Week 5 Day 3

Competency Represents real – life situations using

exponential functions
Topic Exponential Function in Real Life
Objectives To represents real – life situations using
exponential functions

Concept Notes:
Definition: An exponential function with base b is a function of the form
f ( x )=b or y=b x where ( b> 0 ,b ≠ 1 ) .
x

Some of the most common application in real life of exponential

function are population growth, exponential decay, and compound
interest.

Exponential Models and Population Growth

Suppose a quality y doubles every T units of time. If y 0 is the initial
t
amount, then the quantity y after t units of time is given by y= y 0 ( 2 ) T .

Example 1: At t=0, there were initially 20 bacteria. Suppose that the

bacteria doubles every 100 hours. Give an exponential model for the
number of bacteria as a function of t.

Solution:

Time (in days) Number of

Thus, an exponential model for this Bacteria
situation is Initially at t=0 20
t At t=100 20(2)1
100
y=20 ( 2 ) 20(2)2
At t=200
At t=300 20(2)3
At t=400 20(2)4

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Exponential Functions and Half – life
If the half – life of substance is T units, and y 0 is the amount of the
substance corresponding to t=0, then the amount y of substance
( ).
t
1
remaining after t units of time is given by y= y 0
2
T

Example 2: Suppose that the half – life of a certain radioactive substance

is 10 days and there are 10g initially, determine the amount of
substance remaining after 30 days, and give an exponential model for
the amount of remaining substance.
Solution:
Thus, an exponential model for Time (in days) Amount of remaining
substance (in grams)
this situation is 20 g
Initially at t=0
()
t
1 10 At t=10 5g
y=10
2 .
At t=20 2.5 g

At t=30 1.25 g

Compound Interest

If a principal P is invested at annual rate r compounded annually,

then the amount after t years is given by
t
A=P ( 1+r )

P= principal

r =rate

t=time

Let r =0.06

Time Amount in the Investment

At t=0 P100, 000.00 P100, 000.00
1
At t=1 P 100 ,000.00 (1.06) P106, 000.00
2
At t=2 P 100 ,000.00 (1.06) P112, 360.00
3
At t =3 P 100 ,000.00 (1.06) P119, 101.60

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 At t=4 P 100 ,000.00 (1.06)4 P126, 247.70
5
At t=5 P 100 ,000.00 (1.06) P133, 822.56

An exponential model for this situation is

y=100,000 ( 1.06 ) .
t
The investment is worth P133, 822.56.

Week 5 Day 4
Competenc Distinguishes between exponential function,
y equation and inequality.
Topic Exponential Functions, Equations, and
Inequalities
Objectives To distinguish between exponential function,
equation and inequality.

Concept Notes:
Definition: An exponential expression is an expression of the form
a ∙ b x−c + d where ( b>0 ,b ≠ 1 ) .

The definition of exponential equations, functions, and inequalities are

shown below:

Exponential Exponential Exponential

Equation Inequality Function
Definition An equation An inequality A function of the
involving involving form
exponential exponential f ( x )=bx
( b> 0 ,b ≠ 1 ) .
expressions. expressions.

2 x−x 2 1 f ( x )=(1.8)x or
7 =
343
Example 52 x −5x +1 ≤ 0 y=(1.8)
x

An exponential equation or inequality can be solved for all x values

that satisfy the equation or inequality. An exponential function
expresses a relationship between two variables (such as x and y), and
can be represented by a table of values or graph.

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Examples: Determine whether the given is an exponential function, an
exponential equation, an exponential inequality, or none of
these.

1. f ( x )=5 x 2 None of these

()
x−2
1
2. 2 ≥ 2 Exponential inequality

3. 4 ( 10 x− 4 )=500 Exponential equation

4. 7<14 x +3 Exponential inequality

5. 7 4 x = y Exponential function

6. y=0.5
x
Exponential function

For more examples please refer on your worktext in

Gen.Math-11 on page 106 – 118.

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Activity
A. Determine whether the given is an exponential function, exponential
inequality, exponential equation, or none of these.

1. 36 x =6 2

2. 2< 4 x

3. 2
x + 9 x+18

()
2 x−1
2
4. f ( x )=
5

5. 2
y=x +5
B.
1. The set A={(−2 ,−5 ) , ( 0 , 1 ) , ( 2 ,7 ) , ( 4 , 13 ) ,(6 , 19)} of ordered pairs from a function.
Give the domain and range of A−1.

2. Find the domain and range of the inverse f ( x )=2 x−3 with domain
restriction { x ∈ R :−1 ≤ x ≤ 5 }.

C. Problem Solving

1. A barangay has 1,000 individuals and its population doubles every 60

years. Give an exponential model for the barangay population.

2. The half of a radio – active substance is 1200 years. If the initial

amount of the substance is 300 grams, give an exponential model for
the amount of substance remaining after t years.

Week 6
Day 1

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Week 6 Day 1
Competency Solves exponential equation and inequalities
Topic Exponential Equation and Inequalities
Objectives To solve exponential equation and inequalities Concept
Notes:

Property of Equality

If two powers with the same base are equal, then their exponents
must be equal. For b< 0, and b ≠ 1, if b x =b y, then x= y .

Examples:
1. Solve 2 =8
x 3

Solution:
x 3
2 =8

x
2 =(2 )
3 3
Transform 8 into exponential form
x
2 =2
9
Expression with the same base are equal
2 x=2(5 x−4 )

x=9

2. Solve 3 =9
2x 5 x−4

Solution:
2 x=10 x−8
2 x−10 x=−8
−8 x=−8
−8 x −8
=
−8 −8
x=1

Solving Exponential Inequalities

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Property of Inequality
Let b> 1, then b x >b y if and if x> y and b x <b y if and if x < y.

Examples:
1. Solve 252 ≥5 x+1

Solution:
2 x+1
25 ≥5
2
( 52 ) ≥5 x+1 Rewrite 25 as 52

( 2 ) ( 2 ) ≥ x+ 1 Power rule of exponents

4−1 ≥ x+1−1 Subtract −1 from each side
4−1 ≥ x

3≥x or x≤3

() ( )
3 x+5 x−6
1 1
2. Solve 9
≤
243

Solution:

() ( )
3 x+5 x−6
1 1
≤
9 243

( ) ( )
3 x +5 x−6
1 1
2
≤ 5
3 3

(3−2)3 x +5 ≤(3−5)x−6

(−2)(3 x+5) ≤(−5)( x−6)

−6 x−10 ≤−5 x +30

−6 x +5 x ≤ 30+10

−x ≤ 40

(−1)(−x)≤( 40)(−1)

x ≤−40

Week 6 Day 2
Competency Represents an exponential function through its:
(a) table of values, (b) graph, and (c) equation.
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 Topic Representation of Exponential function through
Table of Values, Graph, and Equation.
Objectives To represents an exponential function through
its: (a) table of values, (b) graph, and (c)
equation.

Concept Notes:

Representing Exponential Function through Table of Values

To determine whether the given table of values represents an

exponential function, the values should show a common ratio in f ( x) that
generates the sequence of numbers which increases very rapidly.
Examples:
1. 2.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f ( x) 1 3 9 2 81 243 x 0 1 2 3 4 5
7 f ( x) 1 4 16 6 256 1024
4
has a common ratio of
f ( x) 3 f (x) has
a common ratio of 4

Representing Exponential Function Through Graph

For positive real numbers b , b≠1, the exponential function defined by
f ( x )=b
x
has the following properties:

1. The domain of f ( x )=bx is all real numbers.

2. The range of f ( x )=b

x
is all positive real numbers, f ( x ) >0 or y >0.

3. The graph of f ( x )=bx must pass through the ( 0 , 1 ) because any number,
except zero, raised to the zero power is 1. The y – intercept of the
graph f ( x )=bx is always 1.

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4. The graph of f ( x )=bx always has a horizontal asymptote at the x – axis
f ( x )=0 or y=0 because the graph will get closer and closer to the x – axis
but never touch the x – axis.

5. If 0<b<1 the graph of f ( x )=b

x
will decrease from left to right and is called
exponential decay.

6. If b> 1 the graph of f ( x )=b

x
will increase from left to right and is called
exponential growth.

Examples:

1. f ( x )=2
x

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
f (x) 1 1 1 1 2 4 8
8 4 2

()
x
1
2. f ( x )=
2

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
f ( x) −8 4 2 1 1 1 1
2 4 8

Representing Exponential Function Through Equation

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 An exponential function is a function of the form f ( x )=bx or y=b x
where b is called the “base” and b is a positive real number other than 1
( b> 0∧b ≠ 1 ) .

Examples of equations that defined an exponential function:

1. f ( x)¿ 3
x
2. f ( x )=5
−x
3. x
f ( x )=4 +1

Week 6 Day 3
Competency Determines the domain and range an
exponential function
Topic Determining the Domain and Range an
Exponential Function
Objectives To determine the domain and range an
exponential function

Concept notes:
Recall that the domain of a function is the set of input or x – values for
which the function is defined, the range is the set of all the output or y –
values that the function takes.
The domain of the exponential function is the set of R.
Its range is the set of positive R.

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Examples: Find the domain and range of the function.
1. f ( x )=2 x

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
f ( x )=2 x 1 1 1 2 4 8
4 2

Domain: (−∞ , ∞ )

Range: (0 , ∞)

2. f ( x )=2 x −2

x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x
f ( x )=2 −2 −7 −3 −1 0 2 6
4 2

Domain: (−∞ , ∞ )

Range: (−2 , ∞ )

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Week 6 Day 4
Competency Determines the intercepts, zeroes, and
asymptotes of an exponential function.
Topic Determining the Intercepts, Zeroes, and
Asymptotes of an Exponential Function.
Objectives To determine intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes
of an exponential function

Concept Notes:
Intercepts
The function, y=b x, will always have a y – intercept of 1, occurring at
the ordered pair of (0 , 1). Algebraically speaking, when x=0 , we have y=b0,
which is always equal to 1.
There is no x – intercept with the function since it is asymptotic to x –
axis (approaches the x – axis but does not touch or across it).

Zeroes
The zero of an exponential function refers to the value of the
independent variable x that makes the function 0.
Graphically, the zero of an exponential function is the abscissa of the
point of intersection of the graph of the exponential function and the x –
axis.
To find the zero of an exponential function (x) , equate f ¿) to 0 and
solve for x.

Asymptotes
An asymptote is a line that a graph keeps approaching but never
touches it. Exponential functions, always have a horizontal asymptote given
by y=0.

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Example: Determine the intercepts, zeros and asymptote of x
g ( x )=2 .
Solution:
a. y – intercept : 1
b. horizontal asymptote: y=0
c. zero of g ( x )=2x
The resulting equation suggests that f (x) has no zero since no real
value of x that make 2 x =0 a true statement

Week 7 Day 1
Competency Solves problems involving exponential functions,
equations, and inequalities.
Topic Solving problems involving exponential
functions, equations, and inequalities.
Objectives To solve problems involving exponential
functions, equations, and inequalities.

Concept Notes:

Many real world problems phenomena can be modeled by function

that describes how things grow or decay as time passes.
Any quantity that grows by a fixed percent at regular intervals is said
to possess exponential growth. The pattern can be represented by the
function
t
y=a(1+r )

where:
a=¿ initial amount before measuring growth
r =¿ growth
t=¿ number of time intervals that passed
Example 1:
The population of a city has relative growth rate of 3 % per year. The
population was 110, 000 in 2000. Find the projected population in the year
2005.

13
Given:
a=¿110, 000
r =¿ 3% or 0.03

t=¿ 5 years
Solution:
y=a(1+r )t

y=110 , 000(1+ 0.03)5

y=110 , 000(1.03)5

y=110 , 000(1.1592740743)

y=127 ,520.148173 or y=127 ,520

Therefore, after 5 years the city will have a projected population of 127,
520.

Example 2:
Bacteria can multiply at an alarming rate when each bacterium splits
into two new cells, then doubling. Suppose a certain bacterium doubles very
minute, about how many bacteria will there be after 8 minutes.

Given:
a=¿1

r =¿ 100% or 1

t=¿ 8 minutes

Solution:
If an amount doubles, the rate of increase is 100%
t
y=a(1+r )

y=1(1+1)8
8
y=1(2)

y=1 ( 256 )

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 y=256

Therefore, there are 256 bacteria after 8 minutes.

Day 2:
Concept Notes:
Any quantity that grows by a fixed percent at regular intervals is said
to possess exponential growth. The pattern can be represented by the
function
t
y=a(1−r)

where:
a=¿ initial amount before measuring growth
r =¿ growth
t=¿ number of time intervals that passed

Example 1:
A cellphone worth P12, 000 was bought three years ago. If it
depreciates 5% per annum, how much does it cost now?

Given:
a=¿12, 000
r =¿ 5% or 0.05

t=¿ 3 years
Solution:
y=a(1+r )t
3
y=P 12 , 000(1−0.05)

y=P 12 , 000(0.95)3

y=P 12 , 000(0.857375)

y=P 10 , 288.50

After 3 years the cost of the cellphone will be P10, 288.50.

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Example 2: Decay by half – life
Half – life is the amount of time it takes for half of the amount
substance to decay. Scientist and environmentalist worry about such
substances because these hazardous material continue to be dangerous for
many years after their disposal.
A radioactive element has a half – life of two weeks. How much of
1000 gram sample of the element will remain in 9 weeks.

Given:
a=¿1, 000
r =¿ 50% or 0.5
9
t=¿
2

Solution:
y=a(1+r )t
9
y=1 , 000(1−0.5) 2
9
2
y=1 , 000(0.5)

y=1 , 000(0.4419417)

y=441.9417

Day 3
Concept Notes:
A real – life application of exponential growth occurs in the
computation of compound interest. The difference lies in the number of
times the interest is computed in a year. The formula for the amount (A) in
compound interest is:

( )
nt
r
A=P 1+
n

where:
A=¿ Amount in compound interest
P=¿Principal

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 r =¿ interest
t=¿ time in years
n=¿ period per year the in interest is paid (daily, monthly, quarterly,
semi – annually, or annually)

Example 1:
If P10, 000 is deposited in an account that earns 12% interest
quarterly, how much will be in the amount after 4 years if it is
compounded?
Given:
P=P 10 , 000 r =12%∨0.12

t=4 n=4 (quarterly)

Solution:

( )
nt
r
A=P 1+
n

( )
4(4 )
0.12
A=P10 , 000 1+
4

A=P10 , 000 ( 1+0.03 )16

A=P10 , 000 ( 1.03 )16

A=P10 , 000(1.60470643)

A=P16, 047. 0643

Example 2:
Determine the amount of money that will be accumulated if a principal
of P100, 000 is invested at an annual rate of 8% compounded semi –
annually for 10 years.
Given:
P=P 100 , 000 r =8 %∨0.08

t=10 n=2 (semi – annually)

Solution:
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 ( )
nt
r
A=P 1+
n

( )
2(10)
0.08
A=P100 , 000 1+
2
20
A=P100 , 000 ( 1+0.04 )
20
A=P100 , 000 ( 1.04 )

A=P100 , 000(2.19112314)

A=P219 , 112.314

Day 4
Concept Notes:
To compound continuously means to increase the number of
compounding periods without bound.
When the principal P in pesos is invested at an annual interest rate r,
compounded, the amount A accumulated after t years is given by the
formula:
rt
A=P e

where:
A=¿ compound amount
P=¿Principal

r =¿ interest rate
t=¿ time in years
e=¿ 2.71828183

Example 1:
Find the balance after 4 years if P 20, 000 is invested at an annual rate
6% compounded continuously.
Given:
A=¿ ?
P=¿P20, 000
r =¿ 6% or 0.06

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 t=¿ 4 years
e=¿ 2.71828183
Solution:
rt
A=P e
0.06 (4 )
A=( P 20 , 000)e

A=( P 20 , 000)e 0.24

A=( P20 , 000 ) (1.27124915)

A=25 , 424.983

Example 2:
Determine the amount of money that will be accumulated if P100, 000
is invested at an annual rate of 8% compounded continuously after 10
years if no withdrawals are made.
Given:
A=¿ ?
P=¿P100, 000
r =¿ 8% or 0.08
t=¿ 10 years
e=¿ 2.71828183

Solution:
rt
A=P e

A=( P 100 , 000)e 0.08(10)

0.8
A=( P 100 , 000)e

A=( P100 , 000 ) (2.22554092)

A=222 ,554.092

Activity: (Use another sheet of paper for your answer)

19
A. Solve the following exponential equation and inequalities. Show
solution.

x 1 x+2 1
1. 92 x−1 =36 x 2. 8=
64 3. 2 >
32

B. Problem solving (show complete solution)

1. Find the balance if ₱50, 000.00 is invested at an annual rate of 10%
for 5 years compounded continuously.

2. If ₱2, 200.00 is invested at an annual interest rate of 4% and

compounded quarterly, find her balance after 4 years.

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