Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León

Facultad de Filosofía y Letras

Evidencia 1
Mapa conceptual
Lexicología
Docente: Elizabeth Alvarado Martínez
Team: Mariana Andrea Osorio Cortes
Aaron Andrés Garza Treviño
Lizette Adamaris Cerda Figueroa
 Affixation
Eponymization

Telescoping
word-yielding
technique though
which a prexif o suffix This word means to be
is added to a base respectful with someone
ethier changing or not
combinates one part of a changing it's lexical
word with one part class.

Compounding Prefixiation Coining

association or two or more letter or sound or

words group of letters or Definition: Syntax is important because it provide speakers
Syntax refers to the set of with a regular structure or framework for
sounds which are Lexicology and grammatical structures that allow conveying relationships between people, things,
for the combination of words into or ideas and the states, events, or activities that
added to the syntax phrases and sentences. they are involved in.
beginning of a word
Suffixation We can find Toponyms

function of the word serving Lexical

can be
for a base. Lexicology and Isolates
interpreted as - a The noun phrase:
The adpositional phrase:
An adpositional phrase is a syntactic constituent consisting of an
lexicography are very
closely
toponym - the Constituent structure:
One of the central aspects of linguistic design is
A noun phrase is a grammatically coherent syntactic constituent
contain ing a head noun or a pronoun and optionally one or more
adposition (preposition or postposition), which is the head of the
constituent, and a dependent noun phrase. There are two types of
Other types of syntactic constituents:
a syntactic constituent consisting of a verb as the head of the
Recursive structures in syntax:
One of the interesting design principles of constituent

geographical place itself hierarchical structure: units contain units that

In lexicology conversion is a
technical term which refer to
the ability of words to
change their lexical class
without the addition of affix
contain units.
modifiers. The noun or pronoun is the head of the noun phrase, or
the element that determines the type of syntactic constituent and
adpositional phrases. In prepositional phrases the preposition precedes
the noun phrase, while in postpositional phrases the postposition follows
phrase, and optional depen dents including adverbs,
prepositional phrases, object noun phrases, and indirect
structure is recursion, or the ability for a phrasal constituent
to embed another phrasal constituent of the same type within
which is required in order for the modifiers, or dependents, to the noun phrase. Languages usually have either prepos itional phrases or objects in prepos itional phrases. it.
appear. postpositional phrases, but not both. The noun phrase that occurs in an
adpositional phrase is called the object of the adposition.
adjecives
Verbs
Words preserve their form
Arguments and transitivity
and frequently their Syntax: words in combination The clause The term argument refers to a noun phrase, but rather than emphasizing its
Grammatical relations: subjects Grammatical relations: objects
Grammatical relations versus semantic case roles:
It is important to differentiate these grammatically
A clause can be defined as a syntactic unit typically internal constituent structure, the term emphasizes the grammatical status of the
grammatical function while consisting of a verb (in some languages within a verb argument in relation to the verb. There are two types of arguments: core
Languages across the world differ in the grammatical properties objects have different grammatical properties from defined relationships from the semantic relationships
that define subjects. languages differ in the grammatical subjects. In English, objects directly follow the between arguments and verbs. The semantic
undergoing semantic phrase), its noun phrase arguments, and optional adverbial
elements (usually adverbs and adpositional phrases).
arguments and oblique arguments. Core arguments are those that have a
grammatical relationship with the verb. Oblique arguments do not have a
properties that define the subject grammatical relation. verb; these are called direct objects. relationships between verbs and arguments are
referred to as semantic case roles.
changes due to linguistic and grammatical relationship with the verb.

extra-linguistic factors such

as the evolution of culture. transitivity. Verbs that can take at most one core argument are referred to as
intransitive; verbs that can take at most two core arguments are referred to
as transitive; and verbs that can take at most three core arguments are
referred to as ditransitive.

Metathesis is a greek
Metanalysis: based on Deflection. justifies
term which entered
A word on preserve its greek etimology the sounds in english
english via latin in the
form and it may as well term was coined by language. if we talk on
LEXICAL SHIFTS sixteenth century. in
shifts its meaning but otton jespersen to lexicology terms show Clause-combining: coordination versus subordination
Clause-combining: coordination versus
lexicology, this term A complex sentence is a sentence with more than one clause. Clauses can be Adverbial clauses
this is true only in the denote a change un the modificatiions from the
The sentence
A sentence is an integrated syntactic unit consisting
combined either by coordinating two independent clauses using a conjunction, thereby
subordination
Coordination combines two clauses in linear sequence
Adverbial clauses are dependent clauses that are Complement clauses
refers to “the process of of at least one clause and optionally adverbials that
creating the larger unit, or by placing one clause inside of another as a dependent (or
using a conjunction. Clauses combined through
linked to a matrix clause using either an adverbial Complement clauses are dependent clauses that
particular case of very way the elements in a old english have scope over the sentence as a whole.
subordinate) element. There are three distinct ways by which subordinate clauses are
coordination form sentences that behave as single
conjunction or an affix that specifies the semantic function as noun phrase arguments of verbs.
whereby segments are made dependent to a matrix clause, so there are three types of subordinate clauses:
cohesive syntactic units.
relationship between clauses
few ready-made phrase or sentence are adverbial clauses, relative clauses, and complement clauses.
switched round in a
binomials. interpreted and used.
word” .
Lexicology and Relative clauses
False etymology" and morphology
relative clauses are embedded within noun phrases and function as dependent
modifiers of nouns. The noun, relative clause, and any other noun phrase elements

Has equivalents that are "false analogy" are Folk etymology: A together form a single cohesive noun phrase. we can structurally contrast
complement clauses with relative clauses. With complement clauses, an embedded
BASE-PRESERVING Corruption. It is related syntagms which POPULAR BUT FALSE clause is an entirenoun phrase, while with relative clauses, an embedded clause is
presumably within a noun phrase, following the noun that it modifies.
WORD FORMATIONS BASE-ALTERING not only to politics and account for the lexical NOTION OF
SEMANTIC SHIFTS questionable if they are
WORD politicians but high alterations that appear THE ORIGIN OF A
placed against a Morphology It's the
FORMATIONS officials in national to be consequential to WORD. study of forms
lexicological
institutions. misinterpretations of
background.
EVOLUTIONARY already existing words Describes the study of all
basic “elements” used in a language.
SHIFTS

Elements are known as

Dictionary Morpheme: minimal unit of
Book listing words of a language with meaning or grammatical function.

Lexicology
their meanings, data regarding
pronunciation, usage and origin.
Is the study of lexis or
vocabulary in a given
Is the theory and practice of compiling language.
It's divided in :
dictionaries.
Lexicography
Bound morphemes
1.1 Introduction to lexicology Are those forms that normally
E.g. becoming a vegetarian is a big Free morphemes cannot be alone and are
missed steak. Can attached to another form,
stand by themselves as single exemplified as re-, -ist, -ed, -s.
Process by which a word changes from it's divided in: words.
through a mistaken assimilation, also
call paronomasia. Folk etymology E.g. new and
Can arise: tour
Lexicology is based on:

Etymology There are two

types: There are two types:

Is the study of the

E.g. Hamburger derives from whole history of Lexical
the German city Hamburg words. Semantics morphemes

plus suffix -er. Morphology

Studies the meaning of utterances in Derivational morphemes

context. Inflectional
Studies the meaning of linguistic Functional morphemes
expressions. morphemes
Is the study of morphemes and their
Pragmatic semantics arrangements in forming words. Is a content word such as a
noun or verb.
Used to make new
Handles the meaning of a sentences words or words of a Never changes the
and meaning relations between Sentence semantics it's divided in: E.g. Set of ordinary nouns different grammatical
grammatical category
sentences. category.
(girl, house), verbs (break, of a word.
What are morphemes? sit), adjectives (long, sad) E.g. articles (a, the),
conjunctions (and,
Are the smallest unit that can carry and adverbs (never,
because), prepositions
meaning in a word. quickly) . (on, near) and E.g. the noun ´class´ can
Lexical semantics pronouns (it, me). become the verb ´classify´
Is used as a function by the addition of the E.g. old and older are
word. derivational morpheme -ify. E.g. dogs, walked adjectives. The -er
Deals with words and meaning inflection here simply
relationship among words. creates a different version
E.g. the word 'actor' can be divided Can be suffixes like - of the adjective.
ment and -ify and also
into: 'act' (a verb) and '-or' (a suffix). prefixes, such as re-, Used to indicate the grammatical
pre-, ex-, mis-, co-, un-. function of a word, and are used to
show if a word is plural or singular,
What is lexicology? past tense or not, and if it's a
comparative or possessive form.

In words that sound similar Lexicology and phonology

E.g. sheep and ship.
the difference of sound Phonology is the
It is related to
(stress) may occur study of the
lexicology because:
anywhere in the structure sounds of words.
of the word.

There have been a number of attemps to discover some of the general

principles on which vocabulary is organized. These attemps have focused
The structure of english vocabulary
on three main areas: that of individual words and their associations, that
of semanticor lexical fields, and lastly that of word families.

Every word is envolved in a network of associations which connect it with other

terms in the language. Some of these association are based on similarity of The world and its associative field
meaning, others are purely formal, while others involve both form and meaning.

syntagmatic relationships there are possibilities of

combination, paradigmatic relationships are functional
contrasts, which encompass some differentiation.
Syntagmatic relations: they are combinatory relations in the
What is the relationship between
presence of other linguistic elements, they occur between What is a Phrase relation?
paradigm and phrase?
the successive elements of the statement, they are present.

The treatment of words in terms of words families is a common

approach in the lexicology of French. A family consist of a base
Word families
form, its posible inflectional forms, and the words derived from it by
prefixation and suffixation

The notion of word class may also be used to account

Word classes
for the structure of the vocabulary as a whole.
Reflection:

Mariana Andrea Osorio Cortes Lexicology is a vital branch of

linguistics because it enables us to comprehend the structure of words
in a given language.
It can really help you to understand how a sentence is made and all
the components, lexicology has its own set of goals and objectives.
Modern English lexicology studies the problem of word structure and
word formation, as well as the classification of vocabulary units and
the description of the relationships between different lexical layers of
English vocabulary.

Aaron Andrés Garza Treviño

Lexicology is a very important concept since it helps us to better
understand vocabulary, basically it helps us to better understand
words, since it classifies and represents its structure from the patterns
of a language. This is also based on lexicography, etymology,
semantics and morphology. The syntax is also an important part since
it helps us to understand the language better since it helps us to
speak and write correctly.

Lizette Adamaris Cerda Figueroa

It’s important to know what lexicology consists of since it studies the
vocabulary of a language, and therefore it is related to the formation of
words, formation of sentences, the classification of words, the
meaning of words and their origin. That is why knowing about syntax,
morphology, etymology and semantics would be a great advantage for
us as language students, since it would help us understand all these
aspects more easily.