Rachel Cavazos

Student ID 1807551
Gordon A Vos
INAR 3360

Question no #1
Provide an example of a hand held device that uses an LED to communicate 7 different signals to a user.
Propose a way to use the LED to let the user best understand the 7 different signals (e.g. flashing, color, etc.
what combination, and with what time delays, etc). Describe your code scheme, and whether or not you are
using orthogonal codes. Why would this code schema be easy to remember and interpret?

Answer:
The emission of these photons occurs when the diode junction is forward biased by an external voltage
allowing current to flow across its junction, and in Electronics we call this process electroluminescence.
The actual colour of the visible light emitted by an LED, ranging from blue to red to orange, is decided by
the spectral wavelength of the emitted light which itself is dependent upon the mixture of the various
impurities added to the semiconductor materials used to produce it.

But the main advantage of light emitting diodes is that because of their small die size, several of them can
be connected together within one small and compact package producing what is generally called a 7-
segment Display.

The 7-segment display, also written as “seven segment display”, consists of seven LEDs (hence its name)
arranged in a rectangular fashion as shown. Each of the seven LEDs is called a segment because when
illuminated the segment forms part of a numerical digit (both Decimal and Hex) to be displayed.This can
be used to carry signals.
We will be using orthogonal coding as we are to make absolute judgements along a multiple dimensions as
our example is independent of one another and have to identify more than 7 but less than the number of
levels differ in shape or colors .
Question # 2
You are standing in a room between two large pieces of industrial equipment. From where you are standing,
one piece of equipment is exposing you to 101 dB of noise while the other is exposing you to 65 d of noise.
Calculate your total noise exposure.
Answer:
Total noise exposure depends upon noise intensity and time of exposure

D=100Σ TEi/TPi
Exposures that are this high or higher are regarded as dangerous. OSHA establishes regulatory restrictions
on occupational noise exposure. These restrictions are based on the time-weighted average of a worker's 8-
hour workday. OSHA's permissible exposure limit (PEL) for noise is

Question # 3
You are designing a depth gauge device for a deep sea diving Navy Seal operative, who will be performing
night dives in enemy territory. The diver will be jumping from helicopter at about 7,000 feet above the water.
(with a parachute) and once entering the water, he or she will then diving to a depth of roughly 100 meters.
Sketch a gauge that you would design to provide both altitude and depth measures to the diver, using a single
indicator needle. How would you illuminate the gauge without giving away the diver to hostile combatants
(eg. without using a bright light?

Answer:
For the given purpose of measuring Altitude and Depth of the diver deep sea diving Navy Seal operative,
who will be performing night dives in enemy territory. The diver will be jumping from helicopter at about
7,000 feet above the water. (with a parachute) and once entering the water, he or she will then diving to a
depth of roughly 100 meters we will use the needle gauge give in the figure each partition represents 100
feet on altitude and 1 meter in water depth.

Question # 4:
What are the 4 fundamental types of compatibility? Pick one, and design a single control and output display
(or scale) that demonstrate the type of compatibility you chose.

Answer:
Control/Display Compatibility - Compatibility refers to the relationship of stimuli and
responses to human expectations.

1. Types of compatibility -
a. Conceptual Compatibility - degree to which codes and symbols correspond to
the conceptual associations people have, i.e. how meaningful codes and symbols are to
people who use them.
b. Modality Compatibility - degree to which the controls and displays utilize the
same sensory modality. Within-modality stimuli-response relationships are generally
faster, e.g. for verbal task auditory presentation and vocal response is best, for spatial
task a visual presentation and manual response is best.
c. Movement Compatibility - relationships between movements of displays and
controls where the direction of movement of a control follows from expectations, e.g.
steering wheel turns car in direction of wheel movement. Movement of a control can:
(1) follow - display movement as in radar tracking.
(2) control - display movement as when moving a computer mouse to reposition a
cursor.
(3) produce - a specific system response such as turning a car steering wheel to turn a
car in the same direction (it's the reverse on a boat).
d. Spatial Compatibility - physical arrangement of controls and associated displays in
space or physical similarity of displays and controls.
Example
For instance, clockwise rotation of a control knob is expected to produce an increase in the parameter being
measured or monitored. Although for taps controlling the flow of liquids or gases a clockwise rotation will
reduce or stop the flow, this can be a source of confused expectations which can be especially problematic
during emergencies. are known as population stereotype or direction-of-motion stereotype. An index of
reversibility (IR), ranging from zero for absolute non-reversibility to unity for prefect reversibility, has been
used to indicate the likelihood of the expectations being reversible.Taking account of movement
compatibility or direction-of motion stereotypes is important in determining the success or failure of the
design of controls and displays, so much so that a great deal of research has been conducted on various
control/ display configurations including thumbwheel-circular displays, rotatory control-linear scales,
rotary controlcircular displays, rotary control-digital counters, four-way lever-circular displays, and four-
way lever-digital counters. stereotypes for the relevant operator population when aiming to design
compatible control/display relationships to achieve optimal safe performance.

Question # 5:
Describe the concept of "Sound Pressure Level" as it pertains to acoustic theory.

Answer:
Sound pressure level (SPL) is the pressure level of a sound, measured in decibels (dB). It is equal to 20 x
the Log10 of the ratio of the Root Mean Square (RMS) of sound pressure to the reference of sound pressure
(the reference sound pressure in air is 2 x 10-5 N/m2, or 0,00002 Pa). Or, in other words is the ratio of the
absolute sound pressure against a reference level of sound in the air.
Sound pressure levels are also measured on a logarithmic scale but the unit is the decibel re 2 × 10−5 Fa.
There is another advantage in using the decibel scale. Because the ear is sensitive to noise in a logarithmic
fashion, the decibel scale more nearly represents how we respond to a noise.

Question # 6:
Hypothesize a scenario involving two different sources of sound: one is from a device you have designed
which is providing acoustic information to the user, the other is a noise source nearby (eg, a helicopter or
car nearby). Describe this scenario in a paragraph below. Identify a solution for communicating the
information from your device, and tell me what it is and how it overcomes the external noise source (and
yes, you have to tell me what the device does too!).

Answer:
Having a scenario of employees working in corporate office settings — especially in
openconcept offices such as a call center where employees are situated together in a large space
with little to no separation. If you have ever worked in a similar environment, then you know
how distracting the constant activity of a busy workplace can be. considering one or more of the
following solutions for how to reduce noise in a open office will be.

• Noise-Friendly Flooring
Unforgiving flooring surfaces like concrete, porcelain and ceramic can wreak havoc within a work
setting due to the massive amount of noise pollution they create. While carpet is an okay flooring
solution for noise reduction, engineered hardwood and LVT flooring are versatile alternatives
thanks to their ease of maintenance and variety of design options. LVT flooring by itself boasts
sound absorption qualities; however, adding the right-engineered amount of rubber underlayment
provides additional recommended IIC (Impact Insulation Class–A soundtesting method used in
North America) value.
For an all-in-one solution, Parterre’s 5mm Rigid Core Click has an attached 1mm IXPE acoustic
backing that is cushioned for sound absorption, and Parterre’s 5mm Loose Lay LVT option has a
specialized backing that offers both traction to stay in place after installation and sound reduction
qualities.

• Dedicated Quiet Space

Once in a while it’s good to get away to a quiet place within your workspace. While empty conference
rooms make for a great makeshift work sanctuaries, some companies incorporate dedicated quiet spaces
within their office layout. Quiet rooms have grown so popular in fact that a furniture maker in Michigan
designed a glass-encased, 100% soundproof office cube.

• Improve Insulation
It is time-consuming and costly, but installing sound insulation material is an effective option for reducing
noise in the office space. This noise reduction strategy makes the most sense during an office renovation or
tenant fit up.

• Sound-Friendly Furniture
Couches, lounge chairs, wall partitions, and filing cabinets can all have an impact on the acoustics of an
open office space — especially high-backed couches or enclosed booths that essentially separate a person
from the rest of the room.

Question # 07:
Define qualitative and quantitative displays. When do you use one versus the other? Give an example of
cach, designed to measure altitude in an airplane, accompanied by a sketch of your examples. Draw one
using a curved or linear scale, and another using a fixed round gauge style scale with a moving pointer. Be
creative!

Answer:
Quantitative:
Used for precise numeric value of some variable (e.g. “pressure is 125 psi”).
These are of 3 basic types

1. Fixed scale with moving pointer

2. Moving scale with fixed pointer
3. Digital display
Qualitative :
Used for the approximate value/rate of change/change in direction (e.g. “pressure is increasing”) Used
for

1. observing trends and rates of change

2. color coding
3. check reading
Comparison:
Comparison of Different Designs (Studies)

1. Digital displays preferred vs. analog when:

• . a precise numeric (quantitative) value is required
• values shown remain visible long enough to be read (i.e. not continuously changing)

2. Analog displays preferred vs. digital when:

 • fixed-scale moving-pointer displays: useful when the values change frequently /continuously ⇒
limited time in reading values if digital displays were used o
• when important to know direction or rate of value change (qualitative reading)

Question # 08:
You are contracted as a designer of a new advertising billboard to be installed in Houston on 1-45 in the
Clear Lake area. The ad must be readable from 200 feet away, and must be readable at night by drivers with
20/20 vision. The text must read "Now available: Laser Vision! The contact lenses that give you better than
perfect eyesight-the technology of tomorrow today!" Your assignment: sketch a possible layout for the text
on the sign, and tell me the typography details: stroke width, stroke height, character height, etc. Provide a
sketch of your billboard. Google industry standards for billboard dimensions to ensure you are compliant
with any best practices in the industry.

Answer:
According to national Bureau of standards formula
Stokewidth :
Ws=1.45 * 10-5 * S * d
Putting the values in our formula
Ws=1.45 * 10-5 *20 * 200

Ws=0.058ft;
ALSO;
Letter height:
Hl = Ws/R
Hl= 0.058/1;
Hl=0.058 ft
Question # 09:
You are designing a heads-up-display designed to work on a new digital display for an electron microscope
being developed by a major science technology manufacturing company. They need to display to the users
information including: current resolution (e.g. 15,000 X), minimum resolution (0 X), maximum resolution
(60,000,000 X), current scale (e.g. one screen pixel is equivalent to 0.01 microns), contrast (0-100),
brightness (0-100), and electron beam intensity (0%-100% available power). A 50 inch flat panel monitor
is sold with the microscope, and this will be where your display will appear. Design the layout of this heads-
up display which will be overlaid on the magnified images. Show me a picture! Use color. Provide
dimensions

Answer:
The analysis will be done through applying a beam of electrons (having high-energy) in the range between
(100-30,000 electron volts). Usually a thermal source is used for electron emission. The spot size produced
from the gun is too large to generate a sharp image therefore the SEM equipped with the lenses to compress
the spot and direct the focused electron on the specimen. The spot size of most SEMs is less than (10 nm)
with electrons collected from the final lens interact with the specimen and penetrate to a depth of (1µm) to
generate the signals used to produce an image. The image of the specimen is formed point by point
depending on the movement of the scan coils, which cause the electron beam to move to discrete locations
in a form of straight lines until a rectangular raster is produced on the surface of the specimen. All the
process depends on magnification required. In case when the operator requests a higher magnified image,
the scan coils make the beam to deflect a cross a smaller area. It is worth mentioning that the working
distance, which is the distance from the last lens to the surface of the specimen, has an effect on the
magnification, in which in the modern SEM this is solved by automatic adjustment
.