eo | | | emTotal Model Answer Marks Marks Differentiate between gravity dam and earthen dam (eight points). Sr. Earthen Dam Gravity Dam No. 1. | These are less durable. These are more durable. 2. | It cannot withstand very | It can withstand high high pressure. pressure. 3. | It cannot be 100 % water | It can be 100 % water tight. tight. 4. | It cannot be made thinner. | It can be made thinner. ri 5. | Failure is sudden. Failure if any is not each 8 sudden. (any eight) 6. | Locally available soil stone | Stone, brick and silt clay and sand can be| concrete only can be used. used. 7. | Skilled labour is not | Skilled labour is required for construction. | required for construction. 8. | Spillvay should —_be| Spillways can __—ibe provided separately. provided in the body of dam. 9. | Maintainance cost of | Maintainance cost of earthen dam is more. gravity dam is less. 10. | Initial cost is less. Initial cost is more.Describe in brief structural failure of earthen dam with neat sketch. Structural failure may be due to following reasons: 1. Upstream and downstream slope failures due to construction pore pressure: When dam is built of relatively impervious compressible soil, the drainage is extremely slow and excess pore pressure develops during and immediately after construction. When the permeability is low, there may be no substantial drop in pore pressure in central zone of the dam by the end of construction if thi lies within usual range of 2-4 years. An initial pore pressure up to almost 140% of total weight of soil, above the point considered has been more critical from the point of stability. 2. Upstream slope failure due to sudden drawdown: When upstream slide occurs due to sudden drawdown, the pore pressure along the surface of slide is dissipated to large extent. ee; US Lee FALE DRG SLDOENDRANDONN 3. Downstream slope failure during full reservoir condition: Critical condition for downstream slope occurs when the reservoir is full and percolation is at its maximum rate, The direction of seepage tends to decrease stability. ZN => MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) ASOMTEC = 27001 - 2005 Certified) Model Answer: Summer-2019 ation Engineering) each (any four) Page Sub. Code: Model Answer Foundation juefaction- If the foundation is laid on soft soil then dam will slide. It may also slides if strata consist of weathered rock, shales ete. i.e. if a soft and weak strata exits in foundation, The dam may slide over some expansion of clayee soil on saturation may cause 5. Failure by spreading: Failures by spreading have been observed only on connection with fills located above stratified deposits that contain layers of soft clay. FAILURE BY SPREADING. MarksDiscuss seepage control in earthen dam. a. Methods to control seepage through body of earthen dam: 1. Provision of Impervious core: The effective method of seepage control is zoned type section with impervious core. The seepage line is changed due to provision of core. 2. Provision of rock toe: rock toe is provided to change the path of seepage line and prevent sloughing of downstream toe. It reduces the submerged area of the dam section. 3. Horizontal drainage blanket: the seepage can be controlled by providing a horizontal drainage blanket along with the rock toe. b. Methods to control seepage through foundation of earthen dam: 1. Cut-off trench: a trench is excavated below hearting zone, filled with impervious soil a properly compacted. 2. Concrete cut-off walls: vertical impervious cut-off made of concrete or sheet piles may be provided at upstream side of earthen dam. Such cut-off should generally be extended through the entire depth of pervious foundation so as to achieve effective seepage control. each (any two) eachDefine gravity dam and enlist forces acting on gravity dam. Gravity dam: gravity dam is a solid structure made up of masonry or concrete designed in such a way that its own weight resist the external 1 forces and are constructed across river to create reservoir on its upstream side. Pag MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) (ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified) Model Answer: Summer-2019 gation Engineering) Sub. Code Model Answer Marks Forces acting on gravity dam: 1. Water pressure on upstream side % 2. Water pressure on downstream side each 3. Weight of the dam (any 4. Upstream silt pressure six) 5. Seismic forces 6. Uplift forces 7. Ice pressure 8. Wind pressure.Differentiate between theoretical and practical profile of gravity dam. Sr. No. Elementary Profile Practical Profile 1 Provision of free board is not provided. Provision of free board is provided. Road way at top is not Road way at top is possible. 2 7 possible. For reservoir empty | For reservoir empty condition 3 condition it will provide | tension is developed at toe and maximum possible | hence some masonry is provided stability. on u/s side. - woes Fel H 4 -—_—— + 1 ——___ eachAttempt any THREE of the following state the reasons for which elementary profile of dam is not possible to construct in ractice. Reasons: a) For constructing a road at the top of dam, provision of top width is must but the shape of elementary profile is right angle triangle. IM b) Free board is essential to be kept to avoid spillage of water over the each body of dam but in elementary profile, there is no provision for free fort board. reasons c) In elementary profile, only pressure due to water and self-weight is considered but the other forces such as seismic pressure , silt pressure ice pressure , uplift pressure wind pressure , tail water pressure are neglected. d) In elementary profile, the provision of drainage galleries is not considered. Draw a labelled sketch of Earthen dam 2M for sketch & 2M for labellingDefine spillway. State the necessity and location of emergency spillway. Spillway: It is a masonry or concrete overflow portion provided for every dam. It is also called as overflow portion of dam. It is very important component of a dam. OR It is an arrangement provided at the crest of dam to expel the excess water rises above the full reservoir level. Necessity and location of emergency spillway: Emergency spillway is provided to dispose-off the excess flood water more than the designed flood. The top of emergency spillway is kept below the top of main dam, but slightly above the H.F.L. When abnormal high intensity flood occurs the weaker portion gets washed and flood water flows through that portion which acts as additional spillway and thus avoids possibility of failure of the dam. It can be reconstructed afterwards. Thus emergency spillway helps main spillway in emergency.Differentiate between ogee spillway and bar type spillway. = Ogee Spillway Bar Type Spillway 0. 1, | The profile of the spillway | The profile is simple vertical is ogee or _‘s’ shaped. fall type. 2, | tt is mostly used for | It is mostly used for M.I. tanks gravity dam. or percolation tanks. 3, | it is constructed in| It is low height spillway concrete and mostly used | founded on concrete block for large height gravity | resting on hard rock dams. foundation. 4. | The falling water is made | The water fall straight and near to glide over the curved | the bottom of spillway. profile of the spillway. Explain theoretical and practical profile of gravity dam. Theoretical Profile: It is an elementary profile and only two important forces i.e. water pressure and the weight of the dam is considered. It is right angled triangle. It is an economical profile because material of dam is stressed to its maximum safe compressive stress. Practical Profile: In this profile practical requirements i.e. free board and top width is considered. All types of forces acting on the dam are considered. Road way at top is possible. It is not right angled but some modifications are made. Give the salient feature of vertical gate with their use. Following are the salient features of vertical gate with their use i) Gate groove: Steel plate move through these grooves ii) Lifting cable: To lift the gate iii) Steel plate : To work as gate and stop water iv) MS.R.S.J.: To support steel plate v) Rolling wheels: For easy movement of gates vi) Guide Rail: To guide the rolling wheels each each (any four)Attempt any TWO. Draw a typical cross seetion of Earthen Dam showing all is state the functions of any four components, MAMARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION GS0VTEC 2701» 208 Ceri) ‘Model Answer : Winter 2015 de: Irrigation Engineering (17502) Page? ‘Model Answers Marks 2M for figure 42M for labe- ing Component Par Function Rock toe 1)'To prevent slogging of we due to sepage, 2)To increase salty of dam, Pitching 1) To prevent erosion of ws fae from wave sction, 2)To protect slope from sudden drawdown, Tarfing “Fo protect di lope rom eroding action of Fa water. Terme 1) Ta coliect rain water & dispose olf waely iM 2) To provide roadway for vehicles for 53) To reduce velocity of rainwater falling on | | each Mop comp- 4) To provide minimum cover of2 m above | | ment seepage line. with ‘one ‘Transition fier | 1) Tobslp in draining of hearing. fune- 2) Te help in reducing pors pressure. tion (any T= Drain “To collect seepage through embankment & four) divert itino eros ~ drains. Gros Drain] To collect seepage from L = Drain R diver into oe drain, "Toe dain “To collect discharge through cross drain & ven itino river.Define Spillway and Enlist types of spillway Spillway: It is the overflow portion of every dam , over which the surplus water flows 1M for from the upstream side of reservoir to the downstream side of reservoir. It is the safety definition valve of adam. OR Itis an arrangement provided at the crest of dam to expel the excess water rises above the full reservoir level Types of spillway : & 1. Main/ Service spillway i) Free fall or straight drop spillway. ii) Ogee or overflow spillway 1 Marks for iii) Siphon spillway iv) Side channel spillway types v) Trough / Chute spillway vi) Shaft spillway vil) Conduit or Tunnel spillway 2. Subsidiary or Emergency Spillway Pag MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (Autonomous) (ISOMEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified) Enlist the types of gates provided to reservoir. A. Non-automatic Gates: i) Radial ot Taintor gate ii) Vertical gate: 1) Sliding gate 2) Fixed gate 3) Stony gate iii) Rolling gate B. Automatic Gate: i) Reynolds Gate ii) Vishveshrayya gate 1M each for any4 typesState the necessity of energy dissipators in spillway and enlist types of energy dissipators. Necessity of Energy Dissipators: Energy dissipator in spillway is necessary to reduce or dissipate the kinetic energy of flow, before it enters in the tail channel. Types of energy dissipaters: 1. Hydraulic jump type 2. Bucket type 3. Jet diffusion type. each (any two)