Week 6 - 7 (ULO 3a, 3b)

College of Engineering Education
2nd Floor, B&E Building

Matina Campus, Davao City
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Week 6-7: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO-3): At the end of the unit, you are expected to
a. Explain the Analysis of Magnetically-coupled Circuits

b. Describe the concept of Frequency Responses
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3a. Explain the Analysis of Magnetically-coupled

Circuits
Metalanguage
The demonstration of this ULO requires the understanding of the following:

1. Mutual Inductance - is the interaction of one coils magnetic field on another coil
as it induces a voltage in the adjacent coil.
2. Induced EMF – a voltage that produced due to change of flux with respect to time.
3. Ideal Transformer – an imaginary transformer which has no losses.
4. Faraday’s Law – a law that states “Any change in the magnetic environment of a
coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil”.
Essential Knowledge
Mutual Inductance
When two inductors (or coils) are in a close proximity to each other, the magnetic flux caused
by current in one coil links with the other coil, thereby inducing voltage in the latter. This
phenomenon is known as mutual inductance. Let us first consider a single inductor, a coil with
N turns. When current i flows through the coil, a magnetic flux Ø is produced around it (Fig.
13.1).
According to Faraday’s law, the voltage induced in the coil is proportional to the number of
turns N and the time rate of change of the magnetic flux Ø; that is,
1
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But the flux is produced by current i so that any change in Ø is caused by a change in the
current. Hence, Eq. (13.1) can be written as
or
which is the voltage-current relationship for the inductor. From Eqs. (13.2) and (13.3), the
inductance L of the inductor is thus given by
This inductance is commonly called self-inductance, because it relates the voltage induced in
a coil by a time-varying current in the same coil.
Again, as the fluxes are caused by the current i1 flowing in coil 1, Eq. (13.6) can be written as
where L1 = N1 dØ1/di1 is the self-inductance of coil 1. Similarly, Eq. (13.7) can be written as
Where
2
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M21 is known as the mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1. Subscript 21 indicates
that the inductance M21 relates the voltage induced in coil 2 to the current in coil 1. Thus, the
open-circuit mutual voltage (or induced voltage) across coil 2 is
The mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2. Thus, the open-circuit mutual voltage
across coil 1 is
Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across a neighboring
inductor, measured in henrys (H).
The choice of the correct polarity for M di/dt is made by examining the orientation or particular
way in which both coils are physically wound and applying Lenz’s law in conjunction with the
right-hand rule. Since it is inconvenient to show the construction details of coils on a circuit
schematic, we apply the dot convention in circuit analysis. By this convention, a dot is placed
in the circuit at one end of each of the two magnetically coupled coils to indicate the direction
of the magnetic flux if current enters that dotted terminal of the coil. This is illustrated in Fig.
13.4. Given a circuit, the dots are already placed beside the coils so that we need not bother
about how to place them. The dots are used along with the dot convention to determine the
polarity of the mutual voltage. The dot convention is stated as follows:
If a current enters the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of the mutual voltage
in the second coil is positive at the dotted terminal of the second coil.
Figure 13.6 shows the dot convention for coupled coils in series.
For the coils in Fig. 13.6(a), the total inductance is
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For the coils in Fig. 13.6(b),
EXAMPLE: Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the circuit of Fig. 13.9.
SOLUTION:
For coil 1, KVL gives
or
For coil 2, KVL gives
or
Substituting this in Eq. (13.1.1), we get
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EXAMPLE: A coil of 1000 turns surrounds a flux of 5 mWb produced by a permanent magnet.
The magnet is suddenly drawn away causing the flux inside the coil to drop to 2 mWb in 0.1s.
Solve the average emf induced in the coil.
𝑑Ø 1000(5−2) 𝑥 10−3
e = N 𝑑𝑡 = = 30V
0.1
EMF INDUCED IN A SHORT LENGTH OF A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR
Voltage is induced in a wire by moving the wire across a magnetic field so that flux cutting
will result. This is the concept used in developing the voltage in a dc generator.
Figure 13.10
e = voltage induced in the wire, in volt (V)

B = Flux density, in Tesla (T or Wb/m2)
L = length of wire, in meter (m)
v = velocity of movement for the wire (m/s)
Ø = angle between the plane of B and v (degree)
EXAMPLE: A conductor of length 0.5m is placed in a region with a uniform magnetic field
of flux density 1.5 Wb/m2. What is the voltage induced in the conductor if it is moves with a
velocity of 30 m/s at an angle of 60° to the field?
e = BLv sin Ø
= (1.5)(0.5)(30)(sin60)
e = 19.5V
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SELF-INDUCTANCE OF AN INDUCTOR
Figure 13.11
L = inductance of an inductor, in henry (H)

µ0 = absolute permeability of air (4π x 10-7)
µr = relative permeability of core
A = cross-section of the magnetic path, (m2)
N = number of turns in the inductor (turns)
l = length of the magnetic path, in meter(m)
S = reluctance of the magnetic path, (At/Wb)
EXAMPLE: An iron-cored coil has an inductance of 2H. If the reluctance of the magnetic
circuit is 200 AT/Wb, how many turns are there in the coil?
𝑁2
L= 𝑆
N = √𝐿𝑆 = √2(200) = 20 turns
ENERGY STORED IN A MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
In order to establish a magnetic field around a coil, energy is required. This energy is stored in
the magnetic field and is not used up. When the current is decreased, the flux surrounding the
coil is decreased, causing the stored energy to be returned to the circuit.
1
W = 2LI2
W = energy stored in the coil, in joule (J)

L = inductance of the coil, in Henry (H)
I = current flowing in the coil, in Ampere (A)
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EXAMPLE: A flux of 20 mWB links a coil with 1800 turns. If the coil carries a current of
1.5A, solve the energy stored in the magnetic field.
𝑁Ø 1800(20 𝑥 10−3 )
L= = = 24H
𝐼 1.5
1
W = 2LI2
1
= (24)(1.5)2
2
W = 27 J
IDEAL TRANSFORMERS
An ideal transformer is one with perfect coupling ( k = 1 ). It consists of two (or more) coils
with a large number of turns wound on a common core of high permeability. Because of this
high permeability of the core, the flux links all the turns of both coils, thereby resulting in a
perfect coupling.
A step-down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage.
A step-up transformer is one whose secondary voltage is greater than its primary voltage.
EXAMPLE: An ideal transformer is rated at 2400/120 V, 9.6 kVA, and has 50 turns on the
secondary side. Calculate: (a) the turns ratio, (b) the number of turns on the primary side, and
(c) the current ratings for the primary and secondary windings.
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Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
Brid, J. O. (2014), Electrical circuit theory and technology (5th Edition), London: Routledge,
Taylor & Francis Group
Dorf, Richard C. (2011). Introduction to electric circuits (8th Edition), New Jersey :John
Wiley & Sons
Sadiku, Matthew N. O. (2013). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (6th Ed). McGraw Hill:
Publication.
9
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Let’s Check
Now that we understand the concept of magnetic circuit, try to solve the following
problems.
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
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Let’s Analyze
Solve the following and simplify your answer.
Problem 1
Two identical coupled coils have a equivalent inductance of 80mH when connected in series
aiding and 35mH when connected series opposing. What is the coefficient of coupling of the
two coils?
Problem 2
A DC generator consist of 100 wires connected in series and lying in a radius of 10 cm. The
effective length of each conductor is 15 cm. the radial field has a strength of 0.8T. If the
armature rotates at 1200 rpm, solve the voltage generated.
Problem 3
A coil of 1000 turns is linked by a flux of 5mWb. If this flux is reversed in a time of 4ms, solve
the average emf induced in the coil.
11
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In a Nutshell
Activity 1
Two coils are said to be mutually coupled if the magnetic flux Ø emanating from one pass
through the other. The mutual inductance between the two coils is given by
Activity 2
Transformers are necessary in all stages of power distribution systems. Three-phase voltages
may be stepped up or down by three-phase transformers.
12
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3b. Describe the concept of frequency

responses.
Metalanguage
The demonstration of this ULO requires the understanding of the following:
1. Frequency Response - is the variation in its behavior with change in signal frequency.
2. Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive
reactance are equal in magnitude, thereby resulting in a purely resistive impedance.
3. Quality Factor of a resonant circuit is the ratio of its resonant frequency to its
bandwidth.
Essential Knowledge
In our sinusoidal circuit analysis, we have learned how to find voltages and currents in a circuit
with a constant frequency source. If we let the amplitude of the sinusoidal source remain
constant and vary the frequency, we obtain the circuit’s frequency response. The frequency
response may be regarded as a complete description of the sinusoidal steady-state behavior of
a circuit as a function of frequency.
SERIES RESONANCE
Resonant circuits (series or parallel) are useful for constructing filters, as their transfer
functions can be highly frequency selective. They are used in many applications such as
selecting the desired stations in radio and TV receivers.
Note that at resonance:
1. The impedance is purely resistive, thus, Z =R. In other words, the LC series
combination acts like a short circuit, and the entire voltage is across R.
2. The voltage Vs and the current I are in phase, so that the power factor is unity.
3. The inductor voltage and capacitor voltage can be much more than the source voltage.
4. The frequency response of the circuit’s current magnitude
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The frequency response of the circuit’s current magnitude is shown in Fig. 14.22;
the plot only shows the symmetry illustrated in this graph when the frequency axis is a
logarithm. The average power dissipated by the RLC circuit is
The highest power dissipated occurs at resonance, when I =Vm/R, so that
At certain frequencies ω = ω1, ω2, the dissipated power is half the maximum value; that is,
Hence, ω1 and ω2 are called the half-power frequencies.

The half-power frequencies are obtained by setting Z equal to and writing
Solving for , we obtain
The “sharpness” of the resonance in a resonant circuit is measured quantitatively by the quality
factor Q. At resonance, the reactive energy in the circuit oscillates between the inductor and
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the capacitor. The quality factor relates the maximum or peak energy stored to the energy
dissipated in the circuit per cycle of oscillation:
Or
The relationship between the bandwidth B and the quality factor Q
EXAMPLE: In the circuit of Fig. 14.24, R = 2 ohms, L = 1 mH, and C = 0.4 µF (a) Find the
resonant frequency and the half-power frequencies. (b) Calculate the quality factor and
bandwidth. (c) Determine the amplitude of the current at ω0, ω1 and ω2.
SOLUTION:
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PARALLEL RESONANCE
The parallel RLC circuit in Fig. 14.25 is the dual of the series RLC circuit. So we will avoid
needless repetition.
The admittance is
Or
Resonance occurs when the imaginary part of is zero,
Or
we obtain for the parallel circuit,
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Table 14.4 presents a summary of the characteristics of the series and parallel resonant circuits.
Besides the series and parallel RLC considered here, other resonant circuits exist. Example
14.9 treats a typical example.
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EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION:
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Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you
further understand the lesson:
Nahvi, Mahmood. (2014). Schaum’s outlines electric circuits (6th edition), New York:
McGraw-Hill Education.
Kubala, Thomas S. (2013). Electricity 1 : devices, circuits, and materials (10th

Edition),Clifton Park, NY : Delmar Cengage Learning
Sadiku, Matthew N. O. (2013). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (6th Ed). McGraw Hill:
Publication
21
Telefax: (082) 296-1084
Phone No.: (082)300-5456/300-0647 Local 133
Let’s Check
Now that we understand the concept of magnetic circuit, try to solve the following
problems.
Problem 1
How much inductance is needed to resonate at 5 kHz with a capacitance of 12 nF?
Problem 2
The difference between the half-power frequencies is called the:
(a) quality factor (b) resonant frequency
(c) bandwidth (d) cutoff frequency
Problem 3
In a series RLC circuit, which of these quality factors has the steepest magnitude response
curve near resonance?
Problem 4
When the elements of an RLC circuit are both magnitude-scaled and frequency-scaled, which
quality is unaffected?
22
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Let’s Analyze
Solve the following and simplify your answer.
Problem 1
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Problem 2
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In a Nutshell
Activity 1
The quality factor is a measure of the sharpness of the resonance peak. It is the ratio of the
resonant (angular) frequency to the bandwidth,
Activity 2
The bandwidth is the frequency band between half-power frequencies:
25

Week 6 - 7 (ULO 3a, 3b)

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Week 6 - 7 (ULO 3a, 3b)

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College of Engineering Education

2nd Floor, B&E Building

a. Explain the Analysis of Magnetically-coupled Circuits

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3a. Explain the Analysis of Magnetically-coupled

The demonstration of this ULO requires the understanding of the following:

For the coils in Fig. 13.6(a), the total inductance is

For the coils in Fig. 13.6(b),

For coil 1, KVL gives

For coil 2, KVL gives

Substituting this in Eq. (13.1.1), we get

EMF INDUCED IN A SHORT LENGTH OF A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR

e = voltage induced in the wire, in volt (V)

L = inductance of an inductor, in henry (H)

N = √𝐿𝑆 = √2(200) = 20 turns

ENERGY STORED IN A MAGNETIC CIRCUIT

W = energy stored in the coil, in joule (J)

Big Picture in Focus: ULO-3b. Describe the concept of frequency

Note that at resonance:

The highest power dissipated occurs at resonance, when I =Vm/R, so that

Hence, ω1 and ω2 are called the half-power frequencies.

Solving for , we obtain

The relationship between the bandwidth B and the quality factor Q

Resonance occurs when the imaginary part of is zero,

we obtain for the parallel circuit,

Kubala, Thomas S. (2013). Electricity 1 : devices, circuits, and materials (10th

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