1.

Write the meaning of Research according to: (28 points)

a) Venancio B. Adrales

The word research or re-search implies that the person has “ to search again , to take another
more careful look , to find out more” (Selltiz and others, 19760).

b) F. Landa Jacano

Research- is an activity which is meant to acquire better knowledge by “ learning what we

already know through systematic observation and experimentation”.

c) Calmorin

Research - is a scientific investigationof phenomena, which includes collection, presentation,

analysis and interpretation of facts that link man’s speculations with reality. (Calmorin).

d) Sanches

Research- is the continuous discovery and exploration of the unknown, an investigation of

newfacts leading to the discovery ofnew ideas, new methods orimprovement.(Sanches)

e) Parel

Research - is a systematic study or investigation of something for the purpose of answering

questions posed by the researcher. ( Parel ).

f) Sevilla

Research - is searching for a theory, testing for a theory and for solving a problem. (Sevilla)

2. There are eight (8) importance of research. Write your interpretation and understanding of
each and give examples to support your answer. (57 points)

Importance of Research:

1. Research is a vehicle for mobility, a contribution towards the attainment of national goals.

2. Research explains an issue or controversy.

3. Research advances human knowledge and satisfies curiosity.

4. Research improves instruction and student achievements.

5. Research improves quality of life.

6. Research satisfies man’s needs.

7. Research reduces the burden of work

8. Research has deep-seated psychological aspect.

3. What are the criteria of a good research? (15 points)

1. Interesting

2. Relevant to the needs of the people

3. Innovative

4. Cost Effective

5. Measurable and time-bound

Quiz No. 2

1. Give the meaning of SMART(16 points)

A good research problem should be SMART, that is,

S – Specific. The problem should be specifically stated

M – Measurable. It is easy to measure by using research instruments (i.e., questionnaire,

tests, etc.) in collecting data;

A – Achievable. The data are achievable using correct statistical techniques to arrive at
precise results;

R - Realistic . Real results are not manipulated; and

T - Time-bounded. Time frame is required in every activity because the shorter completion of
the activity the better.
2. What are the six (6) important guidelines that should be observed when developing
research objectives? (42 points)

Six important guidelines that should be observed when developing research objectives are:

1. They should be presented briefly and concisely

2. They should be presented in logical sequence

3. They should be realistic (e.g., achieved within the expected timeframe, achieved within the
available resources)

4. They should be phrased in operational terms (i.e., in a way that brings the organization
closer to its business objectives)

5. They should use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated or measured (e.g.,
assess, determine, compare, verify, calculate, describe)

6. They should be static once the study work begins (i.e., objectives should not be moving
targets

3. What are the purpose of a literature review? (42 points)

The purpose of a literature review is to gain an understanding of the existing research and
debates relevant to a particular topic or area of study, and to present that knowledge in the 9
form of a written report. Conducting a literature review helps you build your knowledge in
your field.

The purpose of a literature review is to:

1. Provide foundation of knowledge on topic

2. Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication and give credit to other
researchers

3. Identify inconstancies: gaps in research, conflicts in previous studies, open questions left
from other research

4. Identify need for additional research (justifying your research)

5. Identify the relationship of works in context of its contribution to the topic and to other
works

6. Place your own research within the context of existing literature making a case for why
further study is needed.

Quiz No. 3

1. Give an example of the following:

a. Related Readings (32 points)

Related readings is one of the three parts of review of related literature wherein its
major sources are from laws and department directives such as circulars, orders, memoranda,
and others which are related to the present study. These laws and department directives
serve as legal bases for the paradigm of the study. This also presents the study as having
direct or indirect implications to the government thrusts.

b. Related Literature (56 points)

Related literature is another part of the review of related literature wherein it is a

section in a research paper, thesis, dissertation in which the sources are taken from books,
journals, magazines, novels, poetry, yearbook, encyclopedia and many others.

c. Related Studies (12 points)

Published and unpublished research studies are sources of materials that are included
in this section. The research studies which have direct bearing to the present study are
segregated into foreign and local studies. Local studies – if the studies was done in the
Philippines, Foreign studies – if the studies was done outside the country.

Assignment No. 1

1. Write the other purpose of related literature? (36 points)

- it provides insight into the theoretical/conceptual background of the study

-it provides the rationale of the framework of the study. (the theoretical framework is
obtained pr conceived through the literature search)
-it helps the researcher to gather valuable data and ides that can guide him in his own
research.

-it prepares the reader to better assimilate and understand the concepts of the study and
gives him bird’s eye view of the quality of readings the researcher has done in support of his
study.

-it creates a rapport with your audience.

-it helps the researcher avoid incidental pliagiarism.

-it sharpens the researcher’s research focus.

2. What are the three (3) parts of related literature? (18 points)

The three parts of related literature are related readings, related literature, and
related studies.

3. Write the sources of the following:

a. Related Readings (16 points)

Related readings is one of the three parts of review of related literature wherein its
major sources are from laws and department directives such as circulars, orders, memoranda,
and others which are related to the present study.

b. Related Literature (21 points)

Related literature is another part of the review of related literature wherein it is a

section in a research paper, thesis, dissertation in which the sources are taken from books,
journals, magazines, novels, poetry, yearbook, encyclopedia and many others.

c. Related Studies (9 points)

The research studies which have direct bearing to the present study are segregated
into foreign and local studies. Local studies – if the studies was done in the Philippines,
Foreign studies – if the studies was done outside the country.
Assignment No. 2

1. What are the various form of literature?

-argumentative review- in here we are presenting an opposing view to a given position.

-integrative review- composed of examinations and critical analysis on a given topic to

introduce a need for a new research.

-historical review- will assess all the historical records of scholarships chronologically

Methodological review- examines the research methods alone (e.g. collection of data, their
critical analysis, interpretation and research results)

2. What is Conceptual Research?

It contains literature coming from books, journalism, and other forms of material,
concerning or relevantto the study, but are data-free or non-empirical material, coming from
oth foreign and local sources.

3. What is Research Literature?

These are empirically- based, like scientific paper, theses, and dissertations, both
published and unpublished, coming from local and foreign sources.
Evaluation for Module 2

Answer the Quizzes and Assignments in Module 2

Quiz No. 4

1. What is referencing? (10 points)

Referencing can be described as giving credit, with citation, to the source of information
used in one's work. Research is a buildup on what other people have previously done thus
referencing helps to relate your own work to previous work. It allows you to acknowledge the
contribution of other writers and researchers in your work. Is used to tell the reader where
ideas from other sources have been used in an assignment.

2. Write your interpretation and understanding about referencing? (20 points)

Referencing is a serious concern when it comes to research writing. It is one of the

things you must not forget when you are working with your paper. Referencing is citing
someone’s work which is related to yours and giving him/her the proper credit he deserves.
This is a way for us to avoid being accused of plagiarism in the near future. Plagiarism is illegal
and could be punishable by law. Thus at all cost, we must always keep in mind to properly cite
the information or ideas we got from other sources, in the first place, they all deserve the credit
for they are the one who spend all their time and sweat for that thing.

3. What is referencing style? (10 points)

A referencing style is a set of rules on how to acknowledge the thoughts, ideas and
works of others in a particular way. Referencing is a crucial part of successful academic writing,
avoiding plagiarism and maintaining academic integrity in your assignments and research. Also,
it is a standardized way of referencing your sources in the text and in the reference list. One
example is to use parentheses in the text with information about the author and the year of
publication (APA), abither is to number the references in the text (IEEE).

4. Write the Full Name and its Style, used and application of the following:

a. APA (7th Edition) ---- (20 points)

American Psychological Association- The standard style used in psychology, but it is also
widely used in other disciplines such as in engineering, especially in the social sciences. All
entries are arranged alphabetically, with the family name first of the first author (in case of
multi-author source) followed by the initials of the first names and middle names of the co-
authors, all in uppercase. List all entries in hanging indention, single-spaced.
b. IEEE ---- (20 points)

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers- Widely used in the fields of electrical
engineering and computer science.

c. CSE ---- (20 points)

Council of Science Editors- Widely used in the life sciences, and its provisions are also
applicable to other scientific disciplines.

Quiz No. 5

1. Write the APA 6 Edition reference example of the following:

a. One author (a book chapter) ------------------- (7 points)

Easton, B. (2008). Does poverty affect health? In K. Dew & A. Matheson (Eds.), Understanding
health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 97–106). Dunedin, New Zealand:
Otago University Press.

Van de Vijver, F. (2011). Equivalence and bias: A review of concepts, models, and data

     analytic procedures.  In D. Matsumoto & F. Van de Vijver (Eds.), Cross-cultural research methods
in psychology (pp. 17-45).  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

b. Two authors (a journal article with doi) ------ (7 points)

Li, S., & Seale, C. (2007). Learning to do qualitative data analysis: An observational study of
doctoral work. Qualitative Health Research, 17(10), 1442-1452.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732307306924

Kerrigan, A. M., & Kingdon, C. (2010). Maternal obesity and pregnancy: A retrospective
study. Midwifery, 26, 138-146. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2008.12.005

c. Three authors ------------------------------------- (7 points)

Barnard, R., de Luca, R., & Li, J. (2015). First-year undergraduate students’ perceptions of
lecturer and peer feedback: A New Zealand action research project. Studies In Higher
Education, 40(5), 933– 944. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.881343
Bass, M. A., Enochs, W. K., & DiBrezzo, R. (2002). Comparison of two exercise programs on general well-being of
college students. Psychological Reports, 91(3), 1195-1201. doi:10.2466/PR0.91.8.1195-1201

d. Four to seven authors ---------------------------- (7 points)

Szcz Ę Sna, A., Nowak, A., Grabiec, P., Paszkuta, M., Tajstra, M., & Wojciechowska, M. (2017).
Survey of wearable multi-modal vital parameters measurement systems. Advances in
Intelligent Systems and Computing, 526. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47154-9_37
McGuire, J. A., Witt, C. C., Remsen, J. V., Corl, A., Rabosky, D. L., Altshuler, D. L., & Dudley, R. (2014). Molecular
phylogenetics and the diversification of hummingbirds. Current Biology, 24(8), 910–916. Retrieved
from http://www.cell.com/current-biology/home

2. What are the nine (9) types of experimental design? (36 points)

Research design:

The investigator has to select the most appropriate experimental design of the study. For the
experimental research, there are nine types namely:

1. Single-group design

2. Two-group design

3. Two-pair group design

4. Parallel-group design

5. Counter-balanced (quasi-experimental design)

6. Pre-test-posttest group design

7. Complete Randomized Design (CRD)

8. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

9. Correlational Design

3. What are the nine (9) types of descriptive research? (36 points)

Research Design:

The investigator has to choose the most appropriate research design which is applicable to his
study. If this study is descriptive research, he has to select one of the nine types of descriptive
research design that is most appropriate to his study. These nine types are:

1. Descriptive-survey
2. Descriptive-normative

3. Descriptive-status

4. Descriptive-analysis

5. Descriptive-classification

6. Descriptive-evaluative

7. Descriptive-comparative

8. Correlation survey

9. Longitudinal survey

Quiz No. 6

1. Write the meaning of Mean (5 points)

Mean - is an essential concept in mathematics and statistics. The mean is the average or
the most common value in a collection of numbers. In statistics, it is a measure of central
tendency of a probability distribution along median and mode. It is also referred to as an
expected value. Mean - is a point in a data set which is the average of all the data point we have
in a set. It is basically arithmetic average of the data set and can be calculated by taking a sum
of all the data points and then dividing it by the number of data points we have in data set.

2. Write the formula of Mean (5 points)

mean=
∑ of All Data Points
Number of Data points

3. Give an example of computation of the following:

a. Mean -- (30 points)

 144
mean= =24
6

b. T-test -- (30 points)

x1 −x2
t=
s∆

c. One-way ANOVA -- (30 points)

SStotal =∑nj=1(𝑋¯𝑗 − 𝑋¯) 2

SSwithin =∑kj=1∑lj=1(𝑋¯ − 𝑋¯𝑗¯) 2

SSbetween =∑kj=1(𝑋¯𝑗 − 𝑋¯) 2

F = MST/MSE

MST = SST/ p-1

MSE = SSE/N-p

Assignments No. 3

1. What are the types of variables? (50 points)

Types of Variable:

1. Independent Variable - The independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent of other
variables in your study.

2. Dependent variable - The dependent variable is the effect. Its value depends on changes in the
independent variable.

3. Moderate variable - a variable that can strengthen, diminish, negate, or otherwise alter the
association between independent and dependent variables

4. Control variable - anything that is held constant or limited in a research study. It’s a variable that is
not of interest to the study’s aims, but is controlled because it could influence the outcomes.
 5. Intervening variable- are hypothetical internal states that are used to explain relationships between
observed variables, such independent and dependent variables.

2. Write the meaning of the following:

a. Independent Variable -- (10 points)

Independent variable – this is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the researcher to
determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon. The independent variable is the
condition that you change in an experiment. It is the variable you control. It is called
independent because its value does not depend on and is not affected by the state of any other
variable in the experiment. Sometimes you may hear this variable called the "controlled
variable" because it is the one that is changed. Do not confuse it with a "control variable,"
which is a variable that is purposely held constant so that it can't affect the outcome of the
experiment.

b. Dependent Variable -- (10 points)

Dependent variable – this is the response variable which is observed and measured to
determine the effect of independent variable. The dependent variable is the condition that you
measure in an experiment. You are assessing how it responds to a change in the independent
variable, so you can think of it as depending on the independent variable. Sometimes the
dependent variable is called the "responding variable."

3. Give at least three (3) example of Independent and dependent Variables. (30 points)

Research Question Independent variable Dependent variable

You design a study to test
whether changes in room
temperature have an effect
on math test scores.
the temperature of the room. You
vary the room temperature by
making it cooler for half the
participants, and warmer for the
other half.
math test scores. You measure the
math skills of all participants using a
standardized test and check
whether they differ based on room
temperature.

Is medical marijuana Presence or absence of medical Frequency of pain

effective for pain reduction marijuana use Intensity of pain
in people with chronic
pain?

To what extent does Type of work environment Job satisfaction self-reports

remote working increase (remote or in office)
job satisfaction?