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Basics of network technology

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Network technology
 Basics
 Terms

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Terms of network technology

• Exchange of information between different stations such as computer

control units via a medium
• Information is coded in electrical signals and transmitted via the
medium
• Medium can be a 2-wire phone line or an 8-wire network cable or a
fibre-optic cable (also carrier pigeon)
• LAN (Local Area Network)
• local network (e.g. here at Bottling plant)
• copper cables, WLAN AP
• WAN (Wide Area Network)
• Networking of far distant local networks (between cities)
• Fiber optic cables
• GAN (Global Area Network)
• networking between continents (fiber optic sea cables)
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Ethernet - Method of operation

• Computers send small packages (frames) to all connected computers
of the network
• There is no central control of who gets to send when
• CSMA (Carries Sense Multiple Access)
• Necessity to address connected computers in the network (at
hardware level)
• Each computer has a network card with a 6-byte hardware address
(MAC address)
• Within one network, MAC addresses must be clear
• The packages have a destination address (MAC address)
• If a network card receives packages which do not have their MAC
address, they will be ignored
• Packages destined for the network card will be handed over to the
computer
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The access method CSMA/CD

• Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection

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Access method, token ring

• Hand-over of the free token

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Network topology
• Bus topolgy
• Connection of all stations to one shared cable
• Each fault on cable or end devices can result in a complete failure of the network
• Star topology
• Dedicated cable from each station to a central distributor
• Necessity for (more or less intelligent) distributors
• High effort during wiring
• Flexibility in the configuration
• Low susceptibility upon malfunction from wiring or through end devices because a fault can only
disturb one station
• Network management functions in or via the distributor possible
• Tree topology
• Extension of the star topology via conection of several stars with lines between the distributors
• Advantages and disadvantages just like with star topology
• Ring topology
• Linking of all stations in form of a ring
• Each station transfers received data to th next station in the ring
• Less cables than with the star topology and hardly more than with the bus topology
• Failure of a cable section or one station can result in a complete failure
• Often designed as a double ring to be able to compensate the failure of a link or a station.

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ISO/OSI reference model

 Reference model overview
 Description of the layers

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The OSI reference model

7. Application layer

6. Presentation layer SMTP, FTP, HTTP

5. Session layer

4. Transport layer Reliable efficient data transport

Selection of path and mediation up to
3. Network layer
the destination system
2. Data link layer Fault correction

1. Physical layer Bit transfer

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Layer 1 – Bit Transmission Layer (Physical

Layer)

• Tasks:
• Determination of cable properties
• Determination of physical properties of connection components (plug, etc.)
• Determination of signal coding of the medium (voltage level or optical
signals, coding method, modulation)

• On the physical level only computers can communicate with each

other, which are directly linked with each other physically (exclusive
use of a cable or shared use together with a computer)

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Network technology
• MAC-Address
• IP-Address
• Subnet Mask
• Hub
• Switch

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The MAC address (physical address)

• is the hardware - which serves for a clear identification of a station in

the network.
• It is worldwide (in normal cases) unique and consists of six bytes. The
first three bytes identify the manufacturer of the device and the last
three bytes are used for consecutive numbering.
• If the ipconfig -all command is entered in the input request, all
network configurations of the computer are put out. Also the MAC
address of the network card.
Manufactor serial number
Example 08.00.06. 6D.C6.D8

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The IP-Adress

The IP-Address is a 32-Bit-Value. For better reading this value is

split in to 4 parts of 8 bits. These 4 parts are written as decimal
value (Dot-Notation).

Example:
00001010 01000100 00000010 11001011

10.68.2.203

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SubNetMask
• The SubNetMask assists the Ethernet device to assign the network part and the host part.
A SubNetMask has the same structure like an IP address (32 bits or 4 bytes). By definition,
all bits of the "network part" must be set to 1, all bits of the "host part" to 0.

• For the network classes, the SubNetMask looks the following:

Adress class Sub net mask (binary) Sub net mask

(decimal)
Class A 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 255.0.0.0
Class B 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.0.0
Class C 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0

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Structure of IP-Adresses
IP-Adress (logical Adress) = Internet Protocol

(f irst Byt e)
Addresses of Class A are for less nets and many station addresses
Class A 0 | net address | station address 0 - 127 128 16.777.216

Addresses of Class B are for middle number of net addresses and staions
Class B 10 | net address | station address 128 - 191 16.384 65.536

Adressen der Klasse Cfür viele Teilnetze, aber wenig Stationen pro Teilnetz

Class C 110 | netaddress | station address 192 - 223 2.097.152 256

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Example for one class C net IP-adress

Class Cnet Station

Decimal statement 192 157 018 032

Binary statement 11000000 01001101 00010010 00100000

Sub net mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

In this example we can connect 256 nodes with the following IP-adresses:

192.157.018.0 to 192.157.018.255

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The hub
The Hub is a "stupid" switch, which only lets pass by one data package. Hubs also don't know
which stations are connected to where. Therefore hubs should only be used with low data
quantities. With a hub-to-hub link, the twisted-pair cable must not be longer than 5 m,
with the switch on the contrary, it is 100 m. The only reason for buying a hub is the low
price.

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The switch
• The switch (bridge) is a device of layers 2 level, i.e. you can link networks with different
physical properties, e.g. BNC-, twisted-pair and fibre-optic cable networks. A switch is
protocol-transparent. Each port of a switch creates its own network segment of max. 100
m. The entire bandwidth is available to each of these segments. Thus, a switch does not
only increase the network performance in the entire network, but also in each individual
segment. The switch checks each package passing through for its MAC address (unique
address of a network card) and sends it there directly.

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Fibre-optics
 Media converters
 Fibre-optics, basics
 Fibre-optic cable

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Advantage of Fiber optic cabling

• big transfer bandwith

• Low signal absorbing
• No cross talking
• No interference by outside electric noise field
• Protection at potentialtransfer (lightning stroke)
• FO is thin, light and flexible
• Protected against listening

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Fiber optic data link / spectrum

Industry used area Telecommunication used area

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Media converters
• Today, fibre-optic cables also enter the area of local networks (LAN). If
copper meets with glass, so-called medial converters come into play,
which physically place the data signals from one medium to the other.
This type of device is turning to an important link between both
transition media.

Upon characterisation of the properties of media converters, cable

connections and plug connections, as well as the bandwidth play the
decisive role. The devices also adjust the transfer rate and allow the
network manager to operate individual sections of his network at
different speeds. This helps the network operator to replace copper
cables through fibre-optic cables step by step. Using converters in
connection with copper-supported network components enables the
operator to decide freely when to change which sections of a network
from traditional cables to fibre-optic cables.

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Optical data transmission

• The basic principle

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Optical data transmission

• The fibre-optic cable

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Any questions?
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Thank you!