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 Introduction Water system

FIRE
Hydraulic
Questions?
calculation

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 Introduction Water system
FIRE
Hydraulic
calculation Quotations ?

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 Basics

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How To Extinguishing A Fire?
The Fire Triangle
The triangle illustrates the basic rule that
in order to ignite and burn, a fire requires
three elements:
1. heat
2. fuel
3. oxidizing agent, usually oxygen.

The fire is prevented or extinguished

by removing any one of them or a
combination of them (i.e. heat and
oxygen).

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How To Extinguishing A Fire?

A. Removing the fuel (very unlikely), but if

the fire runs out of fuel, it will stop
B. Removing the heat
 Water (fire brigade, sprinkler
systems, water mist systems)
 Chemical agents (FM-200®,
Novec™ 1230)
C. Reducing the oxygen level
 CO2 systems
 Inert gas systems (Inergen®, IG-55,
Argon etc.)
D. A combination of B. and C.

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Fire fighting sys. classification

1- water system

2- Hydraulic calculation

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 Introduction Water System
FIRE
Hydraulic
Questions ?
calculation

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Water system classification

1- manual

2- Automatic

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 1- Water manual system

Fire hose cabinet

Fire hose reel Class II Fire hose CLASS III Fire hose reel /Rack
Class I Fire hose C/W Fire hose
rack

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Stand pipe system

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1- Automatic sprinkler system

There are four major types of sprinkler systems

 The Wet Pipe system , by far the most common

 The Dry Pipe system , where water freezing is possible

 The Deluge system , for high hazard applications

 The Pre-Action system. where concerns over water damage.

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 FIRE PUMPS

-A fire pump is an integral component of a total fire protection

system. A fire protection system at a facility may include automatic
sprinkler systems, standpipes, hose stations, and/ or
fire hydrants.
-The purpose of a fire pump is to provide the water supply pressure from
public mains, suction tanks , gravity/elevated tanks, lakes, and other
bodies of water.
-The pump, driver, controller, and auxiliary equipment should
be U.L. Listed (Underwriters Laboratories) and/or F.M. Approved
(Factory Mutual) to ensure that the equipment has been thoroughly
examined and appropriately tested for fire pump installations.

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 TYPES OF FIRE PUMP

1. Vertical in-line.
2. End suction.
3. Horizontal split case.
4. Vertical turbine type.

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 Pumps station

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 PUMP DATA

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 PUMP CURVES

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 Sensing line connection

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 FIRE PUMP S COMPONENTS

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 Pressure Maintenance Pump (Jockey)

Every system has a normal leakage rate that will

result in a pressure drop
Jockey Pump will maintain the pressure in the
system
This will prevent the main fire pump from starting
for minor leaks
Jockey (pressure maintenance) pumps not be
listed and jockey controllers should be listed for
fire protection service.

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 Pressure Maintenance Pump (Jockey)

Jockey Pump Sizing

Jockey pumps should be sized for 1% of the
flow of the main fire pump
Jockey pumps should be sized to provide
10psi more pressure than the main fire pump
Jockey pump should be sized so that it
cannot meet the demand of the lowest flow
fire protection fitting in the system

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 Automatic Sprinkler system

Types of Sprinkler Heads:

o Standard Coverage.
• Upright.
• Pendent.
• Sidewall.
o Extended Coverage.
• Upright.
• Pendent.
• Sidewall.
o Storage Sprinklers.
• Control Mode specific area.
• Large Drop Sprinkler.
• Early Suppression Fast Response.
o Residential.

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Automatic Sprinkler system (cont.)

Classification of Sprinkler Heads:

1. Coverage .
2. Response.
3. Position.
4. Temperature rating.
5. Finishing.
6. Fusible element or frangible bulb.
7. K-Factor.

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 Classification of Sprinkler Heads:
1. Coverage.
• Standard Coverage.
• Extended Coverage.

2. Response
• Standard Response 5mm bulb.
- 3 Min. 51 Sec. Room Fire Test. /
100 Sec. Plunge Test.

Quick Response. 3mm bulb.

- 75 Sec. Room Fire Test./ 14 Sec.
Plunge Test.

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 Classification of Sprinkler Heads:
3. Position.
• Upright.

• Pendent.
• Sidewall.

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 Classification of Sprinkler Heads:

4. Temperature rating.
• Ordinary Temperature.
• Intermediate Temperature.
• High Temperature.
• Extra High.
• Ultra High.

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 Classification of Sprinkler Heads:

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 Classification of Sprinkler Heads:

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 Classification of Sprinkler Heads:

5. Finishing.

• Concealed.
CCP conical concealed Flat concealed

• Recessed.

Recessed Pendent
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 Classification of Sprinkler Heads:
6. Frangible Bulb Head or fusible link

Frangible Bulb Head Fusible link Head

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 Classification of Sprinkler Heads:

7. K-Factor.

• It is the coefficient of discharge.

• The larger the K factor in number, the more water it
can discharge at a given pressure.
• There are (3) current thread sizes used for sprinkler
heads, l/2", 3/4", and 1" threads.

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Alarm check valve on sprinkler riser

ALARM BELL
PRESSURE SWITCH
Retard chamber

Alarm Line
2” Drain
Line
System Pressure
Gauge

Bypass Line

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 ZONE CONTROL STATION

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 Siamese connection
1- Flush type

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 4- Siamese connection

2- Exposed type

2.1- Exposed Back 2.2- Exposed Angle

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 4- Siamese connection

2- free stand type

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 5- Hydrant connection
1- Flush type

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 5- hydrant connection

2- Exposed type

2.1- Exposed Back 2.2- Exposed Angle

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 5- hydrant connection

2- free stand type

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 5- hydrant valve

Post indicator wall type

non rising steam valve

Post indicator free stand

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 Hydrant & Siamese connection
in wall

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 “Break Time”
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December 4, 2022
Safety
Products
 Introduction Water system
FIRE
Hydraulic
Questions ?
calculation

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 Hydraulic Calculation

1. Classification of Occupancy.
2. Design Density.
3- Area of sprinkler operation.
4- Flow rate and pressure for HMD Sprinkler.
5. Hose Stream Allowance.
6. Number of operating sprinklers.
7. How to select a coverage area for sprinkler
operation

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

1. Classification of Occupancy.
Light Hazard Occupancies:
• Light hazard occupancies shall be defined as
occupancies or portions of other occupancies where
the quantity and / or combustibility of contents is low
and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are
expected.

• EXAMPLES: Clubs, Hospitals, Museums, Offices,

Restaurant Seating Areas.

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

1. Classification of Occupancy.
Ordinary Hazard (Group1):
Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be
defined as occupancies or portions of other
occupancies where combustibility is low, quantity of
combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of combustibles
do not exceed 8'-0'; and fires with moderate rates of
heat release are expected ..
• EXAMPLES: Restaurant Service Areas, Bakeries,
Automobile Parking and Showrooms, Laundries.

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

1. Classification of Occupancy.
Ordinary Hazard (Group2):
Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be
defined as occupancies or portions of other
occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of
contents are moderate to high, stockpiles do not
exceed 12', and fires with moderate to high rates of heat
release are expected.
• EXAMPLES: Dry Cleaners, Horse Stables, Machine
Shops, Library Stack Room, Mercantile , Confectionary
Products, Casino area.
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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

1. Classification of Occupancy.
Extra Hazard (Group1):
Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as
occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the
quantity and combustibility of contents are very high and dust,
lint, or other materials are present, introducing the probability of
rapidly developing fires with high rates of heat release but with
little or no combustible or flammable liquids.
• EXAMPLES: Combustible Hydraulic Fluid Use Areas, Metal
Extruding, Saw Mills, Upholstering with Plastic Foams, Rubber
Reclaiming

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

1. Classification of Occupancy.
Extra Hazard (Group2):
Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined as
occupancies or portions of other occupancies with
moderate to substantial amounts of flammable or
combustible liquids or occupancies where shielding of
combustibles is extensive.

• EXAMPLES: Flammable Liquids Spraying, Open Oil

Quenching, Plastics Processing, Solvent Cleaning , Varnish
and Paint Dipping

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

2. Design Density.

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

3- Area of sprinkler operation.

NFPA 13 limits : Maximum area of coverage for Light
Hazard to 225 sq. ft. per sprinkler

15”-0” 15”-0” 15”-0” Plan View

(4.57 m)
(4.57 m) (4.57 m)

Stander coverage sprinklers

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

3- Area of sprinkler operation.

NFPA 13 limits : Maximum area of coverage for Ordinary
Hazard to 130 sq. ft. per sprinkler

13”-0” 10”-0” 10”-0” Plan View

(3.97 m)
(3.04 m) (3.04 m)

Stander coverage sprinklers

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

3- Area of sprinkler operation.

NFPA 13 limits : Maximum area of coverage for Extra
Hazard to 100 sq. ft. per sprinkler

10”-0” 10”-0” 10”-0” Plan View

(3.04 m)
(3.04 m) (3.04 m)

Stander coverage sprinklers

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

4- Flow rate and pressure for HMD* Sprinkler.

4-A Flow rate for HMD* Sprinkler.
Q (minimum flow rate) = design density X area of sprinkler
operation .
• For Light Hazard = 0.10 gpm/ft2 X 225 ft2 = 22.5 gpm.
• For Ordinary Hazard 1 = 0.15 gpm/ft2 X 130 ft2 = 19.5 gpm .
• For Ordinary Hazard 2 = 0.20 gpm/ft2 X 130 ft2 = 26 gpm.
• For Extra Hazard 1 = 0.30 gpm/ft2 X 100 ft2 = 30 gpm.
• For Extra Hazard 2 = 0.40 gpm/ft2 X 100 ft2 = 40 gpm.

* HMD : Hydraulic Most Demand

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

4-B pressure for HMD Sprinkler.

˄½
P (minimum Pressure) = (Q/K)
Q = flow of the sprinkler (gpm).
K = K-Factor.
Example :
Ordinary Hazard Group 2.
Design Density = 0.2 gpm/ft2.
Area of Sprinkler operation = 130 ft2.
Q = 0.2 X 130 = 26 gpm.
K Factor = 5.6.
˄½
P = (26/5.6) = 21.55 Psi.

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

5. Hose Stream Allowance.

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

6. Number of operating sprinklers.

• Divide the area of sprinkler operation by the area of coverage per
sprinkler.
• The number of open sprinklers needs to be increased until the
actual design area is satisfied.
Example :
• For ordinary hazard group1, area of sprinkler operation = 1500 sq. ft .
• Area of coverage per sprinkler = 130 sq . ft .
• Number of open sprinklers = 1500/130 = 12.
• Check on the sprinkler plan : if the 12 sprinklers cover the area of
sprinkler operation (1500 sq. ft ) , if not, add sprinklers until the area is
covered.

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 Hydraulic Calculation (Cont.)

7. How to select a coverage area for sprinkler operation

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 Hydraulic Calculation Example:

Data:
Room Dimensions= Length × Width × Height = 24 × 20 × 5
Distance from pump =12 meters
Type of Hazard: Ordinary (Group 1)

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 Hydraulic Calculation Example:

1-According to the hazard use the density/area chart to determine : Density /

Design Area
2-Determine the number of sprinklers in the design area
Number of sprinklers = design area / Coverage area per sprinkler
Coverage area per sprinkler = S x L
3-Determine the diameters of pipes using pipe sizing tables :
4-Calculate the flow rate at HMD sprinkler
5-Calculate the pressure at HMD sprinkler from the relation
6-To calculate Q and P at the sprinkler before HMD we must add the pressure loss
in pipes and fittings using the following relation

Hazen – williams equation

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 Hydraulic Calculation Example:

Design Conditions
Type of hazard: ordinary hazard (Group 2)
Density = 0.2 gpm/ft²
Minimum residual pressure for sprinkler = 7 psi
Coverage area per sprinkler = L X S = 3m×4 m =12 m² = 125 ft² (From drawing)
Max coverage area per sprinkler =130 ft²
Sprinklers operation area = 1500 ft²

Total no. of sprinklers to operate

1500/125=12 sprinkler

No of sprinklers on one branch in design area Where

A : operation area ft²
S : distance between
Sprinklers ft
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 Hydraulic Calculation Example:

1 (2 m) 8 12 16

Branch
10”-0”
(4 m) 10”-0” 10”-0”

(3 m) (3 m)

2 7 11 15

3 6 10 14
(2 m)

(2 m) 17
4 5 9 13

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December 4, 2022
Safety
AHMED A. ELGHANY
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 Hydraulic Calculation Example:

Hose stream allowance :Total flow for inside /outside fire hose cabinet: 100 GPM
C Factor ref. to C coefficient table (based on pipe material )
P Loss not greater than 7 psi if it greater than 7 psi recalculate the P loss
with increase the pipe size .

Calculations

P 1= 21.9 psi P H.W:0.26 psi / ft

Fitting = 1E L1-2= 4X3.28 =2+13.12=15.2 ft

P 2= 21.9 + 3.93 = 25.6 psi

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