1 Surface Area

Divide into m × n square. Then A(S) = limm,n→∞ ∑m n

i=1 ∑j=1 ∆Tij .
Since ∆Tij = ∣a × b ∣. Recall that fx (xi , yj ) and fy (xi , yj ) are the slopes
of the tangent lines through Pij .

a = ∆xi + fx (xi , yj )∆xk

b = ∆y j + fy (xi , yj )∆yk

RRR i RRR
RRR j k RRR
a × b = RRRR∆x 0 fx (xi , yj )∆xRRRR
RRR R
RRR 0 ∆y fy (xi , yj )∆y RRRRR
= [−fx (xi , yj ) i − fy (xi , yj )j + k ] ∆A
√
2 2
∆Tij = ∣ a × b ∣ = [fx (xi , yj )] + [fy (xi , yj )] + 1 ∆A
Hence we have

Definition : The Area of the Surface

If fx , fy are continuous.
¨ √
2 2
A(S) = [fx (xi , yj )] + [fy (xi , yj )] + 1 dA
D
¿
¨ Á 2 2
= Á
À1 + ( ∂z ) + ( ∂z ) dA
∂x ∂y
D

+ EXAMPLE. Area of z = x2 + y 2 that lies under z = 9.

¨ √
A= 1 + (2x)2 + (2y)2 dA
D
¨ √
= 1 + 4(x2 + y 2 ) dA
D

Converting to polar coordinates, we obtain

2π 3√
A=∫ ∫ 1 + 4r2 r dr dθ
0 0
2π 1√ 3
=∫ dθ ∫1 + 4r2 (8r) dr
0 0 8
3 π √
= 2π ( 81 ) 23 (1 + 4r2 )3/2 ] = (37 37 − 1)
0 6

2 Triple Integrals

Divide into subboxes.

Definition : Triple Integrals

Let Bijk = [xi−1 , xi ] × [yj−1 , yj ] × [zk−1 , zk ] , then

˚ l m n
lim ∑ ∑ ∑ f (xijk ∗, yijk ∗, zijk ∗)∆V
l,m,n→∞ i=1 j=1 k=1
B

˝ b s d
Fubini’s Theorem. f (x, y, z) dV = ∫a ∫r ∫c f (x, y, z) dy dz dx
B

1
 ˝
Just the same, wrap E inside a box, and we got F (x, y, z) dV .
B

E = {(x, y, z) ∣ (x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y)}

˚ ¨ u2 (x,y)
f (x, y, z) dV = [∫ f (x, y, z) dz] dA
u1 (x,y)
E D

Definition : 3 Types of Triple Integrals

∎ Type I. D is the projection on the xy-plane.

E = {(x, y, z) ∣ a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x), u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y)}

¨ b g2 (x) u2 (x,y)
f (x, y, z) dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (x, y, z) dz dy dx
a g1 (x) u1 (x,y)
E

∎ Type II. D is the projection on the yz-plane.

∎ Type III. D is the projection on the xz-plane.

˝√
+ EXAMPLE. x2 + z 2 dV , where E bounded by y = x2 + z 2 and y = 4.
E

¨ 4 √ ¨ √
[∫ x2 + z 2 dy] dA = (4 − x2 − z 2 ) x2 + z 2 dA
x2 +z 2
D3 D3

Convert to polar coordinate in the xz-plane: x = r cos θ, z = r sin θ, which

gives
˚ √ ¨ √
x2 + z 2 dV = (4 − x2 − z 2 ) x2 + z 2 dA
E D3
2π 2 2π 2
=∫ ∫ (4 − r2 )r r dr dθ = ∫ dθ ∫ (4r2 − r4 ) dr
0 0 0 0
2
4r3 r5 128π
= 2π [ − ] =
3 5 0 15

3 Applications of Triple Integrals

First, begin with the special case where f (x, y, z) = 1 for all points in E. That would be the volume of the
shape.

2
4 Triple Integrals in Cylindrical Coordinates

Recall the connection between polar and Cartesian coordinates:

x = r cos θ y = r sin θ
y
r 2 = x2 + y 2 tan θ =
x

¦ Cylindrical Coordinates
Represented by (r, θ, z),
∎ r, θ: polar coordinates of the projection of P onto the xy-plane.
∎ z: the directed distance from the xy-plane to P .

x = r cos θ y = r sin θ z=z

y
r 2 = x2 + y 2 tan θ = z=z
x

This is the surface of z = r.

¦ Evaluating Triple Integrals with Cylindrical Coordinates

Suppose E = {(x, y, z) ∣ (x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y)}, and

D = {(r, θ) ∣ α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ)}

Definition : Triple Integrals with Cylindrical Coordinates

˚ β h2 (θ) u2 (r cos θ,r sin θ))
f (x, y, z) dV = ∫ ∫ ∫ f (r cos θ, r sin θ, z) r dz dr dθ
α h1 (θ) u1 (r cos θ,r sin θ
E

5 Triple Integrals in Spherical Coordinates

Definition : ¦ Spherical Coordinates

The spherical coordinates (ρ, θ, ϕ) of a point P :

∎ ρ = ∣OP ∣ ≥ 0: the distance from O to P .

∎ θ: the same angle as in cylindrical coordinates.

∎ 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π: the angle between the positive z and OP .

Useful when there is symmetry about a point.

3
 We have z = ρ cos ϕ and r = ρ sin ϕ.

x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ z = ρ cos ϕ

The distance formula

ρ2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2

Definition : ¦ Evaluating Triple Integrals with Spherical Coordinates

˚
f (x, y, z) dV
E
d β b
=∫ ∫ ∫ f (ρ sin ϕ cos θ, ρ sin ϕ sin θ, ρ cos ϕ) ρ2 sin ϕ dρ dθ dϕ
c α a

where E is a spherical wedge

E = {(ρ, θ, ϕ) ∣ a ≤ ρ ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, c ≤ ϕ ≤ d}

where a ≥ 0, β − α ≤ 2π, d − c ≤ π.
The formula can be extended as g1 (θ, ϕ) ≤ ρ ≤ g2 (θ, ϕ).

6 Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals

Consider a transformation T from the uv-plane to the xy-plane: x = g(u, v), y = h(u, v).
Assume T is a C 1 transformation (g, h have continuous 1st-order partial derivatives).

If T is one-to-one, the the inverse transformation T −1 exist: u = G(x, y), v = H(x, y).
We approximate the image R by a parallelogram determined by
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪a = r(u0 + ∆u, v0 ) − r(u0 , v0 ) ≈ ∆uru
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨b = r(u0 , v0 + ∆v) − r(u0 , v0 ) ≈ ∆vrv
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ = ∣(∆uru ) × (∆vrv )∣ = ∣ru × rv ∣∆u ∆v
⎩SR
Computing the cross product
RRR i kRRRR R
RRR j
RRR RRR ∂x ∂y RRRR RRR ∂x ∂xRRRR
RRR ∂x ∂y RRR RRR RRR RRR RR
R ∂uRRR k = RRRR ∂u ∂v RRRR k
ru × rv = RRRRR ∂u 0 RRRR = RRRR ∂u
RRR RRR ∂x R RRR R
RRR ∂u
RRR RRR ∂y RRRR RRRR ∂y ∂y RRRR
RRR ∂x ∂y RRR RR
RRR 0 RRRR RR ∂v ∂v R RR ∂v ∂v RR
R ∂v ∂v R

4
 Definition : The Jacobian

The Jacobian of the transformation T : x = g(u, v), y = h(u, v) is

RRR ∂x ∂xRRRR
RRR RR ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂(x, y) R ∂v RRRR =
= RRRRR ∂u R −
∂(u, v) RR ∂y
RRR ∂y RRRR ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
RR ∂v RR
∂v RR
RRR RRR
R ∂(x, y) R
Hence we got ∆A ≈ RRRR ∆u∆v RRRR where the Jacobian is evaluated at (u0 , v0 ).
RRR ∂(u, v) RRR
R R

¨ m n
f (x, y) dA ≈ ∑ ∑ f (xi , yj ) ∆A
i=1 j=1
R
m n
∂(x, y)
≈ ∑ ∑ f (g(ui , vi ), h(ui , vi )) ∣ ∣ ∆u∆v
i=1 j=1 ∂(u, v)

Definition : ¦ Change of Variables in a Double Integral

Suppose T is a C 1 transformation whose Jacobian is nonzero, map from uv to xy. R, S are type I, II,
f is continuous. ¨ ¨
∂(x, y)
f (x, y) dA = f (x(u, v), y(u, v)) ∣ ∣ ∆u∆v
∂(u, v)
R S

¦ Triple Integral
The Jacobian of T is the determinant

⎧ RRR ∂x ∂x ∂x RRRR
⎪
⎪x = g(u, v, w) RRR RR
⎪ RRR ∂u
⎪
⎪
⎪ ∂wRRRR
∂(x, y, z) RRRR ∂y
∂v
⎨y = h(u, v, w) ∂z RRRR
= RR
⎪ ∂y
⎪ RRR
⎪
⎪
⎪ ∂(u, v, w) RRRR ∂u ∂wRRRR
⎩z = k(u, v, w)
⎪ RRR ∂v
RRR ∂z ∂z ∂z RRRR
RRR RR
R ∂u ∂v ∂wRR

Definition : Triple Integration in Spherical Coordinates

˚ ˚
f (x, y, z) dV = f (ρ sin ϕ cos θ, ρ sin ϕ sin θ, ρ cos ϕ)ρ2 sin ϕ dρ dθ dϕ
R S