*is also called a relative clause

*f unctions as an adjective

*is used to modif y a noun or a pronoun – to identif y

people and things, or to give more inf ormation
about them

Relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that, whose (relative

possessive word-determiner) => to replace a noun/
pronoun as Subject/ Object
Relative adverbs: where, when, why => to replace an
*is introduced by a relative pronoun or a relative
Definition An adjectival clause is a clause that
adverb
adjunct.

Have you ever spoken to the person who lives next

door?

I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away (Whose + Noun=Subject)

It was a meeting whose purpose I did not understand.

(Whose + Noun= Object)

WHOSE + NOUN (determiner) both in def ining and non-

def ining .
In def ining clauses
Note: WHOSE
Inf ormal situation
I went to see the Forests, whose kids I looked af ter when I
Pronouns as object (of the relative clauses) NOT af ter WHOSE -> people
Do you know the woman to whom I talked yesterday? was a student.
preposition.

OMITTING RELATIVE PRONOUNS

He's written a book that I've f orgotten the name of .
Could you tell me when the meeting starts? - Noun clause
as Object

Never omitting relative adverbs of which + noun (f ormal) He's written a book of which name I've f orgotten.
Do you know the reason why she lef t?
(She lef t f or a reason. Do you know that reason?
He's written a book of which I've f orgotten the name.
=Do you know why she lef t? => Noun clause as Object

Do you know Ms.Jones, whom I talked to yesterday?  in non-def ining clauses I’ve talked to the woman who owns the hotel next
*Def ining/ Restrictive/ Identif ying
door.

We're studying online today, which is strange to me. Which=> A whole clause WHO, WHOM, WHICH not THAT
I’ve talked to Ms. Jones, who owns the hotel next
door.

Do you know the woman to whom I talked yesterday? Af ter preposition

Noun is a Proper noun
*Non-Def ining/ Non-Restrictive/ Non-Identif ying
T here are the people and things that I love the most. Nouns ref erring to both people and things
Possessive adjective bef ore Noun
T HAT af ter
Is there something that I can do f or you? Indef inite pronouns - impersonal (something, everything) T HIS, T HAT , T HESE, T HOSE

T hese walls are all that remain of the city.

ALL, SOME, ANY, NONE, LIT T LE, FEW, MUCH used alone
without NOUNS
T hese walls are all the things which/that remain of the city.
THAT not WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH

T he only thing that matters is to f ind our way home. ONLY

TYPES

T his is the best thing that I've done so f ar. SUPERLAT IVES Adjectival Clauses
T his is the second time that I've spoken in public. ORDINALS

Def inite noun phrases (the car, this house, my f ather, Mrs
T his is the place where I was born.
Lewis...) + Non-def ining clauses 
(T his is a place. I was born in that place / there => Adjunct)

Indef inite noun phrases (a car, some nurses, f riends...) +

T his is the place which I've always wanted to visit. Def ining clauses.
(T his is a place. I've always wanted to visit that place => Object) 

WHICH vs WHERE/ WHEN He's got a new car that goes like a bomb. (emphasis that He's got a new car, which goes like a bomb (the
I don't know the reason why she lef t. car goes like a bomb=> important inf ormation) unimportant inf ormation because we can leave it).
(I don't know the reson f or which she lef t)

WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH more f ormal than T HAT

WHY= f or WHICH
T his is the place IN WHICH I was born.
=> WHERE/ WHEN/ WHY = prep + WHICH
WHERE = in WHICH, at WHICH, on WHICH, etc (prep of place) She had a teddy bear, both of whose eyes were missing.

WHEN= during WHICH, through WHICH, in WHICH, at WHICH,

I have f ive sisters, all of whom are students.
on WHICH (prep of time) ... SOME of WHOM/ WHICH ...
* quantif ier + of WHOM/ WHICH
... EACH of WHOM/ WHICH ...
=> non-def ining clauses
... ALL of WHOM/ WHICH ...
I have f ive sisters, of whom all are students.
When the relative pronoun is subject

T he members of the special commission on crime, SOME

Who is the girl WHO/T HAT is dancing with your Relative pronouns in phrases OF WHOM were apponted by the mayor, meet weekly.
brother? of quantity and quality
=>  Who is the girl dancing with your brother?
She has f ive sports cars, T HE COOLEST OF WHICH is a
Using a present or past participle
Reducing adjectival clauses Convertible.
I f ound him sitting at a table WHICH/T HAT was covered
with papers. ... the f irst of WHOM/ WHICH ...
=> I f ound him sitting at a table covered with papers. the superlative f orm + of WHOM/ WHICH ... the best of WHOM/ WHICH ... She had f ive sports cars, OF WHICH T HE COOLEST is a Convertible
... the smallest of WHOM/ WHICH ...

T his invitation, sent by George, would please Mary. In this term we have 4 courses, the hardest of which is
Can a non-def ining adjectival clause be reduced?  Advanced Grammar (adjectival clauses đứng ngay sau Noun/
=> YES Pronoun nó modif y)
My brother, a doctor, is a good person. + Adjunct sau nó không có dấu phẩy

Look at how he treats me  Noun clause as Direct Object và không xảy ra sự thay thế

Look at the way in which he treats me.

Adjective clause : in which replace adjunct.
(= He treats me in the way, Look at that way)

*What is the difference between

I don't like the news that she gave you Adjective clause: that thay thế (replace) cho the news
nominal clauses and adjectival ( She gave me some news. I don't like the news) + T hat she gave you bổ nghĩa (modif y) cho the news.
clauses?

T hat không thay thế (replace) cho the news.

I don’t like the news that she’s got

Noun clause
promoted.

T he news không làm object trong câu she's got promoted.