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RADICE
This book is purely based on NCERT syllabus for CBSE & STATE Class XI

Physics Part - 1
A REAL MENTOR

Class XI

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Opp. St.Joseph’s High School, Angamaly, Ernakulam - 683 572, Kerala
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RADICE Physics
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Title:
RADICE Science Companion
Physics PART - 1
For Class XI

Prepared by:

"" Seby Paul
"" Chithra Balakrishnan
"" Ayana Abbas
"" Hema Jose

Published and Distributed by:

RADICE Education Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

Opp. St.Joseph’s High School
Angamaly, Ernakulam - 683 572, Kerala
Ph: 0484 2456600, 2453447
E-mail: info@radicesolutions.com
Web site: www.radicesolutions.com

Programme Coordinator:
Polachan Paul

Layout & Design:

Sini. S

Printed at:
Premier Printers, Angamaly

Price: ` 260/-


COPYRIGHT
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or related recorded material, may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise without the prior permission of Radice Education Solutions Pvt. Ltd, Angamaly.
 -3-
RADICE

Dear Parent/Student

It is very important to recognize the fact that students differ from one
another. Our current education system makes it difficult to address such
differences, it is still based on “one size fit all” approach.

When students are not presented with learning experience that is appropriate
for their abilities, they lose motivation and sometimes even their interest
in learning. Some students need a little more practice and mentoring to
become high performers in Physics. RADICE provides opportunity to
practise more and also mentor every student with specific action plan to
improve their weak areas.

We provide this book in Physics for the class XI students to develop

confidence in the subject and to prepare the students in facing the
examinations with ease. Here more conceptual questions are included
which we hope will improve the ability of the students to face a wide
variety of questions. We welcome suggestions for improving the quality
of the book.

Yours sincerely

Seby Paul M.Tech
Chairman, RADICE Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
RADICE Physics
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Physics part - 1 includes:

™™ Physical World 05 - 07

™™ Units and Measurement 08 - 45

™™ Motion in a straight line 46 - 83

™™ Motion in a plane 84 - 122

™™ Laws of Motion 123 - 167

™™ Work, Energy and Power 168 - 207

™™ System of particles and rotational motion 208 - 242

™™ Gravitation 243 - 276

♦♦ VALUE BASED QUESTIONS 277 - 284

♦♦ SELF ASSESSMENT Tests 285 - 288

Each chapter includes:

¬¬ topic wise detailed description

¬¬ Important derivations

¬¬ Worked out problems

¬¬ Very short answer questions

¬¬ Short answer questions

¬¬ Numerical problems

¬¬ HOTS questions

¬¬ SCERT previous year questions

¬¬ Entrance exam corner

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RADICE

1 Physical World
T he word 'science' comes from Latin word which means 'to know'. The knowledge which humans have
gained through observations and experiments, when organised systematically is called science.
The sciences which deal with non living things are called physical sciences. For example: physics, chemistry,
geology, geography etc.
Physics
Physics is a basic discipline in the category of 'Natural Science'. Physics is the branch of science which is
devoted to the study of nature and natural phenomena.
Physics has basically two domains of interest: macroscopic and microscopic. The macrosopic domain includes
ordinary lab experimental phenomena, other terrestrial phenomena and astronomical phenomena. The
microscopic domain includes, atomic, molecular and nuclear phenomena. Classical physics and modern
physics are the names of the two domains which respectively deal with macroscopic and microscopic objects.
The sub divisions are given below.

Classical Physics Modern Physics

Mechanics Atomic and Molecular physics
Thermodynamics Nuclear and Particle physics
Electrodynamics Quantum Mechanics
Optics Condensed matter physics

Fundamental forces in Nature

Physics has revealed that all the forces occurring in different contents arise from a small number of
fundamental forces in nature. These are,
(i) Gravitational force (ii) Weak nuclear force
(iii) Electromagnetic force (iv) Strong nuclear force
(i) Gravitational force
It is the force of mutual attraction between any two objects by virtue of their masses. It is a universal force
because everywhere in this universe, this force is present between two objects.
The gravitational mutual force between two point masses is directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This is Newton's universal
law of gravitation.
Gravitational force is long range. It does not depend on the intervening medium. This is the weakest
fundamental force.
(ii) Electromagnetic force
Electric force or electrostatic force is the force between two charged particles at rest. The basic law is
Coulomb's Law. It is attractive for unlike charges and repulsive for like charges. A moving electric charge
in a magnetic field experiences a force called electromagnetic force. This is also a long range force and does
not require any intervening medium. Electric force is nearly 1036 times greater than the gravitational force.
This force dominates in atomic and molecular phenomena.
 RADICE Physics
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(iii) Weak nuclear force
This force appears only in certain nuclear processes such as the β-decay. In β-decay, the nucleus emits one
electron and a neutrino. Weak nuclear force is greater than gravitational force but it is short range, with
range within the nucleus. It is much smaller than strong nuclear force.
(iv) Strong Nuclear force
This is the force between protons and neutrons inside the nucleus. It binds them. This is the strongest
fundamental force, 100 times greater than the electromagnetic force. It is charge independent and is seen
between proton and neutron, proton and proton and neutron and neutron.

Technology Scientific principle(s)

Steam engine Law of thermodynamics

Nuclear reactor Controlled nuclear fission

Radio and Television Generation, propagation and detection of electromagnetic waves

Computers Digital logic

Lasers Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

Production of ultra high

Superconductivity fields
magnetic field

Rocket propulsion Newton's laws of motion

Electric generator Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction

Hydroelectric power Conversion of gravitational potential energy into electrical energy

Aeroplane Bernoulli's principle in fluid dynamics

Particle accelerators Motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields

Sonar Reflection of ultrasonic waves

Optical fibres Total internal reflection of light

Non-reflecting coatings Thin film optical interference

Electron microscope Wave nature of electrons

Photocell Photoelectric effect

Fusion test reactor (Tokamak) Magnetic confinement of plasma

Giant Metrewave Radio

Detection of cosmic radio waves
Telescope (GMRT)

Bose-Einstein condensate Trapping and cooling of atoms by laser beams and magnetic fields.

Physical World -7-
RADICE

Nature of physical laws

Physics is the study of nature and natural phenomena. The keen observations and experiments lead the
physicists to certain facts. An attempt is made to explain these facts on the basis of certain laws.
A remarkable fact is that some special physical quantities remain constant in time. These are called the
conserved quantities of nature.
In classical physics, we often deal with the following conservation laws.
(a) Law of conservation of energy
The sum total of energy of all kinds in this universe remain constant. Energy can be transformed from
one form to the other or transported from one place to the other, but the total amount of energy never
changes.
(b) Law of conservation of linear momentum
In the absence of an external force, the linear momentum of a system remains unchanged.
(c) Law of conservation of angular momentum
In the total external torque acting on a system is zero, angular momentum of the system remains
constant.
(d) Law of conservation of charge
It means that charges are neither created nor destroyed but are simply transferred from one body to
another.
 RADICE Physics
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2 Units and Measurements

P hysics is a branch of natural science which deals with the physical world and principles governing its
behaviour.
Units
A quantitative description of any physical phenomena always involves certain measurable quantities in
terms of which the laws of physics are invariably expressed. Such quantities like force, velocity, time are
called physical quantities. Measurement of any physical quantity involves comparison with a certain basic,
widely accepted reference standard called Unit.
A measurement is said to be complete only if we have the following informations.
(i) Name of the unit (For eg: kg)
(ii) How many times the unit is contained in that measurement (For eg: 2).
This part of the measurement is also known as numerical value.
Thus a measurement is represented as, 2kg.
For example: You want to puchase a cloth of length 5 metre. Here '5' is numerical value and 'metre' is
unit.
A unit must possess following characteristics,
(i) It should not change with time.
(ii) It should be easily available for comparison with various measurements.
(iii) It should not change with varying physical conditions such as temperature, pressure etc..
(iv) It should be convenient in size.
Fundamental units: The unit of mass, length and time are taken as the fundamental units. This is because
they cannot be derived from one another.
Derived units: The units of physical quantities which can be expressed in terms of the units of mass, length
and time are called derived units.
System of Units: Following systems of measurements are commonly in use,
(a) C.G.S system
This system is based on centimetre as unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass and the second as
unit of time.
(b) F.P.S system
In this system, the basic units are foot, pound and second.
(c) M.K.S system
This system was based upon metre, kilogram and second as its fundamental quantities.
Units and Measurements RADICE
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Illustration 1
Find the fundamental quantities in terms of which density can be expressed.
Mass
Ans. We know, density =
Volume
Also volume = (length)3
Mass
density =
(length)3
Hence density is a derived quantity which is depend on mass and length.
SI units (International system of units)
The system of units which is at present internationally accepted for measurement. It is based on the
following seven fundamental units and two supplimentary units.

No Physical quantity Unit Symbol

1 Length Metre m
2 Mass Kilogram kg
3 Time Second S
4 Electric Current ampere A
5 Temperature Kelvin K
6 Amount of substance mole mol
7 Luminous intensity Candela Cd

Two supplementary quantities are,

(i) Radian : One radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the
radius of the circle.

r ds
dθ
O

If an arc of length ds subtends an angle dθ at the centre O of a circle of radius r as shown in figure,
then
ds
dθ = radian
r
(ii) Steradian : One steradian is the solid angle substended at the centre of a sphere, by that surface of
the sphere, which equal in area to the square of radius of the sphere.
If an area dA of a spherical surface subtends a solid angle d Ω at the centre of the sphere O of radius
r as shown in the figure,
r
dA
the d Ω = steradian
r2 dΩ dA
O

Conversion factors
To convert a physical quantity from one set of units to the other, the required multiplication factor is called
conversion factor.
 RADICE Physics
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Magnitude of a physical quantity = numerical value (η) × unit (µ), while conversion from one set of units to
the other, the magnitude of the quantity must remain same.
1
η1 µ1 = η2 µ2 i.e., η ∝
µ
Illustration 2:
The acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 ms -2. Give its value in ft s -2.
Ans. As 1m = 3.2 ft
9.8 ms -2 = 9.8 × 3.2 ft s -2
= 31.36 ft s -2
DIMENSIONS
All physical quantities can be expressed in terms of the seven fundamental units. So dimensions of a
physical quantity are the powers to which the base quantities represent.
Dimensions and dimensional analysis
Dimensions of physical quantities
The unit of mass, length and time are represented by the capital letters M, L and T.
Area = length × breadth = L × L = L2
Here 2 is known as dimension in length. Therefore area is used to possess two dimensions in length.
Similarly volume = length × breadth × height = L × L × L = L3
So volume has three dimensions in length. Therefore area and volume are independent of mass and time,
i.e., they have zero dimensions in mass and time.
So area M0 L2 T0, volume is M0 L3 T0
Eg: Find out the dimensional formula for velocity.
distance L
We know that velocity = = = L1 T −1 = M0 L1 T −1
time T
Therefore velocity has zero dimension in mass, one dimension in length and −1 dimension in time.
Dimension raised to represent that quantity.
Velocity
For example, Acceleration =
Time
[Velocity]
Dimension of acceleration, [Acceleration] =
[Time]
[Length] LT −1
But [Velocity] = =
[Time] T
LT −1
∴ [Acceleration] = = LT −2
T
Units and Measurements RADICE
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RADICE Physics
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Units and Measurements RADICE
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Illustration 3:
IFV2
If a physical quantity is represented as Z = where I is moment of inertia, F force, V velocity, W work
WL3
and L length. Find the dimension of Z.
Ans. We have [I] = ML2 [F] = MLT-2 [V] = LT-1
[W] = ML2 T-2
ML2 MLT -2 (LT-1)2
∴ [Z] =
ML2T -2 × L3
M2 L5 T -4
[Z] = = MT -2
ML5T -2
Hence the quantity may be surface tension, force gradient or spring constant.
Applications of dimensional analysis:
1. To check the dimensional correctness of a given physical relation.
This is based on the 'Principle of homogeneity' of dimensions. According to this principle the dimensions
of each term on both sides of an equation must be the same i.e., [L. H. S] = [R. H. S]
This principle is based on the fact that only quantities of same kind can be added or subtracted.
Illustration 4 :
MV2
Ans. Consider the formula, F =
r2
Dimensionally, [F] = MLT -2
M(LT -1)2
[R H S] = = MT -2
L2
Here [L H S] ≠ [R H S], this formula is not correct dimensionally.
2. To convert a physical quantity from one system of units to the other.
Ans. This is based on the fact that magntiude of a physical quantity remains same whatever system is used
for measurement. i.e.,
magnitude = numerical value (η) × unit (u)
i.e., η1 u1 = η2 u2
So if a quantity is represented by [MaLbTc] then,

η2 = η [ MM ] [ LL ] [ TT ]
1

2
a
1

2
b
1

2
c

Illustration 5:
Convert 1N into its C G S unit dyne.
Ans. Newton is the unit of force having dimension MLT -2.
In SI system, M = 1kg, L = 1m, T = 1 sec.
In Cgs system, M = 1gm, L = 1 cm, T = 1 sec.
From dimensional formula of force we have,
1 newton = 1 Kg × 1m × (1s) -2
 RADICE Physics
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But 1 Kg = 1000g, 1m = 100 cm

∴ 1N = 1000 gm × 100cm × (1s) −2 = 105 × 1 gm × 1cm × 1s −2

By definition, 1 dyne = 1 gm × 1 cm × 1s −2
∴ 1 newton = 105 dynes
3. Deducing relationship among the physical quantities.
If one knows the quantities on which a particular physical quantity depends, method of dimension
may be helpful in the derivaton of the relation.
Illustration 6:
The time period of a simple pendulum depends upon
(i) mass m of the bob
(ii) length l of the string and
(iii) acceleration due to gravity g.
Deduce its expression.
Ans. Given T ∝ ma l b g c θ d
i.e., T = kma l b gc θ d →(1) [k is dimensionless constant]
Taking dimensions on both sides,
M0L0T1 = MaLb [LT −2]c, θ has no dimension. i.e., M0L0T1 = Ma Lb+c T −2c
Equating the powers of M, L, and T on both sides. a = 0, b + c = 0, −2c = 1
-1 1
∴ c = ∴b = and d = 0
2 2
Substituting these values in (1) , T = K m0 l ½ g −½ θ 0

i.e., T = K
l½
g½
=K √ gl

Illustration 7:
Find the dimension of Planck's constant h.

Ans. We have, E = hν E = Energy

E
h = h = planck's constant
ν
[E] ML2T −2
∴ [h] = = ν = frequency
[ν] T −1
∴ [h] = ML2T −1
Illustration 8:
h
Check the dimensional accuracy of the relation. λ =
mν
h
Ans. λ =
mν
Units and Measurements RADICE
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[λ] = L

[h] = ML2 T −1

[m] = M

[v] = LT −1
h ML2 T −1
= =L
mν MLT −1
h
since [λ] = [ ], the above equation is correct.
mν
‰‰ Limitations of Dimensions
 Numerical constants have no dimensions.
 he method of dimensions cannot be used to derive relation other than product of power
T
functions.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Larger the number of significant figures obtained in a measurement greater is the accuracy of the
measurement.
 The digit given in reporting the result of an experiment are called significant figures.
 ignificant figures in a physical quantity indicate the number of digits in which we have
S
confidence with respect of their accuracy. For example the length of a rod measured is 3.52 cm.
Here there are 3 significant figures. The digit 3 and 5 are reliable and last 2 is uncertain. Zeroes
are written at the right end of a measurement.
Rules to find the significant digits
1. All non-zero digits are significant. Eg: 1234 has 4 significant figures.
2. All zeroes occuring between two non-zero digits are significant. Eg: 120024 has 6 significant digits.
3. If the number is less than 1, the zeroes on the right of decimal point, but to the left of the first non-zero
digit are not significant. Eg: 0.11164 has 5 significant digits.
4. In a number without a decimal point the terminal or trailing zeroes are not significant. Eg: 227800
has four significant digits.

5. In a number with a decimal point the trailing zeroes are significant. Eg: 22.7800 cm is the length of a
rod, then it has 4 significant figures.
Rounding off :

1. If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, then the preceding digit to left is unchanged. Eg: 8.22 is
rounded off to 8.2.
2. If the digit to be dropped is more than 5, then the preceding digit is raised by one. Eg: х = 6.87 is
roudned off to 6.9.
3. If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by digit other than zero, then the preceding digit is raised by
one. Eg : 7.851 is rounded off to 7.9.
4. If the digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zero then preceding digit to the left is unchanged, if it
is even. Eg : 5.250 rounding off to 5.2.
 RADICE Physics
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5. If the digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zero, then the preceding digit is raised by one, if it is
odd. Eg : 3.750 is rounded off to 3.8.
Illustration 9:
Write down the number of significant figures in the following
(a) 6928 (b) 62.00 (c) 0.00625 (d) 1200
Ans. (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 2
Illustration 10:
Round off to four significant figures.
(a) 45.689 (b) 2.0082
Ans. (a) 45.69 (b) 2.008
Illustration 11:
A thin wire has a length of 21.9 cm and radius 0.49 mm. Calculate the volume of the wire to correct
significant figures.
Ans. Given, l = 21.9 cm, r = 0.49 mm ⇒ r = 0.049 cm
22
Volume of wire, V = πr2l = (0.049)2 × (21.9) = 0.1443
7
i.e., v = 0.14 cm3
ERRORS
The result of every measurement contains some uncertainity, which is called error. The difference between
the true value and the measured value of a quantity is known as the error of the measurement.
various types of errors.
Errors may arise from different sources and are usually classified as,
1. Systematic or controllable errors : Systematic errors are the errors whose causes are known. They
can be either positive or negative. Due to knowing causes these errors can be minimised. Systematic
errors can further be classified into the following categories.
Instrumental errors : These errors are due to imperfect design. These can be reduced by using more
accurate instruments.
Environmental errors : These errors are due to the changes in external environmental conditions such
as temperature, pressure, humidity etc.
Observational errors : These errors arise due to improper setting of the apparatus or carelessness in
taking observations.
2. Random errors : These errors are due to unknown causes. Therefore they occur irregularly and are
variable in magnitude and sign.
3. Gross errors : Gross errors arise due to human carelessness and mistakes in reading the instruments
or calculating and recording the measurement results.
Units and Measurements -17-
RADICE
 Absolute error of n measurements,
a1 + a2 + ..... + an
amean =
η
|∆a1| + |∆a2| + ..... + |∆an|
 Mean absolute error, ∆amean =
η
∆amean
 Relative error =
amean
∆amean
 Percentage error, δ a = × 100
amean
Illustration 12:

The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum in an experiment is recorded as 2.63s, 2.56s, 2.42s, 2.71s and
2.80s respectively. Find its percentage error.
2.63 + 2.56 + 2.42 + 2.71 + 2.80
Ans. Absolute error, amean = = 2.62s
5
|∆a1| = |2.62 − 2.63| = 0.01 |∆a1| = a mean −a1

|∆a2| = |2.62 − 2.56| = 0.06 |∆a2| = a mean −a2

|∆a3| = |2.62 − 2.42| = 0.02 |∆a3| = a mean −a3

|∆a4| = |2.62 − 2.71| = 0.09

|∆a5| = |2.62 − 2.80| = 0.18

0.01 + 0.06 + 0.2 + 0.09 + 0.18
∴ ∆amean = = 0.11 sec
5
∆amean
Percentage error = amean × 10 = 4.2%
Combination of errors

Error in sum or difference.

If X = A+B or A − B, then
∆X = ∆A ± ∆B
 Error in product or division
A
If X = AB or X=
B
∆A ∆B
∆X = +
A B
 Error in power of a quantity
If X = An
∆A
then ∆X = n
A
Illustration 13:
If two times a and b are given as,
a = 25.4 s ± 0.1 sec and b = 16.5 sec ± 0.1 sec. Then find a + b.
Ans. Let X = a + b
 RADICE Physics
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= 25.4 + 16.5 = 41.9 sec
Maximum volume of X = (25.4 + 0.1) + (16.5 + 0.1) = 42.1 sec
∴ X = (41.9 ± 0.2) sec

important derivations

1. (i) Convert one atmospheric pressure(10+5 Nm-2) into dyne cm-2.

(ii) The centripetal force (F) acting on a body may depend upon mass of the body (m), radius of the
circle (r) and frequency of revolution(ν). Derive the formula dimensionally.
Ans. (i) Dimension of pressure = n ML-1T-2
here n1 = 105

n2 = n1 [
M1 ]a [ L1 ]b [ T1 ]c
M2 L2 T2
(here a = 1, b = -1 , c = -2)

= 105 [
M1 ]1 [ L1 ]-1 [ T1 ]-2
M2 L2 T2

= 105 [
1kg ]1 [ 1m ]-1 [ 1s ]-2
1g 1cm 1s
= 105 × 1000 × [100]-1(1)-2
= 105 ×103 × 10-2 = 106
∴ 1 atm = 106 dyne /cm2
(ii) Here F α mx ry νz
Taking dimensions of F = MLT -2
i.e., х = 1 , y = 1 , z = -2
F ∝ m r ν2 OR F = k m r ν2, k is a constant
2. Explain parallax method for measuring distance of a nearby star.
Ans. Large distance such as the distance of a planet or star from earth can be measured by the parallax
method. Parallax is the name given to change in the position of an object with respect to the background
when the object is seen from two different positions. The distance between the two positions is called
the basis. The angle subtended by an object on the basis depends upon following two factors, length
of the basis and distance of the object from the basis.
Let θ be the angle subtended by a star on the diameter of earth's orbit around the sun.
d d
then, θ = s or s = knowing d and θ, value of s can be calculated.
θ
Units and Measurements -19-
RADICE

• Star

To a Distant Distant
θ1 θ2 star
star

θ1 θ1
d
E1 • • •E
Sun 2

Let E1 be the position of earth at any time. Angle θ1 between the star and another much distant star
is determined. After six months, the position of earth E2 will be diametrically opposite. The angle θ2
is again noted.
From figure it is clear that θ = θ1 + θ2, knowing value of s is calculated.
3. Derive an expression for the velocity of sound in a material medium, the temperature of the medium
remaining constant.
Ans. The velocity of sound in a material medium may depend upon,
(i) the elasticity of the medium E.
(ii) the density of the medium (ρ)
∴ Velocity, v = KEaρb
Taking dimensions on both sides
M0 L1T −1 = [M1 L−1 T −2][ML −3]b
Equating powers of M, L and T on both sides

1
a + b = 0 a = 2
1
-a - 3b = 1 or b = - 2

V = K ½ E -½

`
or v = K √ Eρ
Worked out problems

1. A body moves with a velocity of 36 Kmh−1. What 1 hr = 60 × 60 sec

is the value of the velocity in ms−1? 36 × 1000 m =10 ms−1
v =
Ans. v = 36 Kmh −1 60 × 60 sec
2. Calculate the angle of (a) 1o, (b) 1|, (c) 1|| in
We know that radian.
1 km = 1000 m
 RADICE Physics
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π
Ans. (a) 1o =
180
rad. [L. H. S] = T

= 1.746 × 10−2 rad. [l] L

[R. H. S] = = = T2
[g] LT−2
(b) 1I =
1 × π
60 180 = 2π is a constant
= 2.91 × 10 rad. −4
Here [L. H. S] ≠ [R. H. S], hence equation is
(c) 1II =
1 o
×
π incorrect.
60 × 60 180
Let t ∝ la gb
= 4.85 × 10−6 rad.
t = k. l0 gb
3. It is estimated that per minute, each cm2 of
earth receives about 2 calories of heat energy Taking dimensions on both sides,
from the sun and is called solar constant.
Express in SI unit. T = La(LT−2)b

2 calories MoLoT1 = LaLbT−2b = La+b T−2b

Ans. S =
min. cm2 Equating dimensions of M, L and T.
=
2 × 4.2 joule
60 sec. 10−4 × m2 a + b = 0, −2b = 1 b = −½
= 1.4 × 103 Wm−2
4. 20 drops of olive oil of radius 0.40 mm spread
∴t= √ gl
into circular film of radius 15.2 cm on the a + −½ = 0
surface of water. Estimate the size of an oil a=½
molecule.
6. The heat produced in a wire carrying an
Ans. Here n = 20, r = 0.40 mm
electric current depends on the current, the
= 4 × 10−4m resistance and time. Find the relation between
these quantities. The dimensional formula of
R = 15.2 cm = 15.2 × 10−2m resistance is ML2A−2T−3 and heat is a form of
Let d be the diameter of oil molecule = thickness energy.
of layer.
Ans. Let H IaRbtc H = K I aR bt c
∴ Volume of olive oil =
area × thickness of layer Taking dimensions on both sides,

4 πr3 = πR2 × d ML2T−2 = Aa(ML2A−2T−3). Tc

η ×
3
4 η r3 Equating dimensions of M, L, T and A.
∴ d =
32
R ML2T−2 = Mb . l2b . Aa−2b . T−3b+c
=
4 × 20×(4×10−4)3
i.e., b = 1
3 (15.2 × 10 )
−2 2

d = 7.3 × 10−8 m 2b = 2 ⇒b=1

a − 2b = 0 ⇒ a = 2b = 2
5. Show dimensionally that the relation
−3b + c = −2 ⇒ c = −2 + 3b = 1
( )
l
t = 2π is incorrect;
g
∴ H = I2Rt
where l is length, t is time period of simple
pendulum, g is acceleration due to gravity. 7. Two resistors of resistances R1 = 100 ± 3 ohm
Find correct form of relation dimensionally. and R2 = 200 ± 4 ohm are connected (a) in series
(b) in parallel. Find the equivalent resistance

(g)
l of the
Ans. Given, t = 2π
Units and Measurements -21-
RADICE

(a) series combination, ∴[Energy] = ML2T−2

(b) parallel combination. Thus 1Joule = 1kg 1m2 1s−2

Use relation R = R1 + R2 for series
1 erg = 1g 1cm2 . 1s−2
1 1 1

R
=
R1
+
R2
for parallel, 1 Joule =
1 erg
.( )( )
1 Kg 1m 2 1s
1 g 1cm
.
1s
2

∆R ∆R1 ∆R2
[ ] ( )
= +
R2 ∆R12 ∆R22

= 1000g . 100cm 2 . 1s 2
= 100×100×100×1
1g 1cm 1s
Ans. Here R1 = (100 ± 3) ohm ∴ 1 Joule = 107 erg
R2 = (200 ± 4) ohm 9. Young's modulus of steel is 19 × 1010Nm−2.
(a) S
eries combination Express it in dyne cm−2. Here dyne is the C.G.S
unit of force.
R = R1 + R2
Ans. The unit of Young's modulus is Nm
−2

= 100 + 200 = 300

[Force]
[Y] =
∆R = ±(∆R1 + ∆R2)
[distance]2
= ±(3 + 4) = ±7 ohm MLT−2
= = ML−1T−2
L2
∴R = 300 ± 7ohm
So 1 Nm−2 = 1kg (1m)−1(1s)−2
(b) Parallel combination
1 dyne cm−2 = 1g. (1 cm)−1(1s)−2
1 1 1
= +
R 1
R1 R2 1N/M2
1dyne/cm2
= .
1 g 1cm
( )( )
1 Kg 1m 2 1s 2
.
1s
1 1 3
= + = 1
100 200 200 = 1000 × × 1 = 10 dyne/cm2
100
200
∴R1 = = 66.7 ohm
3 ∴ 19 × 1010 N/M2 = 19 × 1011 dyne/cm2
∆R1 ∆R1 ∆R2
= + 10. If velocity, time and force were chosen as basic
R1 2
R1 2
R22 quantities, find the dimension of mass.

( RR ) + ∆R ( RR )
1 1
2 2
∆R1 = ∆R1 2 Ans. Dimensionally,
1 2
Force = mass × acceleration
= 3 ( 200 2
3 × 100
+4 )200
3 × 100
( ) 2

= mass × velocity

time
Hence R1 = (66.7 ± 1.8) ohm
∴ mass = force × time = [FTV−1]
8. The SI and CGS units of energy are joule and velocity
erg respectively. How many ergs are equal to 11. Test dimensionally if the equation v2 = u2 + 2as
one joule? is correct.
Ans. Dimensionally,
Ans. [L.H.S] = [ν2]
Energy = Mass × (velocity) 2

= [LT−1]2 = L2T−2
= Mass × ( length
time
) 2

[R.H.S] = [u2] = (LT−1)2 = L2T−2
 RADICE Physics
-22-
[2as] = [a][s] MLT−2 = ma(LT−1)b × Lc

= L × L = L2T−2
Equating dimensions of M, L and T
T−2
∴[L.H.S] = [R.H.S] a = 1, b + c = 1, −2 = −b

Thus the equation is correct. Substituting b in b + c

12. If the centripetal force is of the form mavbrc. 2 + c = 1

Find the values a, b and c. c = 1 − 2 = −1
Ans. Dimensionally, [Force] = Substituting the value of a, b, c in (1 )
(Mass)a (Velocity)b (Length)c →(1) F = M1 v2 r −1

∴F = mv
2

r
very Short ANSWER Questions

1. What are the four fundamental forces?

Ans. (i) Gravitational force
(ii) Electromagnetic force
(iii) Weak nuclear force
(iv) Strong nuclear force
2. What is Parallax?
Ans. When same object is viewed from two locations, the positions of object appear to be different. This
apparent change in position, depending on the position of observation is called Parallax.
3. What is Least Count Error?
Ans. Using an instrument, measurement below least count cannot be taken. This uncertainity of the order
of least count is called least count error (L C Error).
4. What are the advantages of dimensional analysis?
Ans. (i) It is used to check correctness of an equation.
(ii) It is used to deduce new equations.
(iii) It is used to convert units from one system to another.
5. Name the strongest force in nature. What is its range?
Ans. Strong Nuclear force of range 1038.
6. What is the relation between light year and Parsec?
Ans. 1 parsec = 3.26 light year.
7. Name some physical quantities that have same dimension.
Ans. Work, Energy and Torque.
Units and Measurements RADICE
-23-
8. If a physical quantity is represented by X = Ma Lb T −c and the percentage errors in the measurements
of M, L and T are a,b and g respectively. What will be the percentage error in X ?
Ans. % error in measurement of X = aa + bb + cg
9. Given relative error in the measurement of length is 0.02. What is the percentage error?
Ans. Percentage error = r elative error × 100 = 0.02 × 100 = 2%
10. Name the technique used in locating
(a) an under water obstacle.
(b) position of an aeroplane in space.
Ans. (a) SONAR → Sound Navigation and Ranging.
(b) RADAR → Radio Detection and Ranging.
11. Give examples of dimensional constants and dimensionless constants.
Ans. Dimensional Constant : Gravitational Constant, Planck’s Constant. Dimensionless Contant : π , θ
12. Deduce dimensional formulae for Boltzmann’s constant.
[Heat] ML2T −2
Ans. [K] = = = ML2T −2K−1
[Temperature] K
13. Does magnitude of a quantity change with change in the system of units?
Ans. No, magnitude of a quantity does not change.
14. Can a body have zero mass and zero weight?
Ans. No, mass of a body can never be zero but it weight may be zero.
15. Are inertial and gravitational mass of a body different from one another?
Ans. No, they are equivalent.
16. How many fermi are there in one metre?
Ans. 1 fermi = 10−15m
1
1m= = 1015 fermi
10−15
17. Is light year a unit of time?
Ans. No, it is a unit of distance.
18. Define a parsec.
Ans. It is the distance at which an arc of length 140 subtends an angle of one second of an arc.
1 parsec = 3.08 × 1016m
19. The mass of an electron is 9.1 × 10-31 kg. How many electrons would make 1 kg?
1 1kg
Ans. Number of electrons in 1 kg = = = 1.1 × 1030
mass of electron 9.1 × 10−31
20. Define atomic mass unit.
 RADICE Physics
-24-

1 th
Ans. One a.m. u is defined as mass of one 6C12 atom
12
i.e., 1 a. m. u = 1.66 × 10−27 kg
21. Which is the most accurate clock?
Ans. Atomic clocks are so far the most accurate clocks.
22. Can there be a physical quantity which has no units and no dimensions.
Ans. Yes, for example strain has no units and no dimensions.
23. Name a scalar and a vector quantity which have same dimensions.
Ans. Speed is a scalar and velocity is a vector both have the same dimensions.
24. What are the dimensions of angular displacement?
length of arc
Ans. Angular displacement = i.e., dimensionless.
radius
25. Are all constants dimensionless. Comment.
Ans. No, all constants are not dimensionless. For example, universal gravitational constant has dimension.
26. Find the dimensional formula of latent heat.
[Quantity of heat] ML2T−2
Ans. Latent heat = = = L2 T−2
[Mass] M

27. Can a quantity have units, but still be dimensionless.

Ans. Yes, for example angle is dimensionless but it has units.
28. Write the dimensions of potential energy.
Ans. Potential energy = mgh
[P. E] = MLT−2 . L = ML2T−2
29. What are the dimentions of rate of flow.
Ans. Rate of flow represents volume flowing per second. Its dimensional formula is L3 T −1.
30. Define significant figures.
Ans. The digits whose values are accurately known in a particular measurment are called its significant
figures.
31. The length of a table as measured by two students is given as 2.5 m and 2.54 m. Which of the two
measurements is more accurate and why?
Ans. The second measurement i.e., 2.54 m is more accurate.
32. What do you understand by absolute error.
Ans. The difference of the standard value and the observed value of a physical quantity is called absolute
error.
Units and Measurements -25-
RADICE

Short ANSWER Questions

1. State the principle of homogenity. Test the dimensional homogenity of equations.

1 a
(i) S = ut + at2 (ii) Sn = u + (2n - 1)
2 2

Ans. (i) Dimensions of LHS = [S] = M0L1T0

Dimensions of RHS = [ut] = [at2] = LT-1. T = LT-2.T2 = L
∴The equation is dimensionally homogenous.
a
(ii) Sn = u + (2n - 1)
2
LHS = [Sn] = L
RHS = [u] = LT-1
LHS ≠ RHS.
∴This is dimensionally incorrect.
a
2. In Van der wall’s gas equation [ P + ](v - b) = RT. Determine the dimensions of a and b.
v2
a
Ans. Since dimensionally similar quantities can only be added. [P] = [ 2 ]
v
[a] = [Pv2] = ML-1T-2.(L3)2 = ML5T-2 Also [b] = [v] = L3
3. Magnitude of force experienced by an object moving with speed v is given by F = Kv2. Find dimensions
of K.
[F] MLT-2
Ans. F = Kv2 [K] = = = ML-1
[v ]
2 [LT-1]2
4. A book with printing error contains four different formulae for the displacement. Choose the correct
formulae.
2π
(a) y = a sin . t (b) y = a sin vt
T
a t a 2π
(c) y = sin ( ) (d) y = (sin . t + cos 2π . t)
T a T T T
Ans. The argument of sine and and cosine function is dimensionless quantities.
2π
(a) y = a sin .t
T
2πt
i.e., [ ] = T0, is dimensionless and is correct and [a] = L = [y]
T
(b) y = a sin vt
Here [vt] = LT-1.T= L , so this equation is incorrect.
a t
(c) y = sin ( )
T a
t
[ ] = L-1T, it is incorrect.
a
a 2π
(d) y = (sin . t + cos 2π . t)
T T T
 RADICE Physics
-26-

2πt a
Though is dimensionless [ ] = LT −1 ≠ [y] and the equation is incorrect.
T T
b - l2
5. Find the dimensions of a × b in equation P = , where P is power, l is length and t is time.
at
Ans. By principle of homogenity, [b] = [l2] = L2
b - l2
[P] = [ ]
at
[b - l2] L2
[a] = = = M-1T2 ∴ [a × b] = M-1L2T2
[P][t] ML2T-3.T
6. What is the basic difference between inertial mass, gravitational mass and weight of a body?
Ans. Inertial mass of a body is measure of inertia of the body. It is equal to force required to produce
unit acceleration in the body. Gravitational mass of a body is the force experienced by the body in
a gravitational field of unit intensity. Weight of a body is the force with which the body is attracted
towards the center of earth.
7. What is the technique used for measuring large time intervals?
Ans. We use radioative dating technique for large time intervals. Large time intervals are measured by
studying the ratio of number of radioactive atom decayed to the number of surviving atoms in the
specimen.
8. Derive SI unit of Joule (J) in terms of fundamental units.
Ans. Joule is the unit of work,
work = force × distance = mass × acceleration × distance
Mass . distance . distance
= ∴unit is kg m2s−2
time2

9. The mass of a box measured by a grocer’s balance is 2.3kg. Two gold pieces 20.15g and 20.17g are
added to the box.
(i) What is the total mass of the box?
(ii) What is the difference in masses of the pieces to correct significant figures.
Ans. Mass of box = 2.3 kg
(i) Mass of gold pieces = 20.15 + 20.17 = 40.32g = 0.04032kg
Total mass = 2.3 + 0.04032 = 2.34032
(ii) The difference in masses is 0.02g. (20.17 − 20.15 = 0.02)
10. If the error in measurement of mass of a body be 3% and in the measurement of velocity be 2%.What
will be the possible error in calculation of kinetic energy?

Ans. KE =
1 mv2
2
AK Am Av
× 100 = × 100 + 2 × × 100 = 3% + 2 × 2% = 7%
K m v
11. A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and it equals 4.2 J where 1J = 1kgm2s−2. Suppose we employ a
system of units in which unit of mass is ∝kg, unit of length is βm, and unit of time is gs. What will be
the magnitude of calorie in terms of this new system?
Units and Measurements RADICE
-27-

m1 a L T kg a m b s c
Ans. n2 = n1[ ] . [ 1 ]b. [ 1 ]c = 4.2 [ ].[ ] .[ ]
m2 L2 T2 αkg βm γs
and n2 = 4.2 α−1β−2γ2. Here a = −1 , b = 2 c = −2

12. The length of a rod as measured in an experiment was found to be 2.48m, 2.46m, 2.49m, 2.50m and
2.48m. Find the average length, absolute error and the percentage error. Express the result with
error limit.
2.48 + 2.46 + 2.49 + 2.50 + 2.48
Ans. ∆m, Average length = = 2.48 m
5
then, | m1 -∆m | = 2.48 - 2.48 = 0
| m2 -∆m | = 2.46 -2.48 = 0.02
| m3 -∆m | = 2.49 - 2.48 = 0.01
| m4 -∆m | = 2.50 - 2.48 = 0.02
| m5 -∆m | = 2.48 - 2.48 = 0
∴Mean absolute error,

0 + 0.02 + 2.49 + 0.01 + 0.02 + 0 0.05

= = 0.01m
5 5
absolute error
Percentage error = × 100
average
0.01
= × 100 = 0.40%
2.48
∴Correct length with error limit = 2.48 ± 0.01
13. When the planet Jupiter is at a distance of 824.7 million km from the Earth, its angular diameter is
measured to be 35.72” of arc. Calculate the diameter of Jupiter.
Ans. Given θ = 35.72” , D = 824.7 × 106 km
we have 1” = 4.85 × 10-6 rad
∴ θ = 35.72 × 4.85 × 10-6 rad
d = Dθ
= 824.7 × 106 × 35.72 × 4.85 ×10-6
= 1.4287 × 105 km
14. A laser light beamed at the moon takes 2.56s and to return after reflection at the moon’s surface.
What will be the radius of lunar orbit?
Ans. Given t = 2.56s
t
t = time taken by the laser beam to go to moon =
2
t
distance between earth and moon, d = c ×
2
2.56
= 3 ×108 × = 3.84 × 108 m
2
15. A physical quantity is measured as Q = (2.1 ± 0.5) units. Calculate the percentage error in
(i) Q2 (ii) 2Q
 RADICE Physics
-28-
Ans. (i) Let P = Q2 given Q = 2.1, ∆Q = 0.5

∆ p = 2 × ∆Q = 2 × 0.5 = 0.476
p Q 2.1
∴
∆ p × 100 = 47.6% = 48%
p
(ii) Let R = 2Q

∴
∆R = ∆Q = 0.5 = 0.238
R Q 2.1

∆R × 100 = 23.8% = 24%
R

16. Pressure is defined as momentum per unit volume. Is it true?

Force
Ans. Pressure =
Area
MLT−2
[Pressure] = = ML−1T−2
L2
[momentum] MLT−1
but = = ML−2T−1 Hence dimensionally it is not true.
[volume] L3
17. The rotational kinetic energy of a body is given by E = ½ Iω2, where ω is angular veloity of the body.
Use this equation to get dimensional formula of I.
Ans. Here E = ½ Iω2
2E
or I =
ω2
[Energy] ML2T−2
∴ [I] = 2 × = = ML2
[ω] 2
[T−1]2
18. Write the dimensions of each of the following in terms of mass, length, time; reynold number.
ρDV
Ans. Reynold number, NR =
η
ML−3 × L × LT−1
∴ [NR] = = MoLoTo
ML−1T−1
Tх cosθ . I
19. Find the value of х in the relation y = . Where y is young's modulus, T is time period, I is
L3
torque and L is legth.

Tх cosθ . I
Ans. y =
L3
yL3
∴ Tх =
cosθ. I
ML−1 × L3
[Tх] = = MoLoTo
ML2 T−2

Equating dimensions of T, х = 0
20. Give the dimensional formula of thermal conductivity.
Qd
Ans. The coefficient of thermal conductivity is, k =
A(θ1 - θ2)t
WhereQ, d, A, (θ1 − θ2) and t stand for energy, distance, area, temperature difference and time.
Units and Measurements -29-
RADICE

21. If х = a + bt + ct2 where х is in metres and t in seconds. Find the units of b.

Ans. Here, х = a + bt + ct2
[х]
b = = LT−1 ∴ unit is ms−1
[t]
22. Find the sum of 3.45 × 104 cm and 4.52 × 103 cm.
Ans. Let х = 3.45 × 104 cm
y = 4.52 × 103 cm = 0.452 × 104 cm
∴ х + y = (3.45 × 104 + 0.452 × 104)
= 3.902 × 104 = 3.9 × 104 cm
23. The resistance R is the ratio of potential difference V and current I. What is the % error in R if V is
(200 ± 3) volt and I = (20 ± 0.4)A.

[ ]
∆R ∆V ∆I
× 100 = ±
Ans. + × 100
R V I

[ ]
3 0.4
= ± + × 100 = 3.5%
200 20

24. What are the dimensions of a and b in the relation.

F = at + bх, where F is force and х is distance.
[F] MLT−2
Ans. Here [a] = = = MLT−3
[t] T
[F] MLT−2
[b] = = = MT−2
[х] L

numerical problems

1. How many newtons are contained in 2 kg? Mass of one newton is 1.67 × 10−27 kg.
[Hint : 1.198 × 1027]
2. Convert a velocity 30 ms−1 in kilometre per hour.
[Hint : 108 Kmh−1]
3. The dimensions of a block are 5.438 m × 2.933 m × 1.87 m. Express its volume in appropriate significant
figures.
[Hint : 29.8 m3]
4. Two forces F1 and F2 acting simultaneously, on a particle are measured as F1 = (26 ± 0.2)N,
F2 = (13 ± 0.3)N. What will be the resultant if they act
(i) in same direction (ii) in opposite direction?
[Hint : (13 ± 0.5)N]
 RADICE Physics
-30-

5. A field has measurements of (17.85 ± 0.7) m and (21.52 ± 0.5) m. Calculate the area of the field.
[Hint : (384.132 ± 23.989) m2]
6. The length of two rods are recorded as l1 = (25.2 ± 0.1) cm and l2 = (16.8 ± 0.1) cm. Find the sum of the
lengths of the two rods with the limits of error.
[Hint : (42 ± 0.2) cm]
7. A potential difference of v = 150 ± 2 volt when applied across a resistance R gives a current of 15 ± 0.5
V
ampere. Calculate percentage error in R given by R = .
I
[Hint : 4%]
8. In a simple pendulum experiment, the length of the pendulum is 90.6 × 10−2m. The time period is
1.91s. Write the value of acceleration due to gravity to correct significant figures and round it off.
[Hint : 9.8 ms−2]
9. The mass of 25 cm3 of a certain substance is 87.2 g. Calculate its density with due regard to significant
figures.
[Hint : 3.48 g cm−3]
a 2b
10. A physical quantity X is given by the relation X = . If the percentage error of measurement in a,
√c
b and c are 3% and 4% respectively, then calculate the percentage error in X.
[Hint : 9%]

√ρr3
11. Check the correctness of the following relation by the method of dimensions t = , where t is time
T
period of oscillation ρ density, r − radius and T force of surface tension.
[Hint : [L. H. S] ≠[R. H. S], hence relation is not correct.]
12. Velocity of sound depends upon the coefficient of elasticity E of the medium and the density ρ of the
medium. Obtain the expression for ν by the method of dimensional analysis.
E
[Hint : b = −½, a = ½ , ν = K √
p
]
13. Force of visocity F acting on a spherical body moving through a fluid depends upon its velocity v,
radius r and coefficent of viscosity η of the fluid. Obtain an expression for F.
[Hint : F = kηrν]
14. Find the unit of length, mass and time if the unit of force, velocity and energy respectively are 100 N,
10 ms−1 and 500J.
[Hint : M = 5 kg]
15. Following is the equation of Bernoulli's : P + hρg + ½ ρv2 = k
Here p is pressure, h is height, ρ is density, g is acceleration due to gravity, ν is velocity and k is a
constant. Show that equation is dimensionally correct.
[Hint : All three quantities have same dimensions, so the equation is correct.]
16. Check the dimensional correctness of the equation v(t) = v (0) + at.

17. Check the accuracy of the relation t = 2π √ gl for a simple pendulum.

Units and Measurements RADICE
-31-

18. Obtain dimensional formula of gravitational constant.

[Hint : [G] = M −1 L3 T −2]
h
19. Check the dimensional accuracy of the relation λ =
mv
20. How many significant figures are present in the mass difference of a proton and a neutron?

mp = 1.672649 × 10 −27 kg, mn = 1.647954 × 10 −27 kg

[Hint : four]
21. The length, breadth and thickness of a rectangular sheet of metal are 4.324 m, 1.005 m and 2.01 cm
respectively. Given the area and volume of the sheet to correct significant figures.
[Hint : Area - 4, Volume - 3]

a3 b2
22. A physical quantity P is related to four observables a, b, c and d as P = . The error in the
√c d
measurement of a, b, c and d are 1%, 3%, 4% and 2% respectively. What is the percentage error in the
quantity P.
[Hint : 13]
23. The side of a square is measured to an accuracy of 0.1 cm. If the side is of length 25.2 cm. Find the
percentage error in the measurement of area.
[Hint : 0.79]
24. Using dimensions, check the correctness of equation for kinetic energy.
25. Radius of a circle is 4.12 cm. Calculate the area considering the idea of significant figures.
[Hint : 53.3 cm2]

hots questions

1. The specific heat capacity of a particular solid is given by C = aT3 where T is the absolute temperature
close to 0 kelvin and a is a constant characteristic of the solid. What are the units of 'a' in terms of
base units of S. I?

Kr3 (P1 − P2) M

2. One of the equation which occurs in high vaccum technique Q =
l
√
RT
where K is a
dimentionless constant, P1 and P2 are the pressure at each end of a tube of radius r and length l, m is
the molar mass, R is the molar gas constant and T is the temperature on absolute scale. What are the
units of Q in terms of base units of S. I ?

F
3. The drag coefficient CD of a car moving with a speed ν through air of density ρ is given by CD = ,
ρv2A
Where F is the drag force exerted on the car and A is the maximum cross-sectional area of the car
perpendicular to the direction of travel. Show that CD is dimensionless.
4. The energy of a photon of light of frequency f is given by hf, where h is planck's constant. Determine
the units of h in terms of base units of S.I.
 RADICE Physics
-32-
5. A liquid having a small depth but a large volume is forced by applied pressure to escape through an
orifice with a velocity v. Obtain an expression for the velocity of liquid in terms of applied pressure
and density?
6. Kepler discovered that the orbital periods T of the planets about the sun are related to their distances
r from the sun. From Newton's law, the following relationship may be derived.
4π2
T2 = . r3. Here M is the mass of the sun. Obtain units of G in terms of the base units of S. I.
GM
b
7. The velocity ν of a particle is given in terms of time t by the equation v = at + . What are the
t+c
dimensions of a, b and c?

8. Obtain the dimensional formulae of w and k from the equation y = a sin (wt − kх).
9. In the equation y = A sin (wt - kх), obtain the dimensional formula of w and k. Given х is distance and
t is time.
10. A plane lamina has an irregular surface. Suggest some indirect method to find its surface area.
11. A long jumper can cover a distance of 5m. The same is measured with measuring tape marked in
feet.
(a) What is a unit?
(b) Is there any variation for the quantity measured. If we use another unit, say foot?
(c) Give the relation between the unit and the numerical value of a quantity.

hints / answers

Q ML2 T−2
1. specific heat capacity = = = L2T−2K−1
mT MK1
C L2 T−2K−1
Given a = =
T3 K3
∴ Units of 'a' are m2s−2K−4

2. [K] = MotoTo [P1 - P2] = ML−1T−2

[r] = [M] [R] = JK−1 mol−1
= Kg mol−1 = M1mol−1 = ML2T−2K−1 mol−1

L3ML−1T−2
√ ML TM Kmolmol
−2
Q = = = MT −1
L
2 −2 −1 −1
K

∴Units of Q is Kgs−1

3. [F] = MLT−2 [ρ] = ML−3 [v] = LT−1 [A] = L2

MLT−2
∴[CD] = = MoLoTo
ML−3L2T−2L2
Units and Measurements -33-
RADICE

4. E = hf
[E] = ML2T−2
f = T−1
ML2T−2
∴ h = = ML2T−1 ∴Unit is Kg m2s−1
T1
5. Let ν = KPaρb
Taking dimensions, LT−1 = (ML−1T−2)a (ML−3)b
i.e., a + b = 0 −2a = −1
−a − 3b = 1 ∴a = ½

b = ½ ∴ ν = k P √
ρ
4π 2
6. Given T2 = . r3
GM
4π2

G = . r3
T2M
L3
i.e., [G] = = M−1L3T−2
T2M
Unit of G is Kg−1m3s−2.

[ν] LT−2
7. [ν] = [at] ∴ a = = = LT−2
[t] T
[ T ]
b
[t] = [c] = T = [ν]

∴[b] = LT−1 × T = L

8. Since (wt − kх) is an angle, it should be dimensionless. Therefore both wt and kх should be
dimensionless.
∴ [wt] = constant [kх] = constant
1
[w] = = T−1 [k] = L−1
t
9. The given equation is y = A sin(wt - kх)
Here, wt = angle
[angle]
∴[w] = = T−1
[t]
[angle]
Also kх = angle ∴ [k] = = L−1
[х]
10. The given lamina is placed on a plane, uniformly thick quality paper and the paper pattern that fits
the plane lamina precisely is cut out. The weight of paper pattern is taken w1. From the same quality
paper a large square piece is cut down and its weight is taken w2. Let A2 be the area of the square
piece. If A1 is the area of the lamina then,

w1 w2
=
A1 A2
w1
∴ A1 = × A2
w2
 RADICE Physics
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11. (a) The standard measure used for the comparison of a physical quatity is called a unit.

(b) No change.

(c) Quantity, Q = η μ

η = numerical value, μ = unit

SCERT PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Fill in the blanks:

(a) 1 micron = ________________m (b) Hertz is the unit of _________________
m0
2. (a) A student writes the equation for the relativistic variation of mass with velocity as m = ,
√1- x2 / c2
where m0 is the rest mass and c is the speed of light. What is the dimensional formula for ‘x’ ?

(b) If the percentage error in the measurement of radius ‘R’ of a sphere is 2%, then what is the
percentage error in its volume?
3. Mechanical power is represented by P = Fν + Aν3ρ, where F is the force, v is the velocity, A is the area
and ρ is the density.
(a) The dimensional formula of power is _____________.
(b) Check the dimensional validity of the above equation.
(c) Which of the following equations can’t be obtained by the dimensional method?
(i) T = K √(l/g) (ii) E = kmν2 (iii) P = hρg (iv) N = N0e-λ t
4. Give examples for the following:
(a) A dimensionless, unitless physical quantity.
(b) A dimensionless physical quantity but having unit in SI sytem.
(c) Two physical quantities which have the same dimensions.
5. A company manufacturing PVC pipes claims in an advertisement that the volume of water flowing
out through pipe in a given volume V = KA2ut where A is the area, u is the speed of the flow, t is the
time and K is a dimensionless constant.
(a) Name the principle that can be used to check the dimensional correctness of this equation.
(b) Check the equation and state whether the claim can be correct.
6. Pick out quantities with same dimensional formula and write their SI unit.
(a) Work, Energy (b) Moment, Momentum (c) Impulse, Momentum
7. “All measurements are associated with errors”.
(a) What are errors in measurements?
(b) In an experiment for determining ‘g’, a boy obtained following values. Find the absolute error in
each measurement.
Units and Measurements RADICE
-35-

Trial Obtained value of ‘g’

1 9.74
2 9.91
3 10.02

8. Fill in the blanks.

Quantity C.G.S SI Dimensions

a Force __________________
N ________________

b _______________
dyne/cm2 ________________
M1L−1T−2
c Relative velocity _________________ ________________
M0L1T−1
d Light year _________________ ________________ ________________

9. A particular vernier calipers have a mainscale with 0.5 mm in one division and has 20 divisions on its
vernier scale. A screw gauge of 100 divisions on its circular scale has a pitch of 0.1 mm
(a) Find the count of vernier calipers.
(b) Which instrument will give more precise value in a measurement and why?
(c) What is the need for measurement?
10. (a) Express 4 light years distance in SI unit.
(b) Do Ao and AU stand for same length.
11. (a) Name a scalar or vector quantity which have same dimensions.
l
(b) Calculate percentage error in the determination of g = 4π2 2 , when l and t are measured with
t
± 2% and ± 3% errors respectively.
12. The unit of length convenient on the atomic scale is known as an amstrong and is denoted by
Ao. 1Ao = 10−10m. The size of the hydrogen atom is 0.5Ao. What is the total atomic volume in m3 of a
mole of hydrogen atoms?
13. The dimensional formula of force is MLT−2.
(a) What does it mean?
(b) What is the difference between dimensional formula and dimensional equation?
(c) Give the dimensional formula of relative density.
14. The diameter of sphere is 2.78 m. Calculate its volume in due regard to significant figures.

hints / answers

1. (a) 10-6 m (b) Frequency

∆R
2. (a) [x] = [c] = LT-1 (b) % error in volume = 3 × 100 = 3 × 2% = 6%
R
3. (a) ML2T-3
(b) [p] = [ Fν] = [ Aν3ρ]
 RADICE Physics
-36-
ML2T-3 = [ML-2(LT)-1] = [ L2(LT-1)3 . ML-3]
[ML2T-3] = [ML2T-3], so the equation is correct.
(c) N = N0e-λt
4. (a) Strain or relative density or refractive index (b) Angle
(c) (i) impulse - momentum (ii) work - energy
5. (a) Principle of homogenity
(b) [V] = [KA2ut] L3 = [ L4 × LT −1 × T] = [L5], equation is wrong.
6. (a) [work] = [energy] = ML2T −2 S I unit is Kgm2s −2 or J
(b) [moment ] ≠ [momentum]
(c) [impulse] = [momentum] = [MLT −1] Unit is Kgms −1
7. (a) The uncertainity in a measurement is called error.
- 9.74 + 9.91 + 10.02
(b) True value of g = = 9.89
3
Absolute error in measurements,
-
∆g1 = |g1 - g | = | 9.74 - 9.89| = 0.15
-
∆g2 = |g2 - g | = | 9.91 - 9.89| = 0.02
-
∆g3 = |g3 - g | = |10.02 - 9.89| = 0.13
8. (a) dyne, MLT−2 (b) Pressure/stress, Nm−2 or Pascal.
(c) Cms−1, ms−1 (d) Cm, m, L1
0.5 mm
9. (a) Least count of vernier calipers = = 0.025 mm
20
0.1 mm
(b) Least count of screw gauge = = 0.001 mm
100
The screw gauge has more resolution. Hence more precised.

10. (a) 1 light year = 9.46 × 105 m

∴ 4 light year = 49.46 × 1015 = 3.784 ×1016 m
(b) No. 1 AU = 1 astronomical unit = 1.496 × 1011m
1 Ao = 10−10 m
11. (a) Speed is a scalar quantity. Velocity is a vector quantity. Both have LT−1 dimension.
l
(b) Given, g = 4π2 2
t
∴
∆g
g
× 100 = ±
∆l
l (
+2
∆t
t )
× 100 = ± (2 + 2 × 3) × 100 = ± 8%
12. Here r = 0.5 Ao = 0.5 × 10−10 m
4
V1 = Volume of each hydrogen atom = πr3
3
4
= × 3.14 × (0.5 × 10−10)3 = 3.154 × 10−7m3
3
Units and Measurements RADICE
-37-
13. (a) It tells how and which of the fundamental units are required to represent the unit of a physical
quantity.
(b) Dimensional quantity is the equation obtained by equating the physical quantity with its
dimensional formula.
(c) Being a mere number, it has no dimensional formula.
2.78
14. Radius of sphere, r = = 1.39m
2
4 4
∴ Volume = πr3 = × 3.14 × (1.39)3 = 11.25379154 m3
3 3
∴ v = 11.3 m3

eNTRANCE EXAM CORNER

1. If the time period of osillation of a pendulum is measured as 2.5 using a stop watch with the least
count ½ s, then the permissible error in the measurement is
(a) 10% (b) 30% (c) 15% (d) 20%
2. The displacement of a particle moving along X-axis with respect to time t is х = at + bt2 - ct3. The
dimesions of c is
(a) [T −3] (b) [LT −2] (c) [LT −3] (d) [LT3]
3. If F denotes force and t time, then in the equation F = at− + bt2, the dimensions of a and b respectively
are
(a) [LT -4] and [LT -1] (b) [LT -1] and [LT -4] (c) [MLT -4] and [MLT -1] (d) [MLT -1] and [MLT -4]
4. The mass and volume of a body are found to be (5 ± 0.05) kg and (1 ± 0.05) m3 respectively. Then the
maximum possible percentage error in its density is
(a) 6% (b) 3% (c) 10% (d) 5%
5. Dimensional formula of Stefan's constant is
(a) [MT -3 K -4] (b) [MLT -2 K -4] (c) [ML 2 T -2] (d) [ML-2L 0]
6. The percentage errors in the measurment of length and time period of a simple pendulum are 1% and
2% respectively. Then the maximum error in the measurement of acceleration due to gravity.

(a) 8% (b) 3% (c) 4% (d) 5%

7. If C is the capacitance and V is the potential the dimensional formula for CV2 is
(a) [ML 2T -1] (b) [ML -2T -3] (c) [ML 2T -2] (d) [ML -2 T -2]
8. The values of two resistors are R1 = (6 ± 0.3) kΩ and R2 = (10 ± 0.2) kΩ. The percentage error in the
equivalent resistance when they are connected in parallel is.
(a) 5.125% (b) 2% (c) 3.125% (d) 10.125%
9. The physical quantity angular momentum has the same dimensions as that of
(a) work (b) force (c) momentum (d) planck's constant
 RADICE Physics
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ab 3 2
10. A physical quantity P is related to four measurable quantities a, b, c and d as follows P = . The
√c d
percentage errors of measurment in a, b, c and d are 1%, 3%, 4% and 2%. The percentage error in P
is
(a) 10% (b) 13% (c) 5% (d) 15%
11. Which of the following sets of quantities have same dimensional formula?
(a) Frequency, Angular frequency and Angular momentum.
(b) Surface tension, Stress and Spring constant.
(c) Acceleration, Momentum and Retardation.
(d) Work, Energy and Torque.

a 3b 2
12. A physical quantity A is related to four observables a, b, c and d as follows: A = . The percentage
c √d
errors of measurement in a, b, c and d are 1%, 3%, 2% and 2% respectively. What is the percentage
error in A?
(a) 12% (b) 27% (c) 5% (d) 14%

13. The dimensional formula of magnetic flux is:

(a) [M1L0T−2A−1] (b) [M1L2T-−1A−1] (c) [M1L2T−1A−2] (d) [M1L2T−0A−1]

14. In an experiement to measure the height of a bridge by dropping stone into water underneath, the
error in measurement of time is 0.1s at the end of 2s, then the error in estimation of height of bridge
will be:

(a) 0.49 m (b) 0.98 m (c) 1.37 m (d) 1.96 m

15. The dimensions of kinectic energy is
(a) [M2L2T 1] (b) [M1L2T1] (c) [ML2T- −2] (d) [M1L2T −1]
- -
16. Dimensions ML 1 T 1 are related to
(a) torque (b) work (c) energy (d) coefficient of viscosity
17. If the velocity of light C, gravitational constant G and planck's constant h are chosen as fundamental
units, the dimensions of length L in the new system is:
(a) [L1C1G−1] (b) [h½ C ½ G -½] (c) [h1C−3G1] (d) [h½ C−3/2 G ½]
18. A body is moving at a speed of near 0.3 ms-1, measure its speed with an accuracy about 1%, using a
sampling distance 3mm, the measuring clock should have a least count of the order of
(a) 0.1 s (b) 0.01 s (c) 0.001 s (d) 0.0001 s
19. If M = Mass, L = Length, T = Time and I = Electric Current, then the dimensional formula for electrical
resistance is given by
(a) [M1 L2 T -3 I -2] (b) [M1 L2 T -3 I 2] (c) [M1 L2 T3 I -2] (d) [M1 L2 T3 I2]
20. Identify the pair which has different dimensions.
(a) Planck's constant and linear momentum. (b) Impulse and linear momentum.
Units and Measurements RADICE
-39-
(c) Angular momentum and frequency. (d) Pressure and young's modulus.
21. The dimensional formula [M0L2T -2] stands for
(a) Torque (b) Angular Momentum
(c) latent heat (d) Co-efficient of thermal conductivity
22. The SI unit of the coefficient of viscosity is
(a) NM2 (b) NS (c) NSM -2 (d) NM2S
23. The dimensions of the quantity, where h is planck's constant, V is the frequency and C is the velocity
of light is
(a) MT -1 (b) MLT -1 (c) MLT -2 (d) ML2 T -2
24. Light year is used as a measure of
(a) small time (b) work (c) large distance (d) mass
25. The velocity of a particle is given as v = a + bt + ct2. If the velocity is measured in ms-1, then units of
'a' and 'c' are
(a) ms-1 and ms-3 (b) ms-2 and ms -1 (c) m2s-1 and ms2 (d) ms +2 and ms-1
26. In which of the following systems of units, a weber is the unit of magnetic flux?
(a) CGS (b) MKS (c) SI (d) None of these
27. With the usual notations, the following equation st = u + ½ a (2t - 1) is
(a) only numerically correct
(b) only dimensionally correct
(c) Both numerically and dimensionally correct
(d) Neither numerically nor dimensionally correct
28. If the velocity of light c, gravitational constant G and Planck’s constant h are chosen as fundamental
units, the dimensions of length L in the new system are
(a) [hcG-1]
½ ½ -½
(b) [h c G ]
½ -2/3 G ½]
(c) [hc-3 G1] (d) [h c
29. Using mass (M), length (L), time (T) and current (A) as fundamental quantities, the dimensions of
magnetic permeability are
- - - - - - -
(a) [M 1LT 2A] (b) [MLT 2A 1] (c) [MLT-2A 2] (d) [MLT 1A 1]
e2
30. The dimensions of , Where e, ε0, h and c are the electronic charge, electric permittivity, Planck’s
4π ε0 hc
constant and velocity of light in vacuum respectively, are
(a) [M0L0T0] (b) [ML0T0] (c) [M90LT0] (d) [M0L0T]
31. x = 3yz2, find dimension of y in (MKSA) system, if x and z are dimension of capacity and magnetic field
respectively
(a) [M-3 L-2 T-4 A-1] (b) [ML-2] (c) [M-3 L-2 T4 A4] (d) [M-3 L-2 T8 A4]
 RADICE Physics
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-
32. If the acceleration due to gravity is 1Gms 2 and units of length and time are changed in kilometre and
hours respectively, the numerical value of acceleration is
(a) 360000 (b) 72000 (c) 36000 (d) 129600
GIM2
33. If E = energy, G = gravitational constant, I = impulse and M = mass, then dimensions of are
same as that of E2

(a) time (b) mass (c) length (d) force

-
34. If the edge of a cube is a = (1.20 ± 0.01) × 10 2 m then its volume will be recorded as
(a) (1.728 ± 0.01) × 10-6 m3 (b) (1.728 ± 0.03) × 10-6 m3
(c) (1.73 ± 0.25) × 10-6 m3 (d) (1.73 ± 0.025) × 10-6 m3
35. The speed (v) of ripples on the surface of water depends on surface tension (σ) density (ρ) and
wavelength (λ). The square of speed (v) is proportional to
σ ρ λ
(a) (b) (c) (d) ρλσ
ρλ σλ σρ
36. Dimensions of resistance in an electrical circuit, in terms of dimension of mass M, of length L, of time
T and of current I, would be
(a) [ML2 T −3 I −1] (b) [ML2 T −2] (c) [ML2 T −1 I −1] (d) [ML2 T −3 I −2]
37. In the relation y = a cos (wt - kx), the dimensional formula for k is
(a) [M0 L−1 T −1] (b) [M0 LT −1] (c) [M0 L−1 T0] (d) [M0 LT]
α αz
38. In the relation p = e p is pressure, z is distance, k is Boltzmann constant and θ is the
β kθ
temperature. The dimensional formula of β will be
(a) [M0 L2 T0] (b) [ML2 T] (c) [ML0 T −1] (d) [M0 L2 T −1]

a2 b3
39. A physical quantity A is calculated from the relation A = . The percentage errors of measurement
c √d
in a, b, c and d are 1%, 3%, 2% and 2% respectively. What is the maximum percentage error possible
in the quantity a?

(a) 12% (b) 7% (c) 5% (d) 14%

40. If the length of rod A is 3225 ± 0.01 cm and that of B is 4.19 + 0.01cm, then the rod B is longer than
rod A by
(a) (0.94 ± 0.00) cm (b) (0.94 ± 0.01) cm (c) (0.94 ± 0.02) cm (d) (0.094 ± 0.005) cm
41. If L = 2.331 cm, B = 2.1 cm, then value of L + B is
(a) 4.431 cm (b) 4.43 cm (c) 4.4 cm (d) 4 cm
42. If error in measurement of radius of sphere is 1%, what will be the error in measurement of volume?
1
(a) 1% (b) % (c) 3% (d) 10%
3
43. The dimensions of αb4 (σ = Stefan’s constant and b = Wein’s constant) are
(a) [M0 L0 T0] (b)
[ML4 T −3] (c) [ML −2 T] (d) [ML6 T −3]
Units and Measurements RADICE
-41-

CV
44. Units of are of
ρε0
(a) charge (b) current (c) time (d) frequency

a a − t2
45. The dimensions of in the equation p = where p is pressure, х is distance and t is time are
b bх
- - -
(a) [M2 LT-3] (b) [MT 2] (c) [ML3 T 2] (d) [LT 3]
46. The dimensions of the quantity hc are
- - - -
(a) [ML2 T 1] (b) [MLT 1] (c) [ML3 T 2] (d) [ML3 T 1]
47. The relative density of a metal may be found by hanging a block of the metal from a spring balance
and noting that in air the balance is (5.00 ± 0.05)N while in water it reads (4.00 ± 0.05) N. Then
density would be quoted as
(a) 5.00 ± 0.05 (b)
5.00 ± 11% (c) 500 ± 0.10 (d) 5.00 ± 6%
48. In an experiment, refractive index of glass is observed to be 1.45, 1.56, 1.54, 1.44, 1.55, 1.53. The mean
absolute error in the expel is
(a) ± 0.04 (b) 0.02 (c) - 0.03 (d) ± 0.01
49. The coefficient of viscosity (η) of a liquid method of flow through a capillary tube is by the formula it
where
π R4 P
η =
8 l Q
R = radius of the capillary tube, l = length of the tube,
p = pressure difference between its ends
and Q = volume of liquid flowing per sec. Which quantity must be measured most accurately?
(a) R (b) l (c) P (d) Q
50. In the experiment of determination of the speed of sound using a resonance column
(a) prongs of the tuning fork are kept in a vertical plane.
(b) prongs of the tuning fork are kept in a horizontal plane.
(c) in one of the two resonances observed, the length of the resonating air column is close to the
wavelength of sound in air.
(d) in one of the two resonance observed, the length of the resonating air column is close to half of
the wavelength of sound in air.
51. Which of the following units denotes the dimensions [ML2 / Q2], where Q denotes the electric charge ?
(a) Wb/m2 (b)
henry (H) (c) H/m2 (d) weber (Wb)
52. Which of the following sets share different dimensions ?
(a) Pressure, Young's modulus, stress
(b) Emf, potential difference, electric potential
(c) Heat, work done, energy
(d) Dipole moment, electric flux, electric field
 RADICE Physics
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53. Out of the following pairs, which one does not have identical dimensions ?
(a) Angular momentum and Planck's constant (b) Impulse and momentum
(c) Moment of inertia and moment of a force (d) Work and torque
54. Which one of the following represent the correct dimensions of the coefficient of viscosity ?
- - - - - - -
(a) [ML 1 T 2] (b) [MLT 1] (c) [ML 1 T 1] (d) [ML 2 T 2]
1
55. Dimensions of , where symbols have the usual meaning, are
µ0 ε0
- - -
(a) [L 1 T] (b) [L2 T2] (c) [L2 T 2] (d) [LT 1]
56. The physical quantities not having same dimensions are
(a) torque and work (b) momentum and Planck's constant
(d) speed and (µ0 ε0) ½
−
(c) stress and Young's modulus
57. The physical process of measurement is a
(a) Comparison process (b) Contrast process (c) Conversion process (d) Computation process
58. Light year is the unit of
(a) intensity of light (b) time (c) distance (d) velocity of light
59. If gram cm2 sec−1 = х joule sec., then number х is equal to
(a) 1 × 10−7 (b) 1 × 107 (c) 1 × 105 (d) 1 × 10−5
60. The value of g is 9.8 m/s2. Its value in km/min2 is
(a) 15.3 (b) 25.3 (c) 35.3 (d) 45.3
61. The dimensional formula of prepogation constant k is
(a) MoLT−1 (b) MoL−1To (c) M1L1To (d) M−1L−1To
62. Of the following pairs the one which does not have the same dimension is
(a) Specific heat and latent heat (b) Tension and surface tension
(c) Moment of inertia and moment of momentum (d) Momentum and impulse
63. If the velocity of light C, the constant of gravitation G and planck's constant h be chosen as fundamental
units, the dimension of mass in the new system will be
(a) h½ C½ G−½ (b) h−½ C½ G½ (c) h½ C½ G½ (d) h−½ C½ G−½
64. The unit of time in that system in which the unit of length is 'metre', unit of mass 'kg' and unit of force
'kg wt' is
1
(a) sec (b) (9.8)2 sec (c) √9.8 sec (d) 9.8 sec
√9.8
65. A cube has side 7.204 cm. The number of significant figures in surface area is
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4
66. The order of magnitude of 5000 is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
Units and Measurements RADICE
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67. If velocity v, acceleration a and force F are taken as fundamental quantities, the dimensions of youngs
modulus is
(a) Fa2v−2 (b) Fa2v−3 (c) Fa2v−4 (d) Fa2v−5
68 Which of the following is not measured in units of energy?

(a) Couple × angle turned (b) Moment of inertia × (angular velocity)2

(c) Force × distance (d) Impulse × time
69. Dimensions of mometum are:
(a) 0, 1, 2 (b) 1, 2, −1 (c) 1, 1, −1 (d) 2, −1, 0
70. Which of the following relations is dimensionally correct.
(a) V = st (b) V = at (c) m = Fa (d) W = νr

71. In the gas equation p +( a

V2 )
(V − b) = Rθ, where θ is the absolute temperature, P is the pressure and
V is the volume. The dimensional formula of the constant a is
(a) ML2T−1 (b) ML5T−2 (c) L3 (d) ML−1T−2
72. A number 16500 has significant figures
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) None of these
73. The result of 2.02 × 23 is:
(a) 46.65 (b) 46.5 (c) 46.4 (d) 46
74. The least count of a stop watch is 1.5s. The time of 20 oscillations of a pendulum is 25s. What is the
maximum percentage error in this measurement.
(a) 1.6% (b) 16% (c) 0.08% (d) 0.8%
75. Unit of intesity of illumination is
(a) lumen (b) candela (c) lux (d) photon
76. One second is defined to be equal to:
(a) 1650763.73 periods of krypton clock. (b) 652189.63 periods of krypton clock.
(c) 1650755.73 periods of cesium clock. (d) 9192631770 periods of cesium clock.
77. One nanometer is equal to
(a) 109 mm (b) 10−6 cm (c) 10−7 cm (d)10−9 cm
78. Which one of the following is not a unit of time.
(a) lunar month (b) leap year (c) parallactic second (d) solar day
79. Distance z travelled by a particle is defined by, z = α + βt + γt2. Dimensions of γ are
- - -
(a) LT 1 (b) L 1T (c) LT 2 (d) LT 2
80. Nm2/Kg2 is a unit of
(a) surface tension (b) permittivity (c) gravitational constant (d) torque
 RADICE Physics
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81. 1.00 × 2.88 is equal to
(a) 2.88 (b) 2.880 (c) 2.9 (d) None of these
82. The radius of ball is (5.4 ± 0.2) cm. The percentage error in the volume of the ball is,
(a) 11% (b) 4% (c) 7% (d) 9%
83. The significant figures in 300.500 are
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 2
84. The Hubble constant has the dimension of
-
(a) time (b) time 1 (c) length (d) mass
85. The dimensions of resistance × capacitance are same as that of
(a) current (b) energy (c) frequency (d) time
86. The number of significant figures in 0.0006312 is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
87. Length cannot be measured by
(a) fermi (b) micron (c) debye (d) light year
88. S I unit of power is
(a) Joule (b) erg (c) Newton (d) Watt
L
89. Dimensions of are
RCV
- -
(a) A 1 (b) A 2 (c) A (d) A2
90. The voltage v = (100 ± 5) V and current I = (0 ± 0.2) A, the percentage error in R is
(a) 5.2% (b) 2.5% (c) 7% (d) 25%
91. Which of the following unit is not that of mutual inductance?
-
(a) Henry (b) Weber (c) Ohm second (d) Volt second ampere 1
-
92. The number of significant figures in 11.118 × 10 6 is
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 4
93. The SI unit of electron mobility is
- - - -1 - -
(a) m2s 1v 1 (b) ms v 1 (c) ms v (d) m2s 1v 1
94. The SI unit of entropy
(a) Joule/Kelvin (b) Nm (c) Calorie/second (d) Joule/Calorie
95. The joule × second is the unit of
(a) energy (b) linear momentum (c) angular momentum (d) Power
-
96. The unit 1 Nm 1 is equivalent to
- - - -2
(a) 1 erg cm 1 (b) 1 erg cm 2 (c) 1 Jm 1 (d) 1Jm
97. The dimension of coefficient of viscosity are
- - - - -1
(a) ML 1T 1 (b) MLT 2 (c) ML0 T 2 (d) MLT
Units and Measurements RADICE
-45-
98. Parsec is the unit of
(a) time (b) distance (c) frequency (d) angular acceleration
99. SI unit of velocity is
- -
(a) m/s (b) m sec 2 (c) m hr 2 (d) m/hr

1. a b c d 26. a b c d 51. a b c d 76. a b c d

2. a b c d 27. a b c d 52. a b c d 77. a b c d
3. a b c d 28. a b c d 53. a b c d 78. a b c d
4. a b c d 29. a b c d 54. a b c d 79. a b c d
5. a b c d 30. a b c d 55. a b c d 80. a b c d

6. a b c d 31. a b c d 56. a b c d 81. a b c d

7. a b c d
32. a b c d 57. a b c d 82. a b c d
8. a b c d
33. a b c d 58. a b c d 83. a b c d
9. a b c d
34. a b c d 59. a b c d 84. a b c d
10. a b c d
35. a b c d 60. a b c d 85. a b c d

11. a b c d
61. 86.
36. a b c d a b c d a b c d
12. a b c d
37. a b c d 62. a b c d 87. a b c d
13. a b c d
38. a b c d 63. a b c d 88. a b c d
14. a b c d
39. a b c d 64. a b c d 89. a b c d
15. a b c d 40. a b c d
65. a b c d 90. a b c d

16. a b c d
41. a b c d 66. a b c d 91. a b c d
17. a b c d
42. a b c d 67. a b c d 92. a b c d
18. a b c d
43. a b c d 68. a b c d 93. a b c d
19. a b c d
44. a b c d 69. a b c d 94. a b c d
20. a b c d
45. a b c d 70. a b c d 95. a b c d

21. a b c d
46. a b c d 71. a b c d 96. a b c d
22. a b c d
47. a b c d 72. a b c d 97. a b c d
23. a b c d
48. a b c d 73. a b c d 98. a b c d
24. a b c d
49. a b c d 74. a b c d 99. a b c d
25. a b c d
50. a b c d 75. a b c d
 RADICE Physics
-46-

value based questions

1. Krishna is very much interested in science lab activities. One day while doing experiment with a
sphere, the teacher told him that if radius is not measured accurately, it will create more error in the
volume than in the calculation of area. He discussed with his friends about the problem.
(a) What according to you are the values displayed by krishna?
(b) Do you agree with the teacher?
Ans: (a) Krishna is interested in acquiring knowledge. He love to share knowldege with other and has
helping mentality.
(b) Let r be the radius of the sphere.
Area A = 4πr2
∆A ∆r
= 2
A r
4
Volume V = πr3
3
∆V ∆r
= 3
V r
The teacher was correct.
2. “It is more important to have beauty in the equation of physics than to have them agree with
experiments.” The great British Physicist PAM Dirac held this view. Criticize this statement. Look
out for some equations and results which strike you as beautiful. What is its value?
Ans: The above statement of the great Physicist PAM Dirac is true The equation of physics must be simple
and short and must explain the concept clearly.
For eg: Einstein’s mass-energy equivalence equation E = mc2 is beautiful equation. Similarly, f = mas
is also a simple and beautiful equation.
But it is not true in general theory of relativity and in few other advanced physics branches beacuase
here the equations of physics are neither simple nor beautiful.
3. Bector is very much interested in solving equation. Once when he was doing experiment with simple
pedulum, he found that time period depends on length of the pendulum. He discussed with his friends
and reached a conclusion using dimensional analysis.
(i) What was the quality displayed by Bector?
(ii) What should be the conclusion arrived at by Bector?
Ans: (i) Bector very much interested in acquiring knowledge. He is having a group working skill.
(ii) T ∝ la, gb
T ∝ La (LT−2)b l = −2b
L0T1 ∝ La+b T −2b −½ = b
L ∝ l ½ g −½ a+b=0

T=k √ gl a=½

Motion
Physics in a Straight Line RADICE
-47-

SELF ASSESSMENT TEST - 1

List of chapters covered in this sample paper :

1. Physical World
2. Units and Measurement
3. Motion in a straight line

1. Fill up (a) 3.0 m/s2 = _______________ km/hr2

(b) 6.67 × 10 −11 Nm2 / kg2 = _______________ g −1 cm3 s −2
2. Calculate the time taken by the light to pass through a nucleus of diameter 1.56 × 10 −16 m.
3. What is the relative velocity of two bodies having equal velocities?
4. Write the characteristics of displacement?
5. Draw the displacement time graph for uniformely accelerated motion? What is its shape?
6. What is the value of angular speed for one revoliton?
7. What is the angle between two forces of 2N and 3N having a resultant as 4N?
8. What is the angle of projection which horizontal range and maximum height are equal?
9. At what range will a radar set show a fighter plane flying at 3 km above its centre and at distance of
4 km from it.
10. Derive expression for velocity and acceleration for uniform circular motion.
11. Derive an equation for the path of projectile fired parallel to horizontal?
12. If force (F), acceleration (a) and time (t) are taken as fundamental units, then find the dimension of
energy.
13. Two resistances R1 = 100 ± 3Ω and R2 = 200 ± AΩ are connected in series. Then what is the equivalent
resistance?
14. Young's modulus of steel is 19 × 1010 N/m2. Express it in dynes cm2. Here dynes are the CGS unit of
force.
15. Under what condition is the relation s = vt correct?
16. Two balls of different masses are thrown vertically upward with same initial speed. Which one will
rise to a greater height?
17. Sameer went on his bike from Delhi to Gurgagon at a speed of 60 Kmh-1 and came back at a speed
of 40 Kmh-1. What is its average speed for entire journey.
18. Define v = u + at from the velocity-time graph
19. A particle is moving along a straight line and its position is given by the relation
х = (t3 − 6t2 − 15t + 40)m. Find :
 RADICE Physics
-48-

(a) The time at which velocity is zero.

(b) Position and displacement of particle at that point.
20. What is trajectory of a projectile?
21. A projectile is fired at an angle of 30o with the horizontal with velocity is ms-1. At what angle with the
vertical should it be fired to get maximum range?
22. Prove that for elevation which exceed or fall short of 45o by equal amounts the ranges are equal?
23. (a) Define time of flight and horizontal range?
(b) From a certain height above the ground a stone A is dropped gently. Simultaneously another
stone B is fired horizontally. Which of these two stones will arrive on ground earlier?

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