COMMUTATIVE Laws 

(a)  A B = B A (Set union is commutative)

(b)  A B = B A (Set intersection is commutative)

For the given sets A = { -10, 0, 1, 9, 2, 4,5} and B = {-1, -2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4},
verify that

(i) Set union is commutative. Also verify it by using Venn diagram.

(ii) Set intersection is commutative. Also verify it by using Venn diagram.

(a)   Let us verify that union is commutative. 

A ∪ B = { -10, 0, 1, 9, 2, 4, 5} ∪ {-1, -2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4}
A∪B = { -10, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9} ---------(1)
B ∪ A = {-1, -2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4} ∪ { -10, 0, 1, 9, 2, 4, 5} 
B ∪ A = { -10, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9} ---------(2)
From (1) and (2), we have 
A∪B=B∪A
By Venn diagram, we have 

Hence, it is verified that set union is commutative.

(b) Let us verify that union is commutative.
A B = { -10, 0, 1, 9, 2, 4, 5} {-1, -2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4}
A B = {2, 4, 5} ---------(1)
B A = {-1, -2, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4} { -10, 0, 1, 9, 2, 4, 5}
B A = {2, 4, 5} ---------(2)

From (1) and (2), we have

AB = B A
By Venn diagram, we have

Hence, it is verified that set intersection is commutative.

ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY

(a)  A (B C) = (A B) C (Set union is associative)

(b)  A (B C) = (A B) C (Set intersection is associative)

(a)

For the given sets A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6} and C = {5, 6, 7, 8}, verify
that A (B C) = (A B) C. Also verify it by using Venn diagram. 

Solution: 

Let us verify that set union is associative.

B C = {3, 4, 5, 6} {5, 6, 7, 8}
B C = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A (B C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A (B C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} ---------(1)

A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {3, 4, 5, 6}
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(A B) C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} {5, 6, 7, 8}
(A B) C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} ---------(2)

From (1) and (2), we have

A (B C) = (A B) C
By Venn diagram, we have

A (B C) (A B) C

Hence, it is verified that set union is associative.

(B)
For the given sets A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {a, c, e} and C = {a, e}, verify that A n
(B C) = (A B) C. Also verify it by using Venn diagram. 

Solution: 

Let us verify that set intersection is associative.

B C = {a, c, e} {a, e}
B C = {a, e}
A (BC) = {a, b, c, d} {a, e}
A (B C) = {a} ---------(1)

A B = {a, b, c, d} {a, c, e}
A B = {a, c}
(A B) C = {a, c} {a, e}
(A B) C = {a} ---------(2)

From (1) and (2), we have

A (B C) = (A B) C
By Venn diagram, we have

A (B C)    (A B) C

Hence, it is verified that set intersection is associative.

 DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY

(a)  A (B C) = (A B) (A C) (Intersection distributes over union)

(b)  A (BC) = (A B) (A C) (Union distributes over intersection)

(b) For the given sets A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, -2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and C = {2, 4,
6, 7}, verify that A (B C) = (A B) (A C). Also verify it by using Venn
diagram. 

Solution: 

Let us verify that union distributes over intersection.

B C = {1, -2, 3, 4, 5, 6}{2, 4, 6, 7}

BC = {4, 6}
A (B C) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} {4, 6}
A (B C) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6} ---------(1)

A B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} {1, -2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

A B = { -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A C = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} {2, 4, 6, 7}
A C = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7}
(A B) (AC) = { -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7}
(A B) (A C) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6} ---------(2)

From (1) and (2), we have

A (B C) = (AB) (AC)
By Venn diagram, we have

A (B C) (A B) (A C)

Hence, it is verified that union distributes over intersection

(A)

For the given sets A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, -2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and C = {2, 4, 6, 7},
verify that A n (BC) = (A B) (A C). Also verify it by using Venn diagram. 

Solution: 
 Let us verify that Intersection distributes over union.
B C = {1, -2, 3, 4, 5, 6} {2, 4, 6, 7}
B C = { -2, 1, 2,3,4,5,6,7}
A (B C) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} { -2, 1, 2,3,4,5,6,7}
A (B C) = {1,2,3,4} ……………… (1)

AB = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} {1, -2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

A B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
A C = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} {2, 4, 6, 7}
A C = {2,4}
(A B) (A C) = {1,2,3,4} ……………. (2)

From (1) and (2), we have

A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
By Venn diagram, we have

A (B C) (A B) (A C)

Hence, it is verified that Intersection distributes over union

De Morgan’s laws.

(I) (A U B)' = A' ∩ B' (which is a De Morgan's law of union).

(ii) (A ∩ B)' = A' U B' (which is a De Morgan's law of intersection).

If U = {j, k, l, m, n}, X = {j, k, m} and Y = {k, m, n}.

Proof of De Morgan's law: (X ∩ Y)' = X' U Y'.

Solution: 
U = {j, k, l, m, n}
X = {j, k, m}
Y = {k, m, n}
(X ∩ Y) = {j, k, m} ∩ {k, m, n}           
           = {k, m} 

(X ∩ Y)' = {j, l, n} ………………. (I)

X = {j, k, m}
X' = {l, n}
Y = {k, m, n}
Y' = {j, l}
X' ∪ Y' = {l, n} ∪ {j, l}

X' ∪ Y' = {j, l, n} ………………. (ii)

Combining (I)and (ii) we get;
(X ∩ Y)' = X' U Y'.          Proved

Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, P = {4, 5, 6} and Q = {5, 6, 8}. 

Show that (P ∪ Q)' = P' ∩ Q'.

Solution:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
P = {4, 5, 6}
Q = {5, 6, 8}

P ∪ Q = {4, 5, 6} ∪ {5, 6, 8} 

= {4, 5, 6, 8}
(P ∪ Q)' = {1, 2, 3, 7}   ………………. (I)
P = {4, 5, 6}
P' = {1, 2, 3, 7, 8}
Q = {5, 6, 8}
Q' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7}

P' ∩ Q' = {1, 2, 3, 7, 8} ∩ {1, 2, 3, 4, 7}

P' ∩ Q' = {1, 2, 3, 7}   ………………. (ii)

Combining (I)and (ii) we get;

(P ∪ Q)' = P' ∩ Q'.          Proved

By Venn diagram, we have

Hence, it is verified.

Idempotent
A A = A and laws
A A=A
Solution:
Let A= {9,18,27,36,45}
 • A A = {9,18,27,36,45} {9,18,27,36,45}
AA = {9,18,27,36,45}
So, Proved
AA = A

• A A = {9,18,27,36,45} {9,18,27,36,45}
A A = {9,18,27,36,45}
So, Proved
A A=A

AUA=A A n A=A

Complementation laws
A A = S,
AA=,
(A) = A,
S=,
and = S
Solution:
A ∪ A’ = U
A ∩ A’ = ∅

If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and A = {1, 2, 3} then A’ = {4, 5}.

A ∪ A’ = U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A ∩ A’ = ∅

(A’)’ = A
if U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and A = {1, 2 ,3} then A’
(A’)’ = {1, 2, 3} = A

∅’ = U And U’ = ∅.

By Venn diagram, we have

Identity laws
A S = S,
A S = A,
A = A, and A = .
Solution:
If S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and A = {1, 2, 3}

A S = {1, 2, 3} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A S = S,

A S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {1, 2, 3}
A S = {1, 2, 3}
A S = A,

A = {1, 2, 3} {
A = {1, 2, 3}
A =A

A = {1, 2, 3} {}
A =

By Venn diagram, we have