Operating System

PREPARED BY: MOHAMMAD ADNAN

ASSIGN BY: ANKIT SIR
 Operating System

An operating system is a program that manages the computer

hardware. It also provides a basis for application programs
and acts as an intermediary between the computer user and the
computer hardware.
 Goals of operating system

Execute user Make the computer

programs and make more convenient to
solving user use.
problems easier

Provide isolation,
Efficiently use the security and
computer hardware protection among user
programs
Advantages of operating system

Communicati Beneficial
on and economic
resource price-
sharing is performance
possible ratio

Reliable Potential
increment
growth
 Component of computer

Provide basic resources for a 01

computer.
Example: CPU, memory, I/O Controls and coordinates the
devices etc. Hardware
Operating use of the hardware among
system var.ious application programs
for the various user.
Defines how the program 02 Example: Windows, Linux,
resources are used to solve 03 etc.
the computing problems of
the user. Example: database Application
system, compiler, business program
The body, who/what
User
programs, video games etc. instructs the computer.
Example: people, machines,
04 other computers.
Abstract view of a computer system

…
Operating system from the user view

The user's view of the computer varies according to the

interface being used.

For the users of personal computers, the operating

system is designed mostly for ease of the user, with
some attention paid to performance and none paid to
resource utilization. In this case, performance is
important to the user but it does not matter if most of
the system is sitting idle, waiting for the slow I/O
speed of the user.

The users that are connected to a mainframe or mini-

computer, share resources and may exchange information.
For them, the OS is designed to maximize resource
utilization to assure that all available CPU time,
memory and I/O are used efficiently and that no
individual user takes more than her fair share.
Operating system from the system view

From the computer's point of view, the operating

system is the program that is most intimate with
the hardware. We can view OS as:

• Resource allocator- manages and allocates

resources.

•Control program- controls the execution of user

programs and operations of I/O devices.

•Kernel- the one program running at all times

(all else being application programs).
 Spooling

Spooling refers to placing data into an intermediate storage area,

where it is held until the computer (or the user) is ready to
process it. This storage area is called a spool. Spool- simultaneous
peripheral operation online. This technique used by the operating
system to enable device sharing among user processes.

Spool
disk

Line Line
CPU
printer printer
 Time-scheduling

Time-scheduling is a technique that

enables many people, located at various
terminals, to use a particular computer
system at the same time. Time-scheduling
or multitasking is a logical extension of
multiprogramming. The processor's time
which is shared among multiple users
simultaneously is termed as time-
scheduling.
Multiprocessor systems/tightly coupled system/parallel system

multiprocessor systems (also known as

parallel systems or tightly coupled
systems) are growing in importance. Such
systems have two or more processors in
close communication, sharing the computer
bus and sometimes the clock, memory, and
peripheral devices.
 Advantages of multiprocessor system
Economy of scale:
Multiprocessor systems can
Increased
cost less than equivalent reliability:
multiple single-processor
If functions can be
systems, because they can
distributed properly
share peripherals, mass
among several
storage, and power
processors, then the
supplies
failure of one
processor will not halt
the system, only slow
it down.

Increased
throughput:
By increasing the number
of processors, we expect
to get more work done in
less time.
Symmetric Asymmetric
Multiprocessor Multiprocessor
(SMP) (AMP)
All processors are designed the same and Each processor specialized to a specific
handle the same type of tasks. task.

Used when more resources are available. Used when fewer resources are available.

Used in general-purpose computers Used in embedded systems.

because things need to be done in the
sank way.

Processing of programs by multiple Processing of programs by multiple

processors that share a common operating processors that function according to the
system andmemory. master-slave relationship.

All the processors are treated equally. Processors are not treated equally.

Processors communicate with the master

Processors communicate with each other
bythe shared memory. processor.
Distributed or loosely coupled system

A distributed system is a collection of processors

that do not share memory or a clock, distributes the
computation among several physical processors.

A distributed system is a collection of loosely

coupled processors interconnected by a communication
network. Each processor has its own local memory. The
processors communicate with one another through
various communication networks, such as high-speed
buses or telephone lines.
 Advantages of loosely coupled system

Resource Computation
sharing speedup

Reliability Communication
Real-time system

A real-time system is a computer system

that requires not only that the computing
results be "correct" but also that the
results be produced within a specified
deadline period. A real-time system has
well-defined, fixed time constraints. It
is used as a control device in a dedicated
application such as scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, and certain
display systems.
 Types of real-time system
A hard real-time system has the most
stringent requirements, guaranteeing
that critical real-time tasks to be
completed within their deadlines.
Safety-critical systems are
typically hard real-time systems. 1

Hard real-time system Soft real-time system

A soft real-time system is less

2 restrictive, simply providing that
a critical real-time task will
receive priority over other tasks
and that it will retain that
priority until it completes. Many
commercial operating systems soft
real-time support.
Prepared by: Mohammad Adnan

NAME: Mohammad Adnan

HCL TECHNOLOGY

BATCH NO:38 (TECHBEE)

TOPIC: Operating System

ASSIGN BY: ANKIT SIR