GRAMMAR REVIEW

Issues

 Parts of speech

 Phrases

 Sentences
Issues

 Parts of speech -English nouns

- English verbs
 Phrases
- English adjectives

 Sentences - English propositions

Issues

 Parts of speech

 Phrases - Noun phrases

- Verb phrases
 Sentences
- Prepositional phrases
Issues

 Parts of speech

 Phrases

 Sentences - Simple sentences

- Compound sentences
- Complex sentences
Lesson 1: ENGLISH NOUNS
1 Grammatical categories of Ns
Grammatical Categories

Number Case Gender

E.g.: mouse - mice E.g.: my sister’s car E.g.: she-wolf

box – boxes a fall of 10% mother-in-law
fish - fish
1 Grammatical categories of Ns
Grammatical Categories

Number

Invariables = nouns that do not vary

Variables = nouns that do vary

 1 Grammatical categories of Ns
Invariables

Singular only Plural only

Non-count Ns N-ending Substantive Ns with Pluralia Collective Substantive

in “s” Adj plural tantums Ns Adj
meaning
material news
scissors arms people
water, oil physics
pants customs cattle

(abstract) (concrete)

abstract the true the poor

freedom the ugly the blind

1 Grammatical categories of Ns
Variables

Regular plural Irregular plural Zero plural

- voicing /f/  /vz/

(N + s) (same form for both plural &
leaf – leaves
- /s/ singular)
- “en” ending
books, stops
ox – oxen
- /z/ sheep, deer
- change of the
beds, stars
root vowel
- /iz/
tooth - teeth
boxes, brushes
- foreign plural
medium - media
 1 Grammatical categories of Ns
Case

“s” genitive “of” genitive double genitive

= with the nouns of = with the nouns of = “of” and “’s”

higher gender class lower gender class genitives used together

E.g.: her mom’s car E.g.: the paint of the room E.g.: a friend of her father’s
1 Grammatical categories of Ns
Case – Genitive meaning

Genitive meaning Examples Equivalents

Possessive My father’s hat My father has a hat.

Human relation Her sister’s nephew Her sister has a nephew.

Subjective My father’s permission My father permits.

(+ original) The arrival of the bus The bus arrived.

Objective The criminal’s arrest Someone arrested the criminal.

Descriptive Two days’ visit A visit lasts 2 days.

Appositive The town of Vinh Yen Vinh Yen is a town.

 1 Grammatical categories of Ns
Gender

= In English, there is Gender Sex (semantic concept)

not any further Masculine: man (male)
morphological
Feminine: woman (female)
feature that helps
distinguish gender Common: teacher (both male and female)
(unlike Russian or
Neuter: table
French)
Ø
Lesson 2: NOUN PHRASES
2 Issues
 NOUN PHRASE

– Basic NP – Complex NP
• Determiners • Modification
– Predeterminers – Premodification
– Central – Postmodification
determiners – Multiple
– Postdeterminers modification
2 Noun phrases

Noun = typically constructed by either a noun or

a pronoun as the head & other constituents
Phrase as modifiers

Eg. A nice girl leaning against the wall

Basic NP

Complex NP
2 Noun phrases

Noun Phrase

Basic NP

Complex NP
2 Basic Noun phrases

Basic NP

(Determiners) + Head noun

E.g.: All these 10 pupils

2 Determiners

Determiners = words of close-system used before a N to

“determine” the precise meaning of the N

Pre-determiners

Central determiners

Post-determiners
2 Determiners

Determiners

Pre-determiners all, both, half

• mutually exclusive multipliers

E.g.: all girls, both girls
fractions
BUT NOT:
all both girls such, what
2 Determiners
Determiners

Pre-determiners all, both, half

+ before: articles (a, an, the, zero article)

E.g.: all the time
possessive determiners (my, his, her, etc.)
E.g.: both his sisters
demonstrative determiners (this, that, etc.)
E.g.: half those days
+ not before: quantitative determiners (no, each,
any, some, enough, (n)either, every)
2 Determiners
Determiners

Pre-determiners all, both, half

+ take partitive “of-phrases” optional with nouns

E.g.: all (of) the time
obligatory with pronouns
E.g.: all of them, both of us, half of it

+ “all, both”: occur after the head, either immediately or after the operator
E.g.: They (all) were (all) accepted.
2 Determiners
Determiners
Once, twice,
Pre-determiners multipliers three times,
double, etc.

+ used to denote the quantity of the nouns

E.g.: twice her age, double their salaries

+ occur with the determiners “a, every, each and per” to indicate frequency
E.g.: once a week, twice every day, three times each year
2 Determiners
Determiners
(one-third, two-fifths,
Pre-determiners fraction
three-quarters, etc.)

+ the fractions have the alternative of- construction.

E.g.: He took only two-thirds of the books.

+ the indefinite article can replace ‘one’.

E.g.: He did it in one-third / a third (of) the time it took me.
2 Determiners
Determiners

Pre-determiners Such/ what

+ occur before the head noun

+ “such”: combined with “all, quantifiers, cardinal numbers”

E.g.: What/ Such a surprise!
no/many/41 such incidents
2 Central Determiners
Determiners 6 classes based on their co-occurrence with
the noun classes (singular count, plural count,
Central determiners and non-count)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

the,
possessive a(n)
wh-words, zero article every
Some, any some, any each
(stressed), (unstressed) Either this these
no enough neither that those much
2 Central Determiners
Central Determiners in respect to their co-occurrence
with the noun classes

COUNT NON-COUNT

SINGULAR bottle
furniture
bottles
PLURAL
2 Central Determiners
Determiners

Central determiners




(1)
the, E.g.: - Do you want me to turn off the light?
possessive - I love my family.
wh-words, - What colour do you like?
Some, any - I have some friends in London.
(stressed), - I won’t give this pen to any student.
no - She has no idea at all.
2 Central Determiners
Determiners

Central determiners


(2) 

zero article E.g.: - Love is not everything.

some, any - I did not have enough time to do this.
(unstressed) - I want some beer, please.
enough - Have we got any wine for tonight?
2 Central Determiners
Determiners

Central determiners


(3)

a(n)
every E.g.: - My friend gave me a flower / an apple.
each - I want to ask each/every person individually.
Either - You can put it on either table.
neither - Neither party accepted such a proposal.
2 Central Determiners
Determiners

Central determiners

(4) 


this E.g.: This chair is mine and that table is yours.

that I can’t stand this silence.
2 Central Determiners
Determiners

Central determiners

(5)


these E.g.: - Did you read these stories yesterday?

those - Have you seen those girls?
2 Central Determiners
Determiners

Central determiners

(6)


E.g.: He wants much sugar in his coffee.

much
2 Central Determiners
Determiners

Post determiners

Cardinal numerals

Ordinal numerals/general ordinals

Close-system quantifiers

Open-class quantifiers
2 Central Determiners
Determiners

Post determiners

Cardinal numerals
• include: one, two, three, etc.
Ordinal numerals/general ordinals E.g.: my three sons
his two books
Close-system quantifiers

Open-class quantifiers
2 Central Determiners
Determiners
Post determiners
Cardinal numerals
Ordinal numerals/general ordinals
Close-system quantifiers
Open-class quantifiers
• ordinal numerals:
first,second,
third, etc.
• general ordinals: next, last,
past, (an)other, additional,
further
E.g.: the first time
another candidate
2 Central Determiners
Determiners

Post determiners

Cardinal numerals • before count Ns: many, (a)

few, several
Ordinal numerals/general ordinals
• before non-count Ns: much,

Close-system quantifiers (a) little

E.g.: a few words
Open-class quantifiers much stress
2 Central Determiners
Determiners

Post determiners

• include:Cardinal
a lot of, anumerals
great deal of, lots of, a good number of, etc.
• verbs has number concord with the second nouns, not the quantity nouns
(lot, deal,numerals/general
Ordinal lots, plenty, etc.)ordinals
E.g.: Lots of food was on the table.
There was a lotquantifiers
Close-system of food on the table.

Open-class quantifiers
2 Noun phrases

Noun Phrase

Basic NP

Complex NP
2 Complex noun phrase

Complex NP

Pre- Post-
+ Head noun +
modification modification

E.g.: All the 11 pupils playing football

2 Modification
Modification

function status

Restrictive Permanent

Non-restrictive Temporary
2 Modification
Modification

• helps identify the head & indicate a

function status of the
limitation on the possible reference

Restrictive head Permanent

• tends to come after the head

Non-restrictive
• tends to be given more prosodic emphasis
Temporary

than the head

E.g.: The flowers in your garden are nice.
2 Modification
Modification

• gives additional information to the head

function but is not essential for identifying the
status
head
• the reference: unique or as member of a
Restrictive Permanent
class that has been independently identified
• tends to come before the head
Non-restrictive • tends to be unstressed
Temporary in pre-head position
E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday,
is quite readable. (member of a class)
She is his poor, old mother. (unique)
2 Modification
Modification

function status
• Have reference to characteristic features
Non-restrictive Permanent
• Mainly the items which are placed in pre-
modification position
E.g.: an ugly man Restrictive Temporary
the easy-going lady
 2 Modification
Modification

function status

• Non-restrictive
Have reference only to a specific time Permanent
• Mainly those adjectives which have to be
predicate
E.g.: Restrictive Temporary
A man who is timid = A timid man
A man who is afraid # An afraid man
2 Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive

-ing/-ed participles

sentence

adverbials

noun

adjectives

multiple premodification
2 Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive

-ing/-edparticiples
E.g.: Mary's brother is very
sentencenaughty.

adverbial

noun

adjective

multiple premodification
2 Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive

-ing/-ed participles

E.g.: He has rented a crumbling cottage.

sentence
The wanted man was last seen in Paris.
adverbial
Note: the participles denote the permanent.
noun
E.g. She is an interesting girl vs.
adjective She interests me.
multiple premodification
The man who is married = the married man
2 Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive

-ing/-edparticiples

sentence

adverbial
E.g.: I got angry with his I-don't-care attitude.
She
nounwaved the boy away with a you-stink kind of
look on her face.
adjective

multiple premodification
2 Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive

-ing/-edparticiples

E.g.: I visited his far-away hometown.

sentence

adverbial

noun

adjective

multiple premodification
2 Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive

-ing/-edparticiples

sentence

E.g.: He has fixed the cupboard

adverbial
door.
noun

adjective

multiple prmodification
2 Premodification
Premodification
‘s-genitive

-ing/-edparticiples

sentence

adverbial

E.g.:
noun She is a lovely
girl.
adjective

multiple premodification
2 Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses

prepositional phrase

non-finite clause

appositive clause

Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adverb

adjective

multiple postmodification
2 Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses

prepositional phrase
E.g.: The girl who is playing in the ground is my daughter .
non-finite clause

appositive clause

Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adverb

adjective

multiple postmodification
2 Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses

prepositional phrase

non-finite clause
E.g.: She loves the monitor in your class.
appositive clause

Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adverb

adjective

multiple postmodification
2 Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses

prepositional phrase

non-finite clause

appositive clause
E.g.: The girl playing in the ground is my daughter.
Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adverb

adjective

multiple postmodification
2 Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses

prepositional phrase

non-finite clause

appositive clause

Clause of time, place, manner, reason

E.g.: The fact that he is rich is not the reason she loves him.
adverb

adjective

multiple postmodification
2 Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses
E.g.: I work in the university where I studied English.
prepositional phrase
12th Sep, 1983 is the date when he was born.
That’snon-finite
the reason why he spoke ill of me.
clause
She shows me the way how I can cook beef.
appositive clause

Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adverb

adjective

multiple postmodification
2 Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses

prepositional phrase

non-finite clause

E.g.: The girl over

appositive there is my sister.
clause
The road back is dense with traffic.
Clause of time, place, manner, reason

adverb

adjective

multiple postmodification
2 Postmodification
Postmodification
relative clauses

prepositional phrase

non-finite clause

appositive clause

Clause of time, place, manner, reason

E.g.: Something strange happened last night.
adverb

adjective

multiple postmodification
2 Multiple modification
Multiple
modification

Multiple
premodification

Multiple
postmodification
2 Multiple modification
Multiple
modification
• with single head:
E.g.: his last brilliant book
Multiple • with multiple head:
premodification
E.g.: the new chair and table
the new but ugly table and chair

Multiple
postmodification
 2 Multiple modification
Multiple
modification

Multiple
premodification

• Sequence of premodifiers:
Determiner general age color participle provenance noun de-nominal head
Multiple
E.g.: a crumbling
postmodification church
towel
the extravagant London social life
some intricate old inter-locking Chinese
2 Multiple modification
Multiple
modification

• with single head:

E.g.: the girl in the corner talking to John
Multiple
premodification
• with multiple head:
E.g.: the boy and the girl in the corner talking to John

Multiple
postmodification
Exercise 1: Identify noun phrases
in the following sentences.

a) We usually catch the new train to Paris.

b) He found his children a suitable school.
c) If you can do it, I’ll give you 10
dollars.
d) As the sun went down behind the
church, the trees suddenly became still.
e) The truth is that I really liked him.
 Exercise 2: Identify noun phrases
in the following sentences.
a. The girl in front of the beautiful church remembered her
sister’s wedding two weeks ago.
b. Since the boy was naughty, his father decided to ask
him to sit in one empty room all day.
c. I went to school and my friends gave me a big surprise
birthday party.
d. It is good to learn English well.
e. Although I left home early, I was not the first person
coming there, and I felt annoyed.