Omitting relative pronouns (informal)

In defining clauses (có dấu ",", ko bỏ được)

OMTTING relative
Pronouns as object (of the relative clause) pronouns
NOT after preps

- Do you remember the place where we first met ?

We first met in a place. Do you remember that
place?
- Do you like Dalat, where there are four seasons in also called a relative clause
a day?
- Could you tell me the time when the meeting starts? functions as an adjective
The meeting starts at a time. Could you tell me that time ? to identify people and things, or to give more information
Never omitting relative adverbs modify a noun or a pronoun about them

introduced by a relative pronoun or a relative

adverb
when the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause => Omit
Ex: Have you ever spoken to the person who lives next
Who is the girl WHO/THAT danced with your door? (who: subordinator modifying the person)
brother yesterday? (complex –relative clause) Câu gốc: A person lives next door. Have you ever spoken to the/ that person ?
=>Who is the girl dancing with your brother
yesterday? (simple) Definition Relative pronouns:
Reducing adjectival WHO
I found him sitting at a table WHICH/ THAT was WHOM
covered with papers. (complex – relative clause) clauses WHICH
=> I found him sitting at a table covered with THAT
papers(Simple) Using a present (Ving-active) or PP (passive) WHOSE (RELATIVE POSSESSIVE WORD - DETERMINER) => REPLACE A NOUN/PRONOUN AS S/O
This invitation, which was sent by George, would Relative adverbs:
please Mary. WHERE (Adjunct of place)_ EX: I was born in a place. Dalat is that place.
This invitation, sent by George, would please Mary. Reducing in a non-defining adjectival clause => Dalat is the place where I was born.
WHEN (Adjunct of time)
WHY (Adjunct of reason) => REPLACE AN ADJUNCT
The members of the special commission on
crime, SOME OF WHOM were appointed by
the mayor, meet weekly. used to help identify/
(The members of the special commission on ... SOME of WHOM/ WHICH ... define the person(s) or I’ve talked to the woman who owns the hotel next
crime meet weekly. Some of those members ... EACH of WHOM/ WHICH ... ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES thing(s) that the noun/ door.
were appointed by the mayor.) ... ALL of WHOM/ WHICH ... quantifier + of WHOM/ WHICH pronoun refers to the woman chưa rõ nghĩa nên who... bổ nghĩa cho the woman, ko thể bỏ who ...
... the first of WHOM/ WHICH ...
Relative pronouns in
not separated (from the
She has five sport cars, the coolest of which is a Convertible. ... the best of WHOM/ WHICH ... phrases of quantity independent clause) by
(She has five sport cars. The coolest of those cars is a Convertible. ....the smallest of WHOM/WHICH..... the superlative form + of WHOM/ WHICH and quality commas in writing and by
pauses in speech
*Defining/ Restrictive/ Identifying
cannot be omitted without
Who influencing the
grammaticality and
Whom meaning of the whole
sentence
I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath
away. (Whose + N = S) used to add extra
Whose information about the
It was a meeting whose purpose I did not (Both in defining and non-defining) TYPES person(s) or thing(s) that the
understand. (Whose + N = O) Noun + Whose + Noun noun/ pronoun refers to
I went to see the Forests, whose kids I looked I’ve talked to Ms. Jones, who owns the hotel next
after when I was a student. door.
separated by commas Ms. Jones: cụ thể, who... bổ nghĩa, có thể ommit
She may be late, in which case we should wait for her.
She may be late. In that case we should wait for her. can be omitted
*Non-Defining/ Non-Restrictive/ Non-Identifying
He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go Use Non-defining in
home. - Danh từ riêng
He lost his temper. At that point I decided to go home. - This/That/These/Those + N
Which as DET Which - Adjective possessive + N or N+'s
He spoke in Greek, which language I could only follow
- Danh từ được bổ nghĩa bởi các tính từ đứng
with difficulty.
trước (TH này ít)
He spoke in Greek, I could only follow that language
with difficulty.

prep + which + noun => Informal

WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH more formal than THAT
I’ve talked to the woman who owns the hotel next door.
I’ve talked to the woman that owns the hotel next door.
Do you know the girl whom Peter just mentioned?
Do you know the girl that Peter just mentioned? USES
She hasn’t read the book which I lent her months ago.
She hasn’t read the book that I lent her months ago. THAT - WHO/WHOM/WHICH

These are the people and things (that) I love the most. After noun referring to both people and things

Is there anything (that) I can do for you ? After Indefinite pronoun - Imperson (something, everything)

These walls are all that remain of the city.

These walls are all the things which/that that After All, some, any, non, little, few, much used
remain of the city. alone without NOUNS THAT NOT who/whom/which

The only thing that matters is to find our way home. Only

This is the best thing (that) I’ve done so far. Superlatives

This is the second time (that) I’ve spoken in public. Ordinals

Do you know Ms. Jones, whom I talked to yesterday? In non-defining clauses

We’re studying online today, which is strange to me. WHICH -> a whole clause WHOM/ WHOM / WHICH NOT That

Do you know the woman to whom I talked yesterday? After prepositions

I don't know the reason why she left

I dont know the reason for which she left why = for which

This is the place where I was born ( This is the place. I was born in that place/ there
=> A)
WHERE / WHEN / WHY = prep + WHICH WHICH vs WHEN/WHERE
This is the place which I've always wanted to visit. (This is the place. I've always
wanted to visit that place => O) where = in which, at which, on which, etc,.. (prep of place)

when = during which, through which, in which, at which, on which, etc, (prep of time)