¿ U¿
A ∪ B= A ∪ B

D. FINITE SETS AND THE COUNTING PRINCIPLE

1.59 Determine which of the following sets are finite:

a) lines parallel to the x axis
b) letters in the English alphabet
c) months in the year
d) animals living on the earth
e) circles through the origin (0,0)
f) positive multiple of 5.

Answer:

d) animals living on the earth

Karena jumlah binatang yang hidup di bumi ini terbatas (meskipun jumlahnya
cukup besar).

1.60 Given n ( U )=12, n ( B )=9, n ( A ∩ B )=4. Find:

a) n( A ∪ B) b) c) n(B c ) d) n( A ∖ B) e)
n( A c ) n( ∅)

Answer:
a) n ( A ∪ B )
¿ n ( A ) +n ( B )−n ( A ∩ B )
¿ 12+9−4
¿ 17

b) n ( A c )
 ¿ n ( U )−n ( B )
¿ 20−12
¿8

c) n(B c )
¿ n ( U )−n ( B )
¿ 20−9
¿ 11

d) n ( A/ B )
¿ n ( A )−n ( A ⋂ B )
¿ 12−4
¿8

e) n ( ∅ )=0

1.61 Among the 90 students in a dormitory, 35 own an automobile, 40 own a bicycle,

and 10 have both an automobile and a bicycle. Find the number of the students
who:
a) do not have an automobile.
b) have an automobile or a bicycle.
c) have neither an automobile nor a bicycle.
d) have an automobile or a bicycle, but not both.

Answer:

S
Mobil Sepeda

25 10 30

25

Hanya memiliki mobil

 35−10=25
 Hanya memiliki sepeda

 40−10=30

Tidak memiliki mobil dan sepeda ¿ x

 90=25+10+30+ x
90=65+ x

x=25

a) Tidak memiliki mobil

Hanya memiliki sepeda + tidak memiliki mobil dan sepeda
30+25=55

b) Memiliki mobil atau sepeda

Hanya memiliki mobil + Memiliki mobil dan sepeda + Hanya memiliki sepeda
25+10+30=65

c) Tidak memiliki mobil atau sepeda

Tidak memiliki keduanya ¿ 25

d) Memiliki mobil atau sepeda, tetapi tidak keduanya

Hanya memiliki mobil + Hanya memiliki sepeda
25+30=55

1.62 Among 120 Freshmen at a college, 40 take mathematics, 50 take English, and 15
take both mathematics and English. Find the number of the Freshmen who :
a) do not take mathematics
b) take mathematics or English
c) take mathematics, but not English
d) take English, but not mathematics
e) take exactly one of the two subjects
f) take neither mathematics nor English

Answer:

Misal diketahui :

S = Himpunan Semesta
A = Himpunan mahasiswa yang mengambil Matematika

B = Himpunan mahasiswa yang mengambil Bahasa Inggris

n(S)=120

n( A)=40

n(B)=50

n( A ∩ B)=15

a) do not take mathematics

n ( Ac ) = n (S) – n (A)

= 120 – 40

= 80

b) take mathematics or English

n (A ∪ B) = n (A) + n (B) – n (A ∩ B)

= 40 + 50 – 15

= 75

c) take mathematics, but not English

n (A\B) = n (A) - n (A ∩ B)

= 40 – 15

= 25

d) take English, but not mathematics

n (B\A) = n (B) - n (A ∩ B)

= 50 – 15

= 35

e) take exactly one of the two subjects

n (A ⊕ B) = n (A\B) ∪ n (B\A)

= 25 + 35

= 60
 f) take neither mathematics nor English

n ( A ∪ B ¿ ¿ c = n (S) - n (A ∪ B)

= 125 – 75

= 45

1.63 A survey on a simple of 25 new cars being sold at a local auto dealer was
conducted to see which of three popular options, air-conditioning (A), radio (R),
and power windows (W), were already installed. The survey found:

15 had air-conditioning 5 had air-conditioning and power windows

12 had radio 9 had air-conditioning and radio
11 had power windows 4 had radio and power wundows
3 had all three options

Find the number of cars that had: (a) only power windows, (b) only air-
conditioning, (c) only radio, (d) radio and power windows but not air-conditioning,
(e) air-conditioning and radio but not power windows, (f) only one of the options,
(g) at least one options, (h) none of the options.

Answers:

Use the data to first fill in the Venn diagram of A (air-conditioning), R (radio), W
(power windows) in fig. 1-19. Then: a) 5; (b) 4; (c) 2; (d) 4; (e) 6; (f) 11; (g) 23; (h)
2.

A R
6
4 2
3
2 1
5
W

Fig. 1-19

E. CLASSES OF SETS, POWER SETS

1.64 (DAMAR)

1.65 Let B = [ ∅ , {1 } , { 2,3 } , { 3,4 } ] .

List the elements of B and determine whether each of the following statement is
True or False:

a) 1∈B
b) {1} ⊆ B
c) {1} ∈ B
d) { 2,3 } ⊆ B
e) { {2.3 } } ⊆ B
f) ∅ ∈B
g) ∅ ⊆B
h) {∅ } ⊆ B

Answer:
a) False. 1 is not one of the elements of B.
b) False. { 1 } is not subset of B. it is one of the elements of B.
c) True. { 1 } is one of elements of B.
d) False. { 2,3 } is not subset of B. it is one of the elements of B.
e) True. { {2.3 } } the set consiting of the elements { 2,3 } is a subset of B.
f) True. The empty set ∅ is one of the four elements of B.
g) True. The empty set ∅ is a subset of every set. Even a collections of sets.
h) True. The empty set ∅ is a subset of every set. Even a collections of sets.

1.66 Let A={ 1,2,3,4,5 } .

a) Find the Power set P( A ) of A

To find the power set of P( A ) of A we used

n P( A ) =2n

5 P( A ) =25

P( A ) =32

Dengan rincian sebagai berikut:

a. Himpunan kosong = {}
b. Himpunan 1 anggota = {1}{2}{3}{4}{5}
 c. Himpunan 2 anggota = {1,2}{1,3}{1,4}{1,5}{2,3}{2,4}{2,5}{3,4}
{3,5}{4,5}
d. Himpunan 3 anggota = {1,2,3}{1,2,4}{1,2,5}{1,3,4}{1,3,5}{1,4,5}
{2,3,5}{2,3,5}{2,4,5}{3,4,5}
e. Himpunan 4 anggota = {1,2,3,4}{1,2,3,5}{1,2,4,5}{1,3,4,5}
{2,3,4,5}
f. Himpunan 5 Anggota = {1,2,3,4,5}

b) Find the subscollection of B of P ( A ) where each element of B consist element

of 1 and two other elements of A

{1,2,3}{1,2,4}{1,2,5}{1,3,4}{1,3,5}{1,4,5}

1.67 Find the power set ℘( A)of the set A in problem 1.64

Answer:

℘( A)={{},{a , b }, {c }, {d , e , f }, {a , b , c }, {a ,b ,d , e , f }, {c , d , e , f }, {a , b , c , d , e , f }}

1.68 Suppose A is a finite set and n ( A ) =m. Prove that ℘( A) has 2m elements.

Answer:

Kita coba mencari pola dengan mengamati jumlah elemen dalam himpunan
pangkat A , di mana A memiliki m elemen:

a. Jika A = {} (himpunan kosong), maka A tidak memiliki elemen selain P (A) =

{{}}, himpunan dengan satu elemen.
b. Jika A = {a}, maka A memiliki satu elemen dan P (A) = {{}, {a}}, satu set
dengan dua elemen.
c. Jika A = {a, b}, maka A memiliki dua elemen dan P (A) = {{}, {a}, {b}, {a,
b}}, himpunan dengan dua elemen.

Dalam semua situasi ini, sangat mudah untuk melihat himpunan  dengan sejumlah

kecil elemen bahwa jika ada sejumlah m elemen di A , maka himpunan P ( A )
memiliki 2m elemen.
Misalkan X adalah elemen sembarang dari P(A). Untuk setiap a € A, ada dua
kemungkinan, a € A atau a bukan himpunan bagian A. Karena ada m elemen di A,
ada 2 x 2 x 2 x ... x 2 (m faktor) = 2m himpunan berbeda X. Artinya, P(A) memiliki
2m elemen.