Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Complete Atlas of The World, 3rd Edition
Complete Atlas of The World, 3rd Edition
ATLAS
OF
WORLD
THE
COMPLETE
ATLAS
OF
WORLD
THE
FOR THE THIRD EDITION
Cartographers
Paul Eames, Edward Merritt, John Plumer, Rob Stokes, Iorwerth Watkins
Editor
Robert Dinwiddie
Designers
Nicola Liddiard, Yak El-Droubie
Picture Research
Louise Thomas, Jenny Baskaya
Systems Coordinator
Philip Rowles
16 17 18 19 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
265177–May 2016
Reprinted with revisions 2009, Second edition 2012, Third edition 2016
Copyright © 2007, 2009, 2012, 2016 Dorling Kindersley Limited. All rights reserved.
Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced
into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A Penguin Random House company.
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-1-4654-4401-1
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use.
For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or SpecialSales@dk.com
A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW
www.dk.com
Introduction
The World at the beginning of the 21st Century would be a place of unimaginable change to our
forefathers. Since 1900 the human population has undergone a fourfold growth coupled with an
unparalleled development in the technology at our disposal. The last vestiges of the unknown
World are gone, and previously hostile realms claimed for habitation. The advent of aviation
technology and the growth of mass tourism have allowed people to travel further and more
frequently than ever before.
Allied to this, the rapid growth of global communication systems mean that World events have
become more accessible than ever before and their knock on effects quickly ripple across the
whole planet. News broadcasts bring the far-flung corners of the world into everyone’s lives,
and with it, a view of the people and places that make up that region. The mysteries of the
World that once fueled global exploration and the quest to discover the unknown are behind us;
we inhabit a world of mass transportation, a world where even the most extreme regions have
been mapped, a world with multi faceted view points on every event, a World of
communication overload.
However, does this help us make sense of the World? It is increasingly important for us to have a
clear vision of the World in which we live and such a deluge of information can leave us
struggling to find some context and meaning. It has never been more important to own an atlas;
the DK Complete Atlas of the World has been conceived to meet this need. At its core, like all
atlases, it seeks to define where places are, to describe their main characteristics, and to locate
them in relation to other places. By gathering a spectacular collection of satellite imagery and
draping it with carefully selected and up-to-date geographic information, this atlas filters the
World’s data into clear, meaningful and user-friendly maps.
The World works on different levels and so does the DK Complete Atlas of the World. Readers
can learn about global issues of many kinds or they can probe in a little further for the
continental context. Delving even further they can explore at regional, national or even sub-
national level. The very best available satellite data has been used to create topography and
bathymetry that reveal the breathtaking texture of landscapes and sea-floors. These bring out
the context of the places and features selected to appear on top of them.
This third edition of the DK Complete Atlas of the World incorporates hundreds of revisions and
updates affecting every map and every page, distilling the burgeoning mass of information
available through modern technology into an extraordinarily detailed and reliable view
of our World.
Contents
The atlas is organized by continent,
moving eastward from the International
Date Line. The opening section describes NORTH
AFRICA
the world’s structure, systems and its AMERICA
main features. The Atlas of the World
which follows, is a continent-by-continent
guide to today’s world, starting with a North America ..................................................... 42–43 Africa .........................................................................120–121
comprehensive insight into the physical, North America Political ................................ 44–45 Africa Political.................................................... 122–123
political, and economic structure of each North America Physical ................................. 46–47 Africa Physical .................................................... 124–125
continent, followed by detailed maps of North America satellite image ................. 48–49 Africa satellite image .................................... 126–127
carefully selected geopolitical regions. Northeast Africa ............................................. 128–129
Canada ........................................................................50–51
Northern Canada ................................................ 52–53 Northwest Africa .............................................. 130–131
Western Canada ..................................................54–55 West Africa including Cape Verde ........132–133
Southwest Canada ............................................ 56–57 Central Africa ..................................................... 134–135
CERES
8 (dwar f
planet)
The Sun
The Sun is a huge sphere of exceedingly hot
plasma (ionized gas), consisting mainly of the
elements hydrogen and helium. It formed about 4.6
billion years ago, when a swirling cloud of gas and dust
began to contract under the influence of gravity. When the
center of this cloud reached a critically high temperature,
hydrogen nuclei started combining to form helium nuclei –
a process called nuclear fusion – with the release of massive
amounts of energy. This process continues to this day.
JUPITER
Sunlight Convective
zone
Prominences
Sunspots mark are loops of gas
Umbra (total Area of cooler areas arching above the
shadow) partial eclipse of surface photosphere
3. WA XING GIBBOUS 4. FULL MOON 5. WANING GIBBOUS 6. L AST QUARTER 7. WANING CRESCENT 8. NEW MOON
MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS JUPITER SATURN URANUS NEPTUNE CERES PLUTO ERIS
DIAMETER 3029 miles 7521 miles 7928 miles 4213 miles 88,846 miles 74,898 miles 31,763 miles 30,775 miles 590 miles 1432 miles 1429-1553 miles
(4875 km) (12,104 km) (12,756 km) (6780 km) (142,984 km) (120,536 km) (51,118 km) (49,528 km) (950 km) (2304 km) (2300-2500 km)
AVERAGE DISTANCE 36 mill. miles 67.2 mill. miles 93 mill. miles 141.6 mill. miles 483.6 mill. miles 889.8 mill. miles 1788 mill. miles 2795 mill. miles 257 mill. miles 3675 mill. miles 6344 mill. miles
FROM THE SUN (57.9 mill. km) (108.2 mill. km) (149.6 mill. km) (227.9 mill. km) (778.3 mill. km) (1431 mill. km) (2877 mill. km) (4498 mill. km) (414 mill. km) (5,915 mill. km) (10,210 mill. km)
ROTATION PERIOD 58.6 days 243 days 23.93 hours 24.62 hours 9.93 hours 10.65 hours 17.24 hours 16.11 hours 9.1 hours 6.38 days not known
ORBITAL PERIOD 88 days 224.7 days 365.26 days 687 days 11.86 years 29.37 years 84.1 years 164.9 years 4.6 years 248.6 years 557 years
SURFACE -292°F to 806°F 896°F (480°C) -94°F to 131°F -184°F to 77 °F -160°F (-110°C) -220°F (-140°C) -320°F (-200°C) -320°F (-200°C) -161°F (-107°C) -380°F (-230°C) -405°F (-243°C)
TEMPERATURE (-180°C to 430°C) (-70°C to 55°C) (-120°C to 25°C)
DWARF PL ANETS
In 2006 a new type of dwarf planet was
defined in an attempt to classify the
THE WORLD
numerous smaller bodies within the solar
system that behave like planets physically
but which are only a fraction of the size
of the major planets. Currently, there are
five dwarf planets recognized under this
system, Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake,
and Eris.
ERIS
9
(dwar f
planet)
PLUTO
(dwar f
planet)
NEPTUNE
UR ANUS
SATURN
Orbits THE OUTER PL ANETS
The four gigantic outer planets – Jupiter, Saturn,
All the Solar System’s planets and dwarf planets
Uranus and Neptune – consist mainly of gas, liquid
orbit the Sun in the same direction and (apart and ice. All have rings and many moons. The dwarf
from Pluto) roughly in the same plane. All the planet Pluto is made of rock and ice.
orbits have the shapes of ellipses (stretched
circles). However in most cases, these ellipses are
close to being circular: only Pluto and Eris have THE INNER PL ANETS
very elliptical orbits. Orbital period (the time it The four planets closest to the Sun –
takes an object to orbit the Sun) increases with Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars – are
distance from the Sun. The more remote objects composed mainly of rock and metal. They
not only have further to travel with each orbit, are much smaller than the outer planets,
they also move more slowly. have few or no moons, and no rings. THE INNER PL ANETS
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 5000 5500 6000 9500 10,500 mill. km
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 6000 mill. miles
The Physical World
Earth’s surface is constantly being transformed. Movements of the rigid Arctic Circl
e
tectonic plates that make up this surface are continuously, if slowly, shifting
its landmasses around, while the land itself is constantly weathered and
eroded by wind, water, and ice. Sometimes change is dramatic, the N O RT H
AMERICA
spectacular results of earthquakes or floods. More often it is a slow process
Tropic of Cancer
lasting for millions of years. A physical map of the world represents a
snapshot of Earth’s ever-evolving architecture. The maps below and at right
show the planet’s whole surface, including variations in ocean depth as well ATLANTIC
Equator P A C I F I C OCEAN
as the mountain-rippled texture of Earth’s continents. O C E A N SOUTH
AMERICA
Tropic of Capricorn
Mid- Haw
Pacific ai’ia Molokai Fra
Shi
Mountain
s n Isla cture Zone
kok
P nd
s
u Ba
M Johnston Hawai‘i
i Central
sin
r
c r Atoll
Tro
nce Pacific
THE WORLD
o
o pic
f Ca Clarion F of
ic o West n Basin Ca
nch
p
in
r
e
Tr e
l
Basin Marshall
Philippine Sea -11,034m
Islands
P A C I F
a
n
ia
I
s
y
gh
e
i
Caroline Ridg
On
Philippine
Li
Melanesian Clipperto
ton
Kiritimati
n Frac
ne
g Ja
Ph
Basin Phoenix
C ture
is e
n
ili
Zone
va R
M e
Eauripik R
l Islands
pp
Isl
Palau a
E
i
in
Philippine
se
Bismarck n
eT
an
Islands Archipelago e
e
A
re n
Manihiki
Coo
Bismarck
ds
Sea Solomon s Plateau Galapago
ch
s Fract
South China Sulu a Solomon Islands i Samoa ure Z N
Isla
s
Mount
e
Basin Sea
S
Penrhyn
nd
Sea G u in ea 4509m
a
Fiji Basin
s
Celebes
Mo
North
i
it
res Stra
Basin
10 Marquesas
nch
Vanuatu
Tor Fiji Islands
a Tre
a
Ce l e b e s Basin Tu
China Sea Coral a Marques
Tong
of a as Fra
Sea B o rneo E a s t l f
Gu ntari
Gr
m
ea
t B Sea New South Fiji cture
otu
pe Zone
Sea
e m Car Caledonia
e
G ar
T h u l f of I n d i e s nh d Basin
nch
Isla
rie
is
ai l a n r
A an
or
Timor n Gr r
d pso
Tre
m L ea nd
Ti
R
S im s e r t
Re
ea y t
rle
s
adec
A
S e
ef
Malay e D Tubuai
I
D
va mb au y
c
iv i di ng R ange
AL
Peninsula c c a Ki l a t e n d Islands
Ja
Kerm
i
St rait of Mal a f
Lo
P Sa t i
t r Southwest
g
rd
J av a c
ea ese
R
H
rlin
s eR
Cartier Islands De ia is New P
Co o
e Basin
or
on
st
Mount
ict t
bs
U Kosciuszko Zealand Pitcairn
kS
h i V r l ai n
enc G t e a
A
2228m Islands
tor
ea es rP
Eq
t ra
J a v a Tr bo Tasman E
Gr D ait
ua
ua
it
Str
tor
Eq
Bas
s Sea
lla
Chatham
In
Bight Islands
Basin Plateau Islands
st i
South Easter
or
Ud
t
Campbell Island
Elt
S Rise
se v
EA
Ri
Ch
ala
Fra
in
nF
N
Me
alle
y
c tu
et Sala y
Go
rac
OC
nar
H E R N
nge
ye idge
re Z
Gomez
U T
me
c tic R
tur
Ceylon
d Fr
as nt ar
r Fra
zR
one
eZ
O Ant a rcti c C i rc l e i f i c - A
ge
sin
Plain t O
S
actur
Pa c
idg
Rid
one
R
cture Z
C
Ba
id
e
Peru
ch
ge e
n
l ain
e
nP
k
ian
Zone
Bro
Ross Basin
N
se e n
E
one e
Amundsen
Tr
D ronning
A
INDIA
Mt Erebus
h In
Na z c a R i d g
ea
3794m Sea
Maud L and e
is S
Ro g g e v e e n
N
Amsterdam
Sout
i l
D av
Island Basin
Wilkes Ross Ice Chile
Marie
C h
he idge Island
-
Islands
t u
u R Pe r
So an t e au
South Pole Bellingshausen
Pla Golfo
A N T A R C T I Ronne
C IceA
apricorn
K An Tierra
tarc del Fuego
SOUTH
ge
Pa s s a
Gulf of San
su
AMERICA
Plain Cape
Weddell
ut
Horn
la
Sea Bahía
hw
s
Pa m p a
ake
Jo Blanca
rge
es
t Falkland
Dr
In Crozet
Islands
Rio de la
di Islands a Plata
ne
an Maud Se
Zo
cle S
ia
t i c Ci r
re
Rise ot
ou
Ri An t a rc
ctu
Sc
th Sandwi
dg
Fra
e Argentine
dge South
a Ri
d
an
n Tren
Fa
@b Agulhas
% '*% *%% &%%% &*%% '%%% Basin
Gough
Island
% '*% *%% &%%% &*%% '%%%
B^aZh
ARCTIC OCEAN Arctic Ci
rcle
THE EARTH
DIAMETER AT EQUATOR: 7,926 miles (12,756 km) SURFACE AREA OF LAND COVERED BY ICE: 6 million sq miles
E U ROPE (15.6 million sq km)
DIAMETER FROM POLE TO POLE: 7,900 miles (12,714 km)
A S I A SURFACE AREA COVERED BY MOUNTAINS: 12 million sq miles
EQUATORIAL CIRCUMFERENCE: 24,901 miles (40,075 km) (30 million sq km)
Tropic of Cancer
MASS: 5988 million billion tons (tonnes) SURFACE AREA COVERED BY DESERTS: 7.5 million sq miles (19 million sq km)
PACIFIC
AF RI C A VOLUME OF OCEANS: 324 million cu miles (1.36 billion cu km) SURFACE AREA COVERED BY FORESTS: 17 million sq miles (44 million sq km)
OCEAN
SURFACE AREA OF OCEANS, SEAS AND LAKES: 140 million sq miles MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF LAND: 29,029 ft (8,848 m) (Mt. Everest, Himalayas)
Equator (361 million sq km)
IND IA N MAXIMUM DEPTH OF OCEANS: 36,201 ft (11,034 m) (Mariana Trench,
SURFACE AREA OF LAND: 57.5 million sq miles (149 million sq km) Pacific Ocean)
O C EA N
Tropic of Capricorn
AUSTRALIA THE WORLD’S L AND
Most of the world’s land is concentrated in a
hemisphere centered around Europe. This
Emperor Seamo
ne
e Zo concentration was even greater before
rac
tur
EAN
OC
O C no
F tectonic movement opened up the
oci
E A N
nd Al e u t i a n I s l a n d s Atlantic, splitting the Americas
Antarctic
Circle
Me C Kur i l e
Tre nch
FI
A N TA RC T IC nch c h
unt
en
A Tre Al J a p a n Tr from Europe and Africa, some
s
n eut
I tia
ne
C Al erin
g S ea asin
tk
a Hokkaidó
re
cha Japan
A B
ctu
m Sea of
Ka
Zon ture
Fra
n Sea of Shikoku
ali
P
kskiy Okhotsk
Kor ya bet
c
kh Khrebet Si
e
Japan
Fra
Gulf of
nee
Sa Kyúshú
Khre k h ot
nge
Khrebet Kolymsk li n
ay
a
Island Alask (Denali)
THE WORLD
Strait
a n s k i y K h go
6194m t
Mts ge be
o
Co a st Ran ur Manchur Yellow
sk
re
s i
er
Am
ok Chukchi Plain an Sea Ta
Ch
Co a st s East Sib Stanovoy
ie Mt Taiiwan
o
R ang e s nz Sea e
Sea rian
et
Br
Fraser
n s cke Khrebet
re b
Col
Sea
wa
ancer
Ma
t a Atih
um
nS
ie rt
Kh
bi
Death Valley Mackenz Great
S
a
oy
-86m n fo New h
Ve r k ena
tra
o u
ake
Tropic of C
Plain of it
u
do L
Colora
i
a
ia
Sn
Tropic o
Be
Lake
basca
rn M
katchewa
b
C al ni a y Great Slave Laptev Central Baikal Yellow
River
c k N O R T H
r
r
Lake Sea
f Cancer
we
ifo
Victoria Siberian
n
e r i a
al
al
nt o Island Queen
a d Gu L o
Plateau
O fC
Severnaya
Po Taym
e
AouriM E R I C A ARCTIC
Elizabeth
id R
Ya
re lf o
A S I A
Zemlya
luo yr
cc
n s as
ng
ains
Islands
al North Pole e
stro
tz
t
er
en
Arka
Ellesmere
ss
Red Riv
ri OCEAN
unt
v
Mi
n S h an
Lake Island Gulf of
O
M
Winnipeg
ia
Mo
Tongking
in s Franz Josef
re
Yenisey
r ra
Pla
nd
ad
l
Land
Bay
Qi
Lake Hudson Poluostrov
tai
C an a di
at West
Si e
de
sla
Superior ng
Yamal eko
Al
Bay
an
re
r ra
nI
Nov ly
Kara Sierian 11
ffin
M
Hu
Gr
Zem
in s
G
ffi
Lake
Si e
Sea
dson Strait
Ri o
Sierra Madre
Plain
it Ba
ay
Ba
Michigan Great a
nt a
d
Péninsule
an
a
del Sur
an
Kunlun Mou
S
n
Ura
ra
nl
eld Irtysh Sa
ippi
St
lw
Ti e n S h a
ssiss Lake
Oh
ee
Greenland Barents ee
Mi
v is
Pl a tea u
io
Huron Takla Ir r a n
Gr
M
l
Sea
Da
Ten Lake wa
Sea
as
Gulf of nes Erie
Lake
or t
ou Lake Makan o f Ti bet d dy
Mi d d l e Am e r i c a Tre n c h
s i
Mexico
Mexico A ee p p al a
Ontario Laurentian
ad S t ra Balkhash
Mountains br ea ar k Jan Desert
nt
Basin chi an M
y
ia
a
L S nm
ai
ts Mayen a Anda
av
e
Kama
Mount Ganges
al
D Arctic Circle ma
ns
in
ir
Peninsula s in Norwegian
m 8848m
B a dg e Andaman
Pam
Hi
Nov Basin Volga
a
Blake Cape s Lake
Sca
Ne
a Sea
E Ste p p e
Scot e i ges Islands
Guatemala Plateau Cod j an n e s R Gan
S t rait sd a
ia
w
un k i n Ladoga Nicobar
F l or i
fo
Gr y s
n
Nor th a C k
c Sea
Ne n a ha y d
nd Re iz
P
wf d B l an Amu Dar ya
Pl
f rlie Tha r
Ice
n
o
n
gh
Ranim an
ea B enga l
cca
bbs Desert
Ki r
nd ks
lt i
North op Plateau
O
F
ge
Cuba
E a s te r n
Basin l a of ract r
Ba
nd Eu
De
Cas
n
Sargasso
Do
Indus
th pia
Su l
one El’brus
No r
RMCarp
Greate r
Dnieper nS
idge
Basin
Gh
ou a Iranian We
Oce
hin e
Is Danube n st
P t Sea
at
t h ai n s
ea er n
ck S
tor
e
Hispaniola Sri
s
i an
R
t
An
a Plateau
ano
Bla
hm amá
lps Gh
ua
L Tig
Eq
A
n
at
ti
Bay of Lanka
us o
Eq
d r Balka Mts
r Z ag ro
Owen Fracture Zone
sW e s t P Nares a s
oir
gra
toli
lle
ua
ti
sM
A
Biscay
is
An a ts
e
n
f
lan
ue renc
t
At
ph
ic S s Ceylon
la Arabian
T
rto h
Euphrate
Indies Fr A t Douro 4807m Taurus s Pers
ac M i d act-u
Fr ia Sea Laccadive Plain
Rico
Aegean n G u lf
Syrian
a
en Iberian d
al tur re Z Azores Ionian Sea f u Ad
gd Desert Na D ahn a Islands
Le
Sea
Chimborazo Ma erranean Se Dead An
ille
on
ss
Maldive
Ch
Ll
an Or
no ATLANTIC Gibraltar
Mts Chott
Gulf of Qattara
Sirte Depression E P e n in s u l a Basin Basin
s-L
Madeira
la s D a ste
i
co -133m
el Jerid
Cha
es r
At î d i
Ma
Guiana F Bar
acca
Western er n
n Socotra
t
ra
ra ra
R
ñón G u i ana
Ca gu h Desert
gos T
Basin c t u cu
OCEAN gI de
ed
Canary Is
dive P
c
r d Er C h e Se Carlsberg Ridge
qu
H i gh l and s eZ a Nubian A
e
Li
Nil
g
etá
r a of
M
Canary
by
rench
on E Desert
Na
Demerara e f
ul
id
an
po
Rí
lateau
Ucayali
S a h a r aTibesti
o Plateau Basin
G
- In
of
De
Neg
Bl n Somali
Cea
or rica
ser
ro
dia
Plain
ue
Am Ahaggar H f
Ethiopian
Ni
rá P
A
t
ré
Cape Verde
ite Nile
azo
INDIAN
le
n
né
Cape Verde
Islands
Sen
n Ba Highlands
lai
Té
Am Terrace eg
s in azo
n
Wh
Ridge
al
er
S a h e l
n Ilha de Ni g Seychelles
Lake Marajó
u
Great Ri
ng
Titicacca
Ma
Sierra
A F R I C A OCEAN
Xi
de
ue
arene Plateau
Leone
ira
Toc Ben
SO UTH a
Kirinyaga Somali
Rise Lake
am a w a Ubangi 5200m
ntins
Kilimanjaro
AME RIC A
Great R
sc
rancisco Guinea
c
Planalto de
el
Parag
Sã
ann
g Mauritius
o
Mato Grosso
on
one
agasca
C
i
Brazil
e Ch
Va Lake rn
ico
nd n
l Basin
s
pic of C
zi
biqu
of Ascension Angola y c
Cap
rico Bra hla Abrolhos Island Tro
pi
i g Basin mbez
i
Mad
zam
rn H Bank Za Madagascar
Mo
Basin
Mid-A
Trindade Delta
Plateau
mi
Kalahari Natal
bD
Basin
Plate bique
tlanti
Desert
eser t
e
au
Rio Grande
dg
m
g
er
Rise ge River
Moza
i
Oran
sR
Scale 1:87,000,000
sb
en
c Ridg
vi
W Basin
Cape of @b
Good Hope % '*% *%% &%%% &*%% '%%%
e
Earth is an almost perfect sphere consisting of a partly liquid core Plume of hot, upwelling mantle
rock carries heat to surface.
overlain by a deep, semisolid layer, called the mantle, and two types
of surface crust, known as continental and oceanic crust. Our
planet has constantly evolved since it formed some 4.5 billion
years ago. Its continents are neither fixed nor stable. Over
the course of history, gradual movements of rocky
Boundary between lower
material within Earth’s mantle, resulting from massive and upper mantle
INNER CORE
OUTER CORE
LOWER MANTLE
UPPER MANTLE
CONTINENTAL CRUST
OCEANIC CRUST
0HANEROZOIC %ON
%2! 0ALEOZOIC
AGE OF ANCIENT LIFE
MYA PRESENT DAY
Continental drift
ANGARALAND
Although Earth’s tectonic plates move LAURENTIA Australia Greenland
SIBERIA
Siberia
Northwest
Greenland LAURENTIA
Antarctica LAURENTIA
Northern South Asia
only a few inches (centimeters) each year, North
BALTICA
Siberia
/BALTICA
Europe Kazakhstania North Greenland China
D
Northern South
landmasses have moved many thousands India N Antarctica
D
A America
Europe N DW America AL
A Africa
Africa G O G O N DWA N G O N D WA A L A N D
N
of miles (kilometers), to create new
continents, oceans, and mountain chains. Cambrian 543–490 million years ago Devonian 418–354 million years ago Carboniferous 354–290 million years ago
Dynamic Earth Plate consisting partly
of continental and
Mid-ocean ridge
(divergent plate
Zone of
mountain-building
partly of oceanic crust boundary)
Earth’s surface is split up into several rigid, closely-
fitting sections, called tectonic plates. Each of the
plates contains some oceanic crust, and most also
contain some continental crust. The plates
constantly move relative to one another.
Movements at different types of E U R A S I A N P L AT E
plate boundary produce various JUAN DE FUCA
PLATE
types of geological structure
N ORT H A M E R IC A N
and activity. PAC I F I C
P L AT E
P L AT E
THE WORLD
A N TA RC T I C P L AT E
Earthquake Solid Earthquake Oceanic crust Volcanic Earthquake Continental Crust thickens in response Earthquake
zone mantle zone pushed down activity zone crust to the impact zone
FOR M ATION OF A SLIDING PL ATES FOR M ATION OF ISL AND ARC SUBDUC TION OF OCE ANIC CRUST BLOCKS OF CONTINENTAL CRUST
MID-OCE AN RIDGE ( TR ANSFOR M BOUNDARY ) AND OCE AN TRENCH UNDER CONTINENTAL CRUST COLLIDE TO FOR M MOUNTAINS
Siberia L AU R A S I A L AU R A S I A TIA
Manchuria North Siberia Siberia EN Siberia
Greenland I A Northern Greenland R BALTICA
S Northern America Manchuria Northern Manchuria North AU Northern
A Europe Greenland Europe
L
Southeast Asia South Arabia Central Asia Africa Arabia Central Asia India
America A N Africa South
N
G ON
Triassic 252–199.5 million years ago Jurassic 199.5–142 million years ago Cretaceous 142–65 million years ago Tertiary 65–2 million years ago
Shaping the Landscape
The basic material of Earth’s surface is solid rock: valleys, Ice and water
deserts, soil, and sand are all evidence of the powerful agents Some of the most obvious and striking features
of weathering, erosion and deposition that constantly transform of Earth’s surface are large flows and bodies of
liquid water, such as rivers, lakes, and seas. In
Earth’s landscapes. Water, whether flowing in rivers or grinding
addition to these are landforms caused by the
the ground in the form of glaciers, has the most clearly visible erosional or depositional power of flowing water,
impact on Earth’s surface. Also, wind can transport fragments of which include gullies, river valleys, and coastal
features such as headlands and deltas. Ice also
rock over huge distances and strip away protective layers of
has had a major impact on Earth’s appearance.
vegetation, exposing rock surfaces to the impact of extreme Glaciers—rivers of ice formed by the
heat and cold. Many of the land-shaping effects of ice and compaction of snow—pick up and carry huge
amounts of rocks and boulders as they pass over
water can be seen in northern regions such as Alaska (below), FJORD
A valley carved by an ancient the landscape, eroding it as they do so. Glacially-
while the effects of heat and wind are clearly visible in the glacier and later flooded by the sculpted landforms range from mountain cirques
sea is called a fiord.
Sahara (far right). and U-shaped valleys to fiords and glacial lakes.
THE WORLD
The meandering Colville River has The Malaspina Glacier is a vast lobe
cut out high bluffs and also created of ice, fed by tributary glaciers, that
vast sand bars and expanses of has eroded a 1000 ft (300 m ) deep
gravel in this coastal region crater in the coastal bedrock
14
THE WORLD
DUST STOR M LOESS DEPOSIT YARDANG
A common phenomenon in some deserts, dust A deposit of silt that has been transported over long A yardang is a ridge of rock produced by wind
storms result from intense heating of the ground distances by wind, then compacted. Loess is found in erosion, usually in a desert. Large yardangs can be
creating strong convection currents. a few marginal areas of the Sahara. many miles long.
DESERT PAVEMENT
Dark, gravelly surfaces like this result
Part of the Grand Erg Oriental, this from wind removing all the sand
from an area of desert.
region is a vast wind-sculpted sea of
sand, much affected by sand storms
15
Yukon
Arctic Circle
Ri dge e v
A
the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (or Antarctic), and Ma c k e n z i
e
Cana
le y
CA
A M E RT H
SI
C an a d
Chukchi
Me n d e
da
A
Plain
Lena
Arctic. The basins that form these oceans, and the ocean Wrangel
RI
Pla n
aB
Northwind Plain
in
NO
RCTIC
im
asi
L
Plain i
floor landscape, have formed over the past 200 million Lap tev
to
A
f i ce c ap
s in
S ea
Ba
years through volcanic activity and gradual movements of ov g
e
ar id
ak v R
in
M o
sin
n Bas
the Earth’s crust. Surrounding the continents are shallow flat
Ba
no
o
e
en
dg
m
Lo ds
Ri
nse
H uds o n un Y en is ey
regions called continental shelves. These shelves extend to
el
k ice
m
Na
K ara
kk
A
Bay
Ga
Barents S ea
pac
Plain r
the continental slope, which drops steeply to the ocean Baffin me
s um
Basin
floor. There, vast submarine plateaus, known as abyssal
of
it Ob’
it
Li m
ra
St Barents
plains, are interrupted by massive ridges, chains of s
Sea
i
av
OCEAN
D
seamounts, and deep ocean trenches. Labrador
Basin
PE
S t ra i t Iceland
ar k
sin n
e nm
Ba egia
O
A
Plateau
D
UR
Reykjanes
T
L
w
Basin
E
Nor
e
A i dg
N nes R
Re y k j a
Labrador Arctic Circle T Iceland
Sea I
C Basin
Labrador O
Basin C E
A N
No id-O
M
rth ce
Charlie-Gibbs
Sea
we
s
an t Atl F r a c t u r e Z o n e EU ROP E
an
Ca ant
sp i
e
enc ny ic Bay of
Ca
Great a wr on
t. L Biscay
Lakes S Br ahm ap ut ra
NOR T H Newfoundland d us Ga ng es
In
AM ER ICA Basin e E a s t A z o r e sn e
ai
n Oce g Fracture Z o In
l anog
id Fa dus
THE WORLD
rapher n
sP
er
Canc
ra
ic
f
siss
tis tF Tro
Mi s
Bay of
Ha
s - Laccadive Plateau
n
e
h A r a bia n Bengal
Zon
a
Gulf of c
en
A T L A N T I C
tl
r B a sin
Mexico kT
-A
rta Sea
ture
Tropic of Cancer a
a -F
Cape
id
ul
AFRICA Al
ac
Ka
ne F Verde
M
Fr
ractu
R i d g e
re Zone
en
Basin Ceylon Plain
Rid
w
Caribbean Barr
O
acud ge
Ni
Sea a Frac
ge
Trench
tur Gambia
Chago
e Zone
r
Demerara
si
n
Plain
M
Plain a
iB
Vema Frac al
i d
AFRICA
ture Zone u tor So
m
I N D I A N
e
oco Ben
a
16 Or in Equ
s
Doldrum M
re
Chago
- I
s Fracture Zone as
Sierra ca ctu
t
Lake
re ra e
Leone Victoria ne
N i n e t y e a s
n
n d
e
F
Four North Fracture Zone
a
Zo actu Zo
Basin
n
m
Zo
e Guinea
Pl
Ve
Zon
at
ne re
cture Basin a Mid-Indian
uine
i a
ea
Equator e F r a
Romanc h
f of G
u
Gul n eB a s i n
Fr
on
maz Zo
go
n
A e
ur
Ar
on e ac
t
re Z Fr
e
tu
R i d
SOUTH n Frac
Plai ene
Brazil o ria
Ascensi Ege
d g
n
Basin
r
AMERICA
Masca
ge
o n e
re Zo
sc
Fractu
g e
nci
Bode Verde
Rid
car
R i
Angola
São Fr a
ada gas
O C E A N Basin
f Ca
pric
orn M
Basi
n
O C E A N
ian
op ic o
ne Tr
ure Zo
c
Nat al
ge
est
Zone Basin So
a n
Crozet u t
h e
Prin
R
hw
Oran ge
Paraná
s Riv Basin a s
vi
er
Zone t
ce E
re
A t l
nha Fractu al
ut
Tristan da Cu
dw
W Ke
So
Pl at eau rg
Gough Fracture Plateau ue
Fra
Zone Cape s le
Agulha
ctu
Argentine Basin n
as Basin P
-
re
h la
Basin ul
Zo
t
Ag asin
M i d
ne
ea
B u
an in
THERN
e
dg ndi la
Ri
dia
n tic-I
Atlan Basin
d e rb
y P
c Circ
le SOU
ic -In En Ant
arcti
ant
Atl
SOUT HE RN dell
W e da i n O CE A N A N TA R
Antarctic Circle
Weddell Sea Pl
ANTARCTICA
Ocean currents
Surface temperature
Surface currents are driven by winds and currents
and by the Earth’s rotation. Together ice-shelf (below 32°F / 0°C)
these cause large circular flows of sea-ice* (average)
below 28°F / -2°C
water over the surface of the oceans, sea-water 28–32°F / -2 to 0°C
* sea-water freezes at
called gyres. Deep sea currents are 28.4°F / -1.9°C
driven by changes in the salinity or 32–50°F / 0–10°C
50–68°F / 10–20°C
temperature of surface water. These 68–86°F / 20–30°C
changes cause the water to become warm current
cold current
denser and sink, forcing horizontal
movements of deeper water. SURFACE TEMPER ATURES AND CURRENTS DEEP SE A TEMPER ATURES AND CURRENTS
The ocean floor Tides
The ages of seafloor rocks Tides are caused by gravitational interactions between
increase in parallel bands the Earth, Moon, and Sun. The strongest tides occur
outward from central ocean when the three bodies are aligned and the weakest
ridges. At these ridges, new when the Sun and Moon align at right angles
oceanic crust is continuously Strongest Weakest
created from lava that erupts tides tides
from below the seafloor and
then cools to form solid rock.
As this new crust forms, it
gradually pushes older crust Gravitational Tidal bulges
away from the ridge. pull from the created by
Ages of the ocean crust Sun gravitational
interactions
0–5 million years 65–140 million years
5–21 million years 140–190 million years
21–38 million years continental shelf
38–65 million years no data
Earth
rait
Arctic Circle Moon
St
ing
Yuko
n
Be r
sk
B e r ing
ot S ea
kh h
of
O
a Tr e
n c Gulf of NO
er
v Alaska
ASIA Y el lo w Ri
A ea tk A l e u t i a n RT
SI
S a
ts
ch
H
oun
Ya ng
tze am ch
K
A
A
il- en
u r Tr M
eam
K acture Zone
st endo
cino Fr
we
y
ror S
dd
ER
M
wa
th fic
Irra
IC
THE WORLD
i
Empe
No ac sin
A
P
Ba
ch
e
Zon Ce
re n
ture
M ek
d
Frac
Go
Izu T
lfo
ray
ong
ro
H Mur
de
s
e
re Zon
a w re
Ca
lif
a i ractu nc or
Gulf of Tropic of Cancer ’ i kai F ni
Thailand a n Molo h a
St Mi R i
ra d-P d g M
T r e n c nh
it e
aci id
Boni
Zone
of
M fic M re dl
ractu
al
ac ountains e
ca
on F Am
Clari er
Ma
ic
a
nc na
acific Rise
Tr
rsh
P A C I F I C
h
i
a
ar en
M Tr e
all
Investigator Ri
Zone
ch
la
ture ma 17
Se
Ja C e n t r a l ate
H AMERICA
East Frac Gu asin
am
va n
Tre
We s t Mariana P a c i f i c p erto B
Clip
ou
nch Mariana nt
Basin B a s i n s Colón Ridge
Basin e
gh Z o n
rou r e
dge
c t u
Equator T
st P
Melanesian No
va
s F r a
Wha rt on a g o P
P e r u - C h i l e Tr e n c h
Basin
l a p e
Bismarck
n Ba s in Sea G a
Arafura
ru
Ea
a
Rid iam
SOUT
re
ractu
B
Solomon ity as F
V
S
ge
as
Ind
Sea az ues
ea
q e
Torres Strait Tre Mar Zon
in
nch re
AU S T R Frac
tu
East
Penrhy n
ge
Coral otu e
ne
ALI
Rid
Samoa Tu a m
Perth
A O C Basin
E A N o n
Zo
Coral S ea North Z
tog
Sea Basin e
Basin B a sin Fiji ur
Di ct
Har
Fra
re n ch
am Basin
ant re aña
ina Fr actu Mend
Fra tral
nga T
cture
Zone Great Aus Au s Zon
e
tra
ch
lian
Big
Kermadec Trench To
en
L o
lia B a sin
n B e Zone
Tr
as Easter Fractur
r d
South Australian i n
le
I n d
S o u t h w e s t
H
i a n Plain
se
hi
R i d g e
o
Challen
-C
F r a c t u rg e r
w
e
Ri
R P a c i f i c e e
Zon
u
i s Zone
ture
er
e rac
c
B a s s St r
a it B a s i n siz F
Agas
P
Ta s m a n
fi
ci
Chatham Rise
Sea
a
South In
P
dian Basin
OCEAN pbell
Cam eau st n
ai
Plat Ea Pl
Winter s en
au
sea-ice sh
CTICA Sinking
cover SOUTHER N O CEAN l lin
g
regions Antarctic Circle Pa c i f i c - A n t a r c t i c R i d g e Bellingshausen Be
Sea
Temperature
Ross Amundsen Sea
0˚C 5 10 15 20 25
Deep southerly North
Sea
A N TA R C T I C A
return flow Atlantic flow 32˚F 41 50 59 68 77
North Atlantic
Heat Conveyor
Deep sea temperature
and currents The North Atlantic Heat Conveyor is a
ice-shelf (below 32°F / 0°C)
system of heat flows in the Atlantic
sea-water 28–32°F / -2 to 0°C that keeps western Europe relatively
(below 16,400 ft / 5000 m)
sea-water 32–41°F / 0–5°C
warm. Surface currents, notably the
(below 13,120 ft / 4000 m)
Subtropical Gulf Stream and its extension, the
primary currents
secondary currents
recirculation North Atlantic Drift, carry warm water
from the tropical Atlantic into the
northeastern Atlantic. There, the heat they
supply is released, warming Europe, while the
A key part of the North Atlantic Heat Conveyor is the warm
water itself cools and sinks. This cold water Gulf Stream, visible as the dark red ribbon in this Atlantic
Gulf Stream then returns at depth towards the equator. sea-surface temperature map.
Global Climate
The climates of different regions on Earth are the typical long- Global air circulation
term patterns of temperature and humidity in those regions.
By contrast, weather consists of short-term variations in factors Polar cell Cool air subsides
at North Pole
such as wind, rainfall, and sunshine. Climates are determined Polar easterly blowing
away from high pressure Air rises in
primarily by the Sun’s variable heating of different parts of over North Pole subpolar region
Northeasterly trade
L AYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE wind, caused by
Coriolis deflection
The main layers of the atmosphere are the Polar-front Southeasterly of surface air flow
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and jet stream Roaring Forties trade wind in Hadley cell
thermosphere. Each is defined by the way
temperature changes within its limits. Distinct
boundaries, such as the tropopause and
stratopause, exist between the layers.
80 miles
(130 km)
Winds, currents, and climate
Above this level the air is so thin Earth has 12 climatic zones, ranging from ice-cap and
18
that each molecule may have a
74 miles tundra to temperate, arid (desert), and tropical zones.
60°C different temperature
(140°F) (120 km) Each of these zones features a particular combination of
temperature and humidity. The effects of prevailing Arctic Circle
Ja n u a r y
68 miles
winds, ocean currents of both the warm and cold
-10°C k
(110 km) variety, as well as latitude and altitude, all have an Chinoor y
(14°F) Janua
important influence on a region’s climate. Ju l y
For example, the climate of western e nt
Cu r r
62 miles Al a s k a
-80°C
(100 km)
Europe is influenced by the effects W E S T E R L I E S Decem
ber–
(-112°F) Aurora caused by collisions of the warm North Atlantic ur re nt
between protons and N o r t h Pa i f i c C
c
ar y
Drift current.
ent
electrons from the
anu
ly
–Ju
rr
Sun, and nitrogen and 56 miles
r J
-90°C
a Cu
May
oxygen molecules in the (90 km)
the
(-130°F)
Nor
atmosphere
Tornadoes
Californi
50 miles N O R T H
Ju l y
-80°C Tropic of Cancer
M E SO
PAUS (80 km) THER MOSPHERE
(-112°F) E Meteor burning up in This layer extends from nt
re
the atmosphere ur
l C
a height of 50 miles at oria E A S T
Nor ther n Equ y
-50°C 42 miles (80 km) upward. Its uar
Noctilucent clouds, which (70 km) Ja n
(-58°F) temperature increases
appear when ice crystals
rapidly above a height T R A D E S
form on meteoric dust E q u a t o r i a l C o u n t e r Ju l y
C u r r e n t
at high levels, reflect the
35 miles of 60 miles (90 km),
-30°C sunlight
(60 miles) due to absorption Equator
Doldrums El Niño
(-22°F)
of highly energetic
solar radiation.
Average
30 miles South Equa
tor ial Cur rent S O U T H
-10°C pressure
(-14°F) (50 km)
STR
Negligible
ATO
PAU
S E
MESOSPHERE E A S T
24 miles The temperature of the
-20°C
(40 km) lower part of this layer
(-4°F) Thin layer of ozone gas
absorbs harmful radiation
1 mb
stays constant with height; Tropic of Capricorn
T R A D E S
from the Sun but above 35 miles (55 km), it
18 miles
-40°C drops, reaching -112°F (80°C) at
(30 km)
(-40°F)
3 mb the mesopause.
Arctic Circle
THE CORIOLIS EFFECT
Air moving over Earth’s surface is deflected in a Tropic of
Cancer
clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and
counterclockwise in the south. Known as the Coriolis Equator
effect, and caused by Earth’s spin, Tropic of
Direction of
these deflections to the air Earth’s spin Capricorn
movements produce
Antarctic
winds such as the
Circle
trade winds and
westerlies. AVER AGE JULY TEMPER ATURE AVER AGE JULY R AINFALL
THE WORLD
Tropic of
Initial Capricorn
direction
Antarctic
Circle
below -22°F (-30°C) 32 to 50°F (0 to 10°C) 0–1 in (0–25 mm) 8–12 in (200–300 mm)
-22 to -4°F (-30 to - 20°C) 50 to 68°F (10 to 20°C) 1–2 in (25–50 mm) 12–16 in (300–400 mm)
-4 to 14°F (-20 to - 10°C) 68 to 86°F (20 to 30°C) 2–4 in (50–100 mm) 16–20 in (400–500 mm)
14 to 32°F (-10 to 0°C) above 86°F (30°C) 4–8 in (100–200 mm) above 20 in (500 mm)
u
Ju l y Ju l y a r y continental semi-arid
Ju l y
D
Ja n
Ju l y
Ju l y uar y
ic
ry arid
n
t J a nua Ju
l y
a a n Ja n u a r y hot humid
B u r
Ju l y
tl
Bliz
ar y
A Ja n u humid-equatorial
t
th
ren
r tropical
zar
r No
Föhn
Mistral
Cu y
a
rador uar
ember
Bor
ra Ja n u a r y
Lab Bo Ete Ja n
ds
Ju l
Ma Ja n u a r y
W E S T E R L I E S
Ju l y
Ju sia
y
r
y
Ju l y
m ne n
r rent
ar
a –O u
ch
Ja n Cu
ept
Ju l
e cto
r wo
ar y
y
t b
y
er Si
l
S
Ju
Ja n u
-S
ro
f S i r Ju
ly
Ku
il
o
sin
l
Ju l y
c c
u
p
am
o Ja n u a r y A Ja n
G
Kh S outhwes uar
Ty p
No
t Mons o on
nt
y
r th
re
h
y
Tropic of Cancer
l
oo
Ju
ur
Eq
ua Ju l y
nJ
to y
C
r
N O R T H or
N
ua y–
ul
r ia ry Mo n s o
lC Ja n o Oc th
ur r na H tob Equ
Ca
n
e nt ar er atorial
Current
ob
Dr
y
ma
N O R T H
uar
E A S T
if t
bo
ttan
Ha
Ja n
E A S T
y
Ju l
Counter C
T R A D E S or
ial urr
e
E q u a t o r i a l C o u n t e r Cu r re nt
at nt
T R A D E S
ry
Ju l y
u
ua
h
Eq
Ja n u a r
n c Doldrums
Doldrums Ja Doldrums r S ou Equator
So a the S
uth M a s t out h E q u ato r
r –
y
Equa an Mo i a l Cu r r e nt
b e
J
tor i al Cu o Ju Ju l ua ns o
r re nt
ry
t ry on
ua ly
y
O c y
uar
N o r t h e a s t M o n s o o n Oc
Ja n to
W
be
an
Ju l y
ill
J r–
S O U T H M
y
uth t ch
So
il
ly
Ju
t
Ju
n
li
y s
El
ur re
E A S T
l
S O U T H
Ja n u a r y
Ja
Ni
nu Qu
Bra z i l C
Curre t
een
ño
Ju ar
n
l y Ja nu y sla
T R A D E S ar y ur nd
H
Ja n u a r
an
e nt
es
Jan
ur r
(Hu urrent
t uar
y
la
nC
n
C
T R A D E S
re
ue
ia
mboldt)
Peru
al
C u r
Ju l y
tr
ng
Ju s
l y Au
st
Pampero
Be
We Ju
ly
d
Dr if t
F a l k l a n
Wind
We s t
s
We s t W
ind Ocean currents
Dr i
f t
W E S T E R L I E S warm
cold
Prevailing winds
warm
Antarctic Circle cold
Local winds
P O L A R E A S T E R L I E S warm
cold
July seasonal winds
(cold or warm)
Life on Earth
A unique combination of an oxygen-rich atmosphere and Biogeographical regions
plentiful surface water is the key to life on Earth, where few areas Earth’s biogeographical regions, or biomes,
have not been colonized by animals, plants, or smaller are communities where certain species of
plants and animals coexist within the
life-forms. An important determinant of the quantity of life in a constraints of particular climatic conditions.
region is its level of primary production—the amount of energy- They range from tundra to various types of
rich substances made by organisms living there, mainly through grassland, forest, desert, and marine biomes
such as coral reefs. Factors like soil richness,
the process of photosynthesis. On land, plants are the main altitude, and human activities such as
organisms responsible for primary production; in water, algae POL AR REGIONS deforestation can affect the local
Ice restricts life in these regions to
fulfil this role. These primary producers supply food for animals. just a few species, such as polar distribution of living species in each biome.
bears in the Arctic.
Primary production is affected by climatic, seasonal, and other
local factors. On land, cold and aridity restrict the quantity of life
ARCT
in a region, whereas warmth and regular rainfall allow a greater Beaufort IC O
Arctic C
ircle Sea Victoria CEAN Greenland
diversity of species. In the oceans, production is mainly B ro o k s R a n g e Island Baffin Greenland
Great Bear La Bay Sea
affected by sunlight levels, which reduce rapidly with ke a it
Great Slave St r
Gulf of Lake ar k
depth, and by nutrient availability. Hudson nm Iceland
ns
an d s
Alaska
Bay Labrador De
I sl
Al e ut i a n
tai
Sea
Vancouver
Island
NORT H British
Isles
es
un
AM E RIC A
ng
Newfoundland
Ra
Mo
t Great ts
as
Lakes M
Co
Great n
ky
Plains h ia Iberian
l ac Azores Peninsula
Roc
pa
THE WORLD
Ap
Madeira
las
At
Tropic of Cancer Canary Islands
Gulf of
TEMPER ATE GR ASSL AND
Ha
Isl w Mexico ATLANTIC
a
ai ds
PACIFIC
o
20
Li
ne
OCEAN
l
Isl
Equator
Galapagos Amazon z on
an
y
Ama
Islands
Basin
ds
SOUTH
n
Marquesas
Islands
AM E RIC A
e
n Lake
s
Titicaca o
hac
d
i
a
Gran C
e
NEEDLELE AF FOREST
Tropic of Capricorn
s
Falkland
ni
Islands
a
South
World biomes Tierra del Georgia
South
Fuego Sandwich
ice e
Cape Horn
a ssag Islands
tundra
ke P
Dra
temperate coniferous forest
temperate broadleaf mixed forest Antarctic SOUT
TROPIC AL GR A SSL AND temperate grassland Peninsula
le
This type of grassland is widespread in Africa and t i c Ci rc
mediterranean Ant a rc
South America, supporting large numbers of grazing
desert and shrubland
animals and their predators.
boreal forest/taiga
MOUNTAINS
In high mountain areas only a few
hardy species of plant will grow
Laptev above the tree-line.
Kara Sea
ircle
Sea Arctic C
Barents Ye ni Len Khrebe
Sea s ey a t Cher
skog
v ia a o
in a
Ka
S i b e r i
Ur
nd
m
Sea of h a
c
a
al
tk
Sc Ob
’ Okhotsk a
Mo
an Volga Lake
pe Baikal Am
uro n
un
ur
No r t h E P l ai r ia n
ta
Lake Manchu
E U ROPE MouAltai
in
Aral
Balkash P la in
ntai
s
p s
Al Cauc ns
Da
nu b e asus Sea i Sea of
Black Sea Caspian T i e n S h a n
G ob Ye Japan
l low
Medite ve
nd P la tea u r
THE WORLD
r ra
ASIA
Ti
H
Hi
Eu im TROPIC AL R AINFOREST
is
Desert an
G
ts s
S a h a r a Desert
Arabian
le
Re
Ni
Arabian S ea M i c
kon
e
S a h e l Bay of
a
Sea r o
g
Bengal South
Ni n
g er China Philippine e
Ethiopian Horn
Sri
Sea Islands
PACIFIC s
Highlands of Malay
Lanka i 21
Africa Peninsula OCEAN a
y
M e
a t R i f t Va l l e
Maldive
Sum
Borneo Equator
Islands l a
ng o
atr
Congo E a s t n
Co
INDIAN
s
a
Gre
nel
e
i a
o rS
han
Ti m
OCEAN
r
ue C
Coral
asca
HOT DESERT
Nam
Sea
biq
e
Mo
Desert
Rang
n
AUSTRALIA
t
ng
idi
lar b or Pla ng
Nu l in r li
iv
Da
D
Cape of t
ea
Good Hope Gr Ne w
Zea lan d
Ta sm an ia Tasman
Sea
Kerguelen
World biomes
(continued)
Number of plant
species per country
Plant diversity
Environmental conditions, particularly
more than 50,000
7000–49,999 climate, soil type, and the extent of
3000–6999
2000–2999
competition with other living
1000–1999
600–999
organisms, influence the
0–599 development of plants into
data not available
distinctive forms and thus also the
extent of plant diversity. Human
settlement and intervention has
considerably reduced the diversity of
plant species in many areas.
Man and the Environment
The impact of human activity on the environment has
OZONE HOLE
widened from being a matter of local concern (typically Man-made chlorofluorocarbons
over the build-up of urban waste, industrial pollution, and (CFCs), used in refrigeration and
aerosols, damaged the ozone
smog) to affect whole ecosystems and, in recent decades, layer in the stratosphere which
the global climate. Problems crossing national boundaries helps filter out the sun’s harmful
ultraviolet rays. When a seasonal
first became a major issue over acid rain, toxic waste ozone hole first appeared in 1985
dumping at sea, and chemical spillages polluting major over Antarctica, a shocked world
agreed to phase out CFC use.
rivers. Current concerns center on loss of biodiversity and 1980 1985
FI
N
RW
NL
CO2 emissions in 2008 ICELAND
AND
SWED
NO
(million tons)
SE
U N I T E D S TAT E S IT B.-H.
RB
no data A
ATLANTIC
.
LY KOS. BULGARIA
MON. MAC.
OF AMERICA
PORTUGAL SPAIN ALBANIA
GREECE
THE WORLD
OCEAN
TUNISIA
Climate change C
C
O
MALTA CYPRUS
O
R
O
M
EGY
ALGERIA
MEXI
PT
normal long-term cycles of climate change. The THE WESTERN SAHARA
A
BAHAMAS
NI
(occupied by Morocco)
CUBA
CO
TA
REPUBLIC
RI
JAMAICA HAITI
and potential disruption of ocean currents. Melting
U
CAPE VERDE MALI
A
BELIZE ANTIGUA & BARBUDA NIGER
M
ice-caps and glaciers, and warmer oceans, will raise GUATEMALA HONDURAS ST KITTS & SAINT LUCIA SENEGAL
CHAD
EL SALVADOR NEVIS
GAMBIA S U DA N
average sea levels and threaten coastlines and cities. NICARAGUA BARBADOS
GRENADA GUINEA-
BURKINA
FASO
BISSAU GUINEA
Food crops like wheat are highly vulnerable to changes TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
G H A NA
COSTA RICA
BENIN
NIGERIA
N
VENEZUELA CENTRAL SOUTH
22 in temperature and rainfall. Such changes can also PANAMA SIERRA LEONE IVORY
RO O
SURINAME
G U YA N A
ME
French Guiana TOGO
COLOMBIA (to France)
CA
EQUATORIAL DEM.
GUINEA
&%%% &%%% R E P.
O
CONG
ECUADOR SAO TOME & GABON CONGO
Egd_ZXi^dch PRINCIPE RWANDA
7^aa^dchd[idchd[XVgWdcY^dm^YZ
BURUNDI
-%% -%%
9^gZXibZVhjgZbZcih ANGOLA
B R A Z I L (Cabinda)
P E
+%% +%%
A NG OL A
R
U
ZAMBIA
)%% )%%
>XZXdgZYViV BOLIVIA
CO2 emissions by country in 2014
(million tons) ZIMBABWE
NA
'%% '%% TOTAL: 35,669
MI
PA
BOTSWANA
AG
R
BIA
C
UA
Y
A R G
% SWAZILAND
&%%% &'%% &)%% &+%% &-%% '%%% '&%% LESOTHO
H
NZVgh SOUTH
Other 11,349
E N
Since 1800 the amount of C02 in the atmosphere has risen China 10,540 A F R IC A
URUGUAY
sharply. Urgent worldwide action to control emissions is
I
PACIFIC
T I
5334
Some solar energy, reflected from the Earth’s surface as infra OCEAN Canada 565
Iran 618
Germany 767
(mainly carbon dioxide and methane) in the atmosphere. Japan 1278 India 2341
Nearly all scientists now agree that an upsurge in emissions Russian Federation 1766
R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
K A Z A K H S T A N M O N G O L I A
UZB
EK NORTH
GEORGIA IS KYRG.
TA KOREA
ARMENIA AZERB. TUR JAPAN
KM TAJ.
N
TURKEY EN
.
SOUTH Deforestation
AN
KOREA
THE WORLD
SYRIA C H I N A
I ST
frontier forest
LEBANON
AN
I R A N
AN
I R AQ degraded forest
GH
ST
PA
L
PA
KUWAIT
BAHRAIN
QATAR
BANGLADESH
UAE TAIWAN
S AU D I I N D I A
AN
MYANMAR
ARABIA LAOS
(BURMA)
M
VI
O
ET
EN
PACIFIC
NA
ERITREA M THAILAND
YE
M
CAMBODIA PHILIPPINES
DJIBOUTI
PALAU
OCEAN GL ACIATION
IA
ETHIOPIA BRUNEI The world’s glaciers and ice sheets have been in 23
SRI
AL
MALDIVES
MALAYSIA
O
COMOROS TIMOR
snowcap on Africa’s Mount Kilimanjaro.
E
U
IQ
TONGA
MB
VANUATU
SCA
ZA
MO
FIJI
GA
MAURITIUS
DA
Réunion
MA
(to France)
A U S T R A L I A
NEW
ZEALAND
CIT Y GROW TH
The world in 2015 had 15 cities with populations over 20
Delhi 1971 million. The number of cities with populations between 10
In 1971 Delhi (above) occupied an area of about 190 sq and 20 million has surpassed 20 and continues to rise.
miles (500 sq km).
The search for work, and the hope of escape from rural
Delhi 1999 poverty, drives migration from rural to urban areas across
By 1999 (right) it had sprawled to cover 500 sq miles (1300 the developing world. Urban dwellers now amount to
sq km). It vies with Mumbai in the southwest to be the
sub-continent’s most populous city, fast approaching 20
more than half the world’s population, and consume more
million people. resources than their rural counterparts.
Population and Settlement
Population density
A few regions, including Europe, India, and much of eastern Asia, have
extremely high population densities. Within these areas, a few
spots, such as Monaco and Hong Kong, have densities of
over 12,900 per sq mile (5000 people per sq km). Other
regions (mostly desert, mountain, ice cap, tundra, or
thickly forested areas) have densities close to
THE WORLD
World population World land area World population World land area
8% 17.0% 10% 7.1%
24
Million-person cities
In the year 1900 there were fewer than 20 cities in
the world with a population that exceeded one
million. By 1950 there were 83 such cities, and by
the year 2015 there were more than 500 such cities,
100 of them in China alone, with another 54 in India,
20 in Brazil, and 14 in Japan. Population density
(persons per sq mile)
Million-cities in 1950
ANTARCTICA
Million-cities in 2006
GREATER TOK YO
The Greater Tokyo Area is the most
populous urban area in the world,
with an estimated head count in 2015
of 37.8 million. It includes Tokyo City,
which has a population of about 12
million, and adjoining cities such as
Yokohama. This satellite photograph
shows the Greater Tokyo Area today,
Tokyo urban sprawl and also the boundaries of Tokyo City
City boundary, 1860 City boundary, 1964 in 1860 (red) and 1964 (yellow).
Migration
High variant
Every year about 200 million people – 3 percent of the global population – change
11
their country of residence. Emigration rates are generally highest in countries
affected by wars or that have suffered economic woes, natural disasters, or
where groups of people have been oppressed or persecuted. Immigration
rates are generally highest in stable, developed countries, such as the USA,
Spain and Canada, which usually have low birth rates and need immigrants
to provide economic support to their ageing populations.
10
NET MIGR ATION Net migration
average annual migration
The map at right shows the net (thousands)
migration rate for each country. A dkZg(%%
positive value means more people are '%%id(%%
Medium variant
&%%id'%%
entering the country than leaving it %id&%%
(net immigration) and a negative value "&%%id%
"'%%id"&%%
the reverse (net emigration). "(%%id"'%%
")%%id"(%% 9
YViVjcVkV^aVWaZ
Low variant
8
THE WORLD
ASIA This graph (right) of world
population growth since the
year 1500 includes three
different projections to the
year 2050, based on different 7
assumptions about the
factors affecting growth.
6 25
AUSTR ALASIA
AFRICA & OCEANIA
World population World land area World population World land area
15.5% 20.2% 0.5% 5.9%
Population growth
Improved nutrition and medical care have played
a major part in the remarkable growth in world
population. There is currently a stark contrast 2
Population (billions)
above 4% 1 to 2% 1
3 to 4% 0 to 1%
2 to 3% -1 to 0%
Years
0
1500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050
Language
Over 6800 different languages exist throughout the world, each one with its own
unique evolutionary history and cultural connotations. Most of these languages
are spoken only by small groups of people in remote regions. Sadly these minority
tongues are dying out—it is estimated that about a third will have disappeared by
the year 2100. The relatively small number of widely-spoken languages have
gained their current predominance and pattern of distribution through a
variety of historical factors. Among these have been the economic, military, or
technological success of certain peoples and cultures, differing population
growth rates, and the effects of migrations and colonization.
The European Union (EU) embraces the diversity of its 28 countries and 24 official
languages by providing a translation and interpretation service for the majority of
its meetings and documentation. This costs around US$ 650 million per year, which
equates to 1 percent of the EU budget.
ARCTIC
G
OCEAN
re
en
Samoyed
la
E e u t
nd
s k A l Sami Ya k u t
i m o - h (Lapp)
is
ic
A n
ish
Icelandic Aleut
m
a
D
e r
nn
At i c
Germa
Fi
hab
ascan a n Mar i
I n d Chuvash Tu
ltic
i a n Ma ngu
ni
Algonquin
Ce
Mo rdv i n i a n nc s-
hu
c
av ic Kazak K h al k a Mo ng ol
at
h
Sl
yr
O
ance
PAC I F I C Rom Mongol
T u r k i c Uighur
se
Gr
ne
ee
THE WORLD
Ko re a n a
OCEAN k
hto
Mandar in Jap
Pe
rsi anP
as PAC I F I C
Punjabi Ti b e t a n
AT L A N T I C Cantonese OCEAN
Na
Berber
Cr
n
hu
OCEAN
ia
eo d
A us i a
at
l les vi
A
M ay a
ra
st ti
D Filipino
ro
c -
Amh
Ta
Main international languages Ban M
Au s t r o n e s i a n
m
ar
l
ali
c a
i
t
i
Ca
l a
m
Ar
So Malay
u
r ib
Chinese Arabic/French
ak
y
rw
ay -
ak
Sw a B a h a s aD Pi P
Spanish French/other hili In donesia
Qu
B Pa
p u a nd g i o
a Javanes e n
ech
Arabic English/other nt C
y
l
u
re
n
ua
Ay e s
ole
INDIAN
sy
laga
s
Kho
n
tu
French Chinese/other
i
English/Spanish Portuguese/other
or
a
Spanish/other other language M
B a n t u language group
uninhabited land
Ma r i other language
large part of Asia. The oldest religion, Hinduism, has always been similarities of belief, there are about 20 different
Pa
Australian
p
ua
Aborigines
religions in the world with more than 1 million
ns
concentrated in the Indian subcontinent, although its adherents in other
parts of the world now number millions following migrations from India. adherents. However, the larger of these are split
Malays
1ST– 7 TH CENTURY into several denominations, which differ in their
During this period, Christianity spread from its al Chiefdoms g us exact beliefs and practices. Christianity, for
Co a st Tun
Forest
origins in the eastern Mediterranean, while N O R T H hauthnetreerrs
Hinduism and forms of Buddhism spread in AMERICA
g
A S I A
example, includes three major groupings that have
Asia. Islam became established in Arabia. Maya
cit y states historically been in conflict—Roman Catholicism,
s
an
e t
Tib
Protestantism, and Orthodox Christianity—as well
ds
Rise and spread of the
ye
an oms o
classical religions to 650 CE S am
Chi de
e fd
Amazon
Buddhist heartland Nom hunters
adic hun
ters Marajó
Chinese Confucianism/ Daoism
and indigenous primal traditions
Gu
ara
ni
EUROPE the world’s other main religious, such as Islam and
SOUTH
Converted to Christianity by 600 CE
AMERICA
rs i tes
Buddhism, are also subdivided.
Hinduism B erbe Kush
Tupí
Islam under Muhammad Saharan
Peoples
Mahayana Buddhism West Atlantic AFRICA
Peoples
Shintoism
Zoroastrianism Bantus RELIGION AROUND THE WORLD
spread of Buddhism
spread of Christianity
spread of Hinduism
Maoris
About 72 percent of humanity adheres to
dispersion of Jews, to 500 CE
one of five religions: Christianity, Islam,
Hinduism, Buddhism, and Chinese
THE WORLD
7 TH –16TH CENTURY traditional religion (which includes Daoism
Islam later spread further through Asia and into AUSTRALIA and Confucianism). Of the remainder,
Pa
Aborigines
ns
indigenous
27
s ip p
Catholic Christianity
(0.36 billion)
i an
SVALBARD
GREENLAND (to Norway)
(to Denmark)
ALASKA
N
ICELAND
DE
(to US)
R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
SWE
FINLAND
NORWAY
ESTONIA
RUSS. LATVIA
UNITED DENMARK FED.
KINGDOM LITHUANIA
C A N A D A IRELAND GERMANY BELARUS
NETH.
BELG. CZ.REP. POLAND
UKR AI NE
LUX. LIECH. SLVK.
FRANCE K A Z A K H S T A N M O N G O L I A
AUT. HUNG. MOLD.
SWITZ. SLVN.
ANDORRA
MONACO CRO. SERB. ROMANIA
KOS. GEORGIA UZBEKISTAN
S.M. B.&H. BULG. KYRGYZSTAN
AZERB.
PORT.
CC ISRAEL IRAQ
TA
O NEPAL BHUTAN
IS
OR
PUERTO RICO
ALGERIA L I B Y A JORDAN KUWAIT PA
K
M
M
(to US)
THE WESTERN BAHRAIN
EGYPT LAOS
E
HAITI (disputed)
AN
C
I
BELIZE
IT
VI
O DOMINICA ARABIA O
UR
M
ERITREA
ET
CAPE
JAMAICA ST LUCIA MA M A L I NIGER THAI.
NA M
VERDE
GUATEMALA DOM. REP. BARBADOS SENEGAL
KI
NA CHAD S U DA N YEMEN
MARSHALL
GAMBIA R O
EL SALVADOR ST VINCENT & GREN. U FAS DJIBOUTI PH I L I P PI N E S ISLANDS
GUINEA NIGERIA
TOGO
B
CAMB.
N
NICARAGUA GUINEA-
Majority religions
OO
CA MALDIVES
M
DEM. REP.
O
B R A Z I L SEYCHELLES
AN
GUINEA TUVALU
A EAST SOLOMON
Orthodox Christianity
I
U MALAWI SAMOA
R
ZAMBIA E VANUATU
SCA
Shi'a Islam U
Q
B OLIVIA
BI
GA
ZIMB.
AM
NA
FIJI TONGA
MIB
MO Z
PARAGUAY BOTS.
MA
IA
Hinduism SWAZILAND A U S T R A L I A
CHILE LESOTHO
Judaism SOUTH
A
URUGUAY AFRIC A
N
T I
ZEALAND
Mahayana Buddhism
State policy
A R G
Tibetan Buddhism
FALKLAND secular ideologies governing
other ISLANDS
(to UK) communist states during 20th century
Marxism / Maoism non-pluralist states
Health
RW
(Alaska) N
E
ICELAND
NO
SWED
above 80 years
countries is much lower and in 75–80 years
UNITED DENMARK LITH.
some cases is falling. C A N A D A 70–75 years
60–70 years
IRELAND
KINGDOM
NETH. POLAND
GERMANY
BELG. CZECH
50–60 years LUX.
LIECH. REP.SLO.
FRANCE
below 50 years SWITZ. AUS. HUNG.
SER
SLOVENIA CRO.
MONACO B.-H.
B.
SAN IT MON.
MARINO AL MAC.
THE WORLD
SPAIN ANDORRA Y
U N I T E D S TAT E S
OF AMERICA
ATLANTIC PORTUGAL
ALBANIA
GREECE
TUNISIA
MALTA
O
O
M
nations, especially some African countries, due in ALGERIA
ME
LIBYA
THE WESTERN SAHARA
part to stretched medical services. As well as lower
A
XI
NI
infant mortality, the world’s developed countries
TA
CO
RI
REPUBLIC
have much lower birth rates—greater female ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
U
JAMAICA
A
DOMINICA CAPE VERDE MALI NIGER
M
BELIZE SAINT LUCIA
emancipation and easier access to contraceptives GUATEMALA HONDURAS ST KITTS & ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES SENEGAL
CHAD
NEVIS GRENADA GAMBIA
are two causative factors. United States of EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA
BARBADOS GUINEA- GUINEA
BURKINA
FASO
BENIN
America: has an average TRINIDAD & TOBAGO BISSAU NIGERIA
GH A NA
COSTA RICA
28
N
life expectancy of about PANAMA SIERRA LEONE I VORY
VENEZUELA
RO O
CENTRAL
SURINAME C OAST
G U YA N A
ME
TOGO REPUBLIC
living about 5 years COLOMBIA French Guiana
CA
(to France) EQUATORIAL
longer than men. GUINEA
O
SAO TOME &
NG
ECUADOR PRINCIPE GABON DEM.
CO
R E P.
CONGO
Liberia: currently has one ANGOLA
P E
(Cabinda)
B R A Z I L of the lowest life
expectancies in West
R
NA
A
WA N
PA
MI
R
C
TS
AG
BIA
BO
UA
ARG
Y
H
EN
SOUTH
URUGUAY A F R IC A
TI
I
NA
ATLANTIC
L
E
OCEAN
Number of births (per 1000 people)
Nutrition
Two-thirds of the world’s food is consumed in
developed nations, many of which have a daily The extensive public healthcare system in Cuba
calorific intake far higher than is needed by their provides for around 6 doctors per 1000 people,
one of the highest ratios in the world.
populations. By contrast, about 800 million people
in the developing world do not have enough food Healthcare
to meet basic nutritional needs. An indicator of the strength of
healthcare provision in a country
is the number of doctors per
1000 population. Some
communist and former
communist countries such as
Cuba and Russia score well in
this regard. In general, healthcare
provision is good or adequate in
most of the world’s richer
Daily calorie intake per capita
countries but scanty throughout
above 3000 2500–2999 2000–2499 below 2000 Medical doctors (per 1000 people)
much of Africa and in parts of
Asia and Latin America. above 5 4–5 3–4 1–3 0.5–1 below 0.5 no data
Smoking
Cigarette smoking—one of the most Communicable diseases
harmful activities to health—is Despite advances in their treatment and
common throughout much of the prevention, infectious diseases remain a huge
world. Smoking prevalence is generally problem, especially in developing countries. Three
highest in the richer, developed of the most common and deadly are tuberculosis
countries. However, awareness of the (TB), HIV/AIDS, and malaria. Of these, active TB
health risks has seen cigarette affects about 25 million people (often as a
consumption in most of these complication of AIDS), with a particularly high
countries stabilize or begin to fall. By prevalence in parts of Africa. HIV/AIDS has spread
contrast, more and more people, since 1981 to become a global pandemic. Malaria
especially males, are taking up the habit affects about 225 million people every year.
Annual cigarette consumption (per person)
in poorer developing countries.
above 2000 1000–1499 0–499 no data
1500–2000 500–999
FI
NL
AND
R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
EST.
LAT.
THE WORLD
KOS. TA NORTH
ARMENIA AZERB. TUR
KM KOREA OCEAN
N
TURKEY EN TAJ.
.
SOUTH
AN
SYRIA JAPAN
CYPRUS KOREA
I ST
LEBANON
C H I N A
AN
I R AQ I R A N
AN
ISRAEL
WEST BANK
H
ST
GAZA G
STRIP JORDAN AF NE BHUTAN
KI
EGY
KUWAIT PA
L Japan: has one of the world’s
PA
BAHRAIN
highest life expectancies, at over 81
PT
ARABIA
MYANMAR to the typical Japanese low-fat diet
(BURMA) LAOS
M
S U DA N EN
ET
PHILIPPINES MICRONESIA
M
LANKA
NAURU
M
MALAYSIA
O
S MALDIVES
UG
KENYA SINGAPORE
RWANDA
BURUNDI SEYCHELLES SOLOMON
I N D O N E S I A PAPUA ISLANDS
TANZANIA INDIAN NEW
GUINEA
EAST
COMOROS
M A LAW
TIMOR
OCEAN
BIA
UE
M
Q
BI
ZA
VANUATU
R
M
I
SCA
ZA
GA
MAURITIUS CALEDONIA
ZIMBABWE
DA
SWAZILAND
A U S T R A L I A
LESOTHO
Swaziland: currently
has the lowest life
expectancy in the
world, at about 40 NEW
ZEALAND
years, due to
widespread HIV/AIDS.
9^VWZiZh%#.b^aa^dc
BVaVg^V%#.b^aa^dc
Water covers 71 percent of Earth’s surface, but only 2.5 percent of this is
fresh water, and two thirds of that is locked up in glaciers and polar ice
sheets. Patterns of human settlement have developed around fresh USA
(Alaska)
water availability, but increasing numbers of people are now Yukon
Greenland
(to Denmark)
C A N A D A
than sixfold during the 20th century as populations UNITED
KINGDOM
IRELAND NETH.
increased and agriculture became more BELG.
LUX.
dependent on irrigation, much of it hugely St. Lawrence Rhine
SWITZ.
U N I T E D S TAT E S FRANCE
wasteful because of evaporation and ATLANTIC
OF AMERICA SPAIN
run-off. Industrial water demand also Colorado
Mississippi/
Missouri
PORTUGAL
O
M
Grande ALGERIA
and gardening.
MEXI
THE WESTERN SAHARA
Hawaii BAHAMAS (occupied by Morocco)
A
(to US)
NI
CUBA DOMINICAN
TA
REPUBLIC
CO
RI
JAMAICA HAITI
U
CAPE VERDE MALI
ER
A
BELIZE ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
M
GUATEMALA HONDURAS Niger
IG
ST KITTS & SENEGAL
NEVIS
N
EL SALVADOR GAMBIA
NICARAGUA BARBADOS BURKINA
IA
GUINEA- FASO
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO BISSAU GUINEA
G H A NA
ER
PACIFIC COSTA RICA
BENIN
VENEZUELA
IG
PANAMA SIERRA LEONE I VORY
SURINAME
G U YA N A
C OAST
N
Orinoco LIBERIA
French Guiana
OCEAN
THE WORLD
Amazon
B R A Z I L
P E
Availability of fresh water
total renewable
R
Amid the desert of Wadi Rum, Jordan, crops São
(cubic yards/capita/per year) Francisco
U
grow on circular patches of land irrigated with
water from an underground aquifer. less than 1300 (water scarcity)
1300–2221 (water stress) BOLIVIA
2222–3921 (insufficient water)
3922–12,999 (relatively sufficient) Paraná
PA
13,000 or more (plentiful supplies) AG
R
C
30 major drainage basin
UA
Y
A R G
Water withdrawal over 50% of water resource originating
ATLANTIC
from outside country H
T I
E R N O C E A N
S O U T H
N
NO
NL
E
AND
SWED
Danube UZB
RB
I B.-H.
T EK NORTH
.
Tigris/ KOREA
Indus
TUNISIA
SYRIA Euphrates C H I N A
I ST
MALTA CYPRUS
AN
LEBANON I R AQ
AN
ISRAEL
I R A N
GH
ST
WEST BANK
GAZA JORDAN AF NE Yangtze
KI
STRIP PA BHUTAN
L
EGY
KUWAIT
PA
QATAR BANGLADESH
UAE TAIWAN
S AU D I I N D I A
AN
MYANMAR
ARABIA LAOS
(BURMA)
M
VI
O Mekong
ET
S U DA N ERITREA EN PACIFIC
NA
CHAD EM THAILAND
Y
M
AL
REPUBLIC LANKA
CA
MALDIVES
THE WORLD
M
A N DA
MALAYSIA
O
DEM. S
GABON KENYA SINGAPORE
R E P.
UG
CONGO
O
NG
RWANDA
SEYCHELLES I N D O N E S I A
CO
Congo BURUNDI
TANZANIA
INDIAN PAPUA
NEW
GUINEA
ANGOLA
(Cabinda)
EAST
OCEAN
MALAWI
COMOROS TIMOR
A NG OL A
ZAMBIA
E
R
U
Zambezi
SCA
IQ
MB
ZIMBABWE MAURITIUS
ZA
NA
DA
MO
Réunion
MI
(to France)
BIA
SWAZILAND A U S T R A L I A 31
Orange
LESOTHO
SOUTH
A F R IC A Murray/
Darling
NEW
ZEALAND
WATER AVAILABILITY
y
scarcity
nc
ie
fic
7.8%
Plentiful
suf
Water
16.3%
ve
re l a t i
Water stress
Relatively 24.5%
sufficient
24.5%
n cy
cie
Insufficient
ffi
16.7%
su
in
Balance of trade
Few countries earn from their exports
exactly as much as they spend on
imports. If the imbalance is persistently
negative, it creates a potentially serious
problem of indebtedness. The European New York
Union’s (EU) external trade is broadly in
balance, but the US balance of trade has
been in deficit since the 1970s, partly
because it imports so many consumer
goods. This deficit now stands at around
US$ 500 billion a year.
THE WORLD
Balance of trade
(million US$)
dkZg(%!%%%
&%!%%%Ä'.!%%%
Hjgeajh
&%%%Ä....
%"...
%Ä...
&%%%"....
&%!%%%Ä'.!... 9Z[^X^i London
EURO
dkZg(%!%%%
YViVjcVkV^aVWaZ
32
AF
PE
RI
General Industrials
500,000
400,000
Berkshire Hathaway
300,000
General Electric
Exxon Mobil
Petro China
200,000
Wells Fargo
Apple Inc.
Microsoft
100,000
ICBC
Multinational corporation
Energy
Countries with oil and gas to sell (notably in the Middle East and
Russia) can charge high prices; trade in fuel was worth US$ 1.4 trillion
in 2005. The US and others are turning back to nuclear power
(despite safety fears) for generating electricity. China relies heavily on
(polluting) coal. Renewable technologies promise much, but so far
make relatively minor contributions.
D^a
'%%
7g^i^h]i]ZgbVajc^ih7ij
8dVa
&*%
<Vh
&%%
GZcZlVWaZh
*%
Energy balance (Quadrillion British thermal units)
CjXaZVg
% cZiegdYjXZg &%VcYVWdkZ *id&% &id* %id& YViVjcVkV^aVWaZ
&.-% &..% '%%% NZVg '%&% '%'% '%(%
cZiXdchjbZg %id"& "&id"* "*id"&% "&%VcYWZadl
International debt
(as percentage of GNI) International debt
above 100%
Saddled with crippling debts from past borrowing, the
75–100% world’s poorest countries are still paying off US $100
50–74%
25–49% million a day. This is despite recent successful campaigns
15–24%
below 15% to get some of their debts cancelled to allow them to
no data use their limited resources for development. Most
international debt, however, is owed by developed
countries to one another. The US owes just over a trillion
dollars, around 7% of its total debt, to China.
THE WORLD
Primary sector
Value added to the economy (percentage of GDP)
33
Gross Domestic
Product (GDP*)
Tokyo (nominal per capita US$)
Secondary sector
40,001–90,000 Value added to the economy (percentage of GDP)
10,001–40,000
6251–10,000 above 50 30–39 below 20
2501–6250 40–49 20–29
A
no data
1501–2500
S I 501–1500
251–500
A 0–250
data unavailable
Direct Foreign
L
Investment
A
R from USA
T Tertiary sector
S
from Europe
Value added to the economy (percentage of GDP)
U from Japan
A
above 65 54–45 below 35
55–64 35–44 no data
major stock exchange
stock exchange
above 3000
2000–3000
1000–2000
500–1000
250–500
below 250
no data
Labor
China’s huge low-cost labor force promotes its
conquest of world markets for manufactured
goods. India’s educated workforce attracts call
centers and other service sector jobs, while the
more economically developed countries’s (MEDC)
caring professions, and low-wage agriculture,
draw in immigrant labor.
Travel
Mass travel is now a ubiquitous feature of all developed countries, There are currently
around 4.2 billion air
and the provision of transport and tourism facilities one of the travelers a year passing
through over 1600
world’s biggest industries, employing well over 100 million people. international and
domestic airports. This
The travel explosion has come about, first, through major figure is forecast to grow
by 4 percent each year,
improvements in transportation technology; and second, as a result leading to increased
pressure on air traffic
of increasing amounts of disposable income and leisure time in the control and ground
handling systems that, in
world’s wealthier countries. The main reasons for travel today many areas, are already
close to maximum
include leisure pursuits and tourism (accounting for well over capacity.
half of the total financial outlay), work and business, pilgrimage,
migration, and visits to family and friends.
Singapore
Bangkok
Hong Kong
Beijing
Frankfurt
34 Paris Madrid
Amsterdam
London
Tokyo
Global transportation
major road
major rail
London
1850
by coach to Portsmouth and thence ship around the Cape of Good Hope
Istanbul Basra
1850
coach . ferry . coach . horseback horseback . river boat river boat.
Istanbul Basra Bombay Calcutta Singapore Sydney
1930
train . ferry . train train . river boat river boat . steamship train steamship steamship
DAYS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Media and Communications
Over the past 50 years, the term “media” has come to denote various Mobile phone usage Mobile phone users
per 1000 people
means of communicating information between people at a distance. By 2006, there were more than 2.5 billion mobile phone VWdkZ.%%
,%%Ä-..
These include mass media—methods such as newspapers, radio, and users worldwide. In some parts of Europe, such as Italy, *%%Ä+..
(%%Ä)..
almost everyone owns and uses a mobile—many
television that can be used to rapidly disseminate information to large possess more than one phone. In contrast, throughout
&%%Ä'..
WZadl&%%
numbers of people—and two-way systems, such as telephones and much of Southern Asia and Africa, less than 10 percent YViVjcVkV^aVWaZ
e-mail. Currently, the communication systems undergoing the most of the population are users. As well as utilizing
them as telephones, most users now
rapid growth worldwide include mobile telephony and various employ the devices for the additional
Internet-based applications, such as web sites, blogs, and podcasting, functions they offer, such as text
which can be considered forms of mass media. messaging and e-mail.
Internet usage
Internet usage has grown extremely rapidly since the early 1990s,
largely as a result of the invention of the World Wide Web. Usage
rates are highest in the USA (where about 80 percent of people
were using the Internet in 2006), Australia, Japan, South Korea, and
Finland. They are lowest in Africa, where on average less than 5
percent of the population were Internet users in 2006.
THE WORLD
35
Satellite Communications
Internet users Modern communications satellites are used extensively for international
per 1000 people
telephony, for television and radio broadcasting, and to some extent
VWdkZ*%%
(%%Ä).. for transmitting Internet data. Many of these satellites are deployed in
&%%Ä'..
WZadl&%%
clusters or arrays, often in geostationary orbits—that is, in positions
YViVjcVkV^aVWaZ that appear fixed to Earth-based observers.
Sydney
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
The Political World
Today’s world map shows nearly 200 independent states, compared
CONTINENTAL FACTFILE
with about 80 after World War II. The transformation is mainly due
Total area: sq miles Total area: sq km Total population
to the withdrawal of European powers from huge colonial empires;
North & Central America 9,358,340 24,238,000 565.3 million
their remaining overseas dependencies are tiny by comparison. The 6,886,000 17,835,000 406.7 million
South America
late 20th century also saw the collapse of communism, realignment Africa 11,712,434 30,335,000 1110.6 million
in Europe, and fragmentation in former Yugoslavia. Globally, the Europe 4,053,309 10,498,000 742.4 million
Soviet Union’s demise left the USA as the sole superpower, though Asia 16,838,365 43,608,000 4298.7 million
IRELAND
Lake London
Super ior
Lake
Lake Huron Montreal
Michigan Toronto Ottawa St Pierre & Miquelon
Lake (to France)
THE WORLD
Chicago Ontar io
PAC I F IC U N I T E D S TAT E S Lake
AL
New York Madrid
Er ie
PORTUG
OF AMERICA Washington, DC Azores
(to Portugal) Lisbon SPAIN
O CEAN Los Angeles Gibraltar (to UK)
Ceuta (to Spain)
Melilla (to Spain) Rabat
Bermuda Madeira Casablanca
Midway Islands
(to US)
(to UK) AT L A N T I C (to Portugal)
C
C
O
Guadalupe O
R
(to Mexico) Canary Islands
O CEAN
O
M
Monterrey Gulf (to Spain)
Tropic of Cancer THE
of BAHAMAS
MEXICO Mexico WESTERN SAHARA
A
Turks & Caicos Is (to UK) (occupied by Morocco)
Hawai‘i
NI
Havana
(to US) Guadalajara Puerto Rico (to US)
CUBA
TA
Revillagigedo Islands Cayman Is Virgin Is British Virgin Is (to UK)
(to Mexico) (to US) Anguilla (to UK)
36 Mexico City
RI
(to UK)
HAITI DOM.
Ca
U
(to US) b Guadeloupe (to France) Nouakchott
A
BELIZE b e a I. ST KITTS & CAPE VERDE
n S Navassa
M
DOMINICA
GUATEMALA e a (to US) NEVISMontserrat Martinique (to France)
HONDURAS SENEGAL
Guatemala City Curaçao (to UK) ST LUCIA Dakar
(to Neth.) ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES MALI
EL SALVADOR Managua GAMBIA
Aruba BARBADOS Bamako BURKINA
NICARAGUA (to Neth.) FASO
GRENADA GUINEA-
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO BISSAU GUINEA
Clipperton Island COSTA RICA
NA
Caracas
(to French Polynesia) PANAMA IVORY
VENEZUELA SIERRA LEONE
GHA
Kingman Reef Georgetown COAST
(to US) Palmyra Atoll
SURINAME Yamoussoukro
G U YA N
(to US)
Bogotá French Guiana LIBERIA
Abidjan Accr
Baker & COLOMBIA (to France)
Howland Is
A
(to US)
Equator Quito
Jarvis I ECUADOR
(to US) Galapagos Is
(to Ecuador)
Fernando de Noronha
(to Brazil)
K I R I B A T I
P E
B R A Z I L Ascension
(to UK)
Tokelau
R
(to NZ)
AT L A N T I C
U
Cook Salvador
Lima
Islands
SAMOA
Wallis &
(to NZ)
PAC I F IC
Lake
Titicaca Brasilia
O CEA N
Futuna American La Paz
(to France) Samoa St Helena
BOLIVIA (to UK)
(to US)
O CEAN Belo Horizonte Trindade
Niue French Poly nesia (to Brazil)
PA
São Paulo
R
Pitcair n, Henderson,
Ducie & Oeno Islands UA
(to UK) Y
Tropic of Capricorn San Felix Island Asuncion
Sala y Gomez (to Chile)
H
San Ambrosio
Easter Island (to Chile) Island
A R G E
Kermadec Islands
(to NZ) Santiago URUGUAY
Juan Fernandez Islands Montevideo
Tristan da Cunha
L
I N
Gough Island
(to Tristan da Cunha)
Map Key
A
Borders
Y
A
T I O N
W
EN
F E D E R A
NOR
R U S S I A N Se
SWE
FINLAND
Helsinki a
of
Oslo
ESTONIA St Petersburg O
Stockholm kh
Copenhagen LATVIA Lak e ot
Moscow Ba ika l sk
(to
DENMARK LITHUANIA
Kurilsian Fed.)
RUSS. FED.
Rus
NETH. Berlin POLAND BELARUS
GERMANY Astana
Islands
BELGIUM Warsaw Kiev
LUX. CZECH REP. Ulan Bator
UKRAINE A
Paris LIECH. Vienna SLOVAKIA K A Z A K H S T A
N M O N G O L I Harbin
FRANCE AUSTRIA Budapest MOLDOVA
SWITZ. HUNGARY (annexed by Aral Lake
SLOVENIA Sarajevo ROMANIA Russia, 2014) C Sea Balkh ash Shenyang
CROATIA Bucharest Almaty NORTH
MONACO UZ KOREA Sea of
THE WORLD
B-H SERBIA
as
IT Black Sea BE
K I Tashkent Dalian P’yôngyang Japa n
pi
SYRIA Kabul
TUNISIA
MALTA
CYPRUS Nanjing
Mediter ranean Islamabad
AN
Lahore
O C E A N
Alexandria IR AQ
Tripoli JORDAN
Cairo
AF
N N Chongqing
A EP BHUTAN
Gîza ST A Ryukyu Is
Pe
I L (to Japan)
ALGERIA KUWAIT AK New Delhi
rs
an P Tropic of Cancer
i
Karachi BANGLADESH
EGYPT Riyadh Muscat Dhaka
e
Bay
M
of
e
Sanaa EN
Sea THAILAND Manila
South
V IE
ERITREA M (Rangoon)
CHAD Khartoum YE Socotra Chennai PHILIP PINES
TNA M
Nicobar Is
ETHIOPIA Colombo (disputed)
IA
Juba P A L AU
a TOGO
M
CA
Yaounde MALDIVES
Bangui
O
GUINEA
Mogadishu SINGAPORE
AN
Libreville D E M . R E P. KENYA
O
G
NG
NAURU
PRINCIPE RWANDA Nairobi P A P UA KIRIBATI
CO
Lake I N D O N E S I A
Victor ia NEW
Brazzaville BURUNDI SEYCHELLES
GUINEA
Kinshasa Dodoma Java Sea
Lake British Indian
ANGOLA Ocean Territory Jakarta
(Cabinda) Tangany ika T A N Z A N I A
(to UK) Surabaya SOLOM ON
Luanda TUVAL U
Lake Agalega Islands Christmas EAST TIMOR I SL A N D S
Nyasa COMOROS Cocos
(to Mauritius) (Keeling) Island
ANGOLA Islands (to Australia)
MALAWI Mayotte (to Australia) Ashmore &
ZAMBIA Lilongwe (to France) Cartier Islands
(to Australia)
Lusaka E
AR
(to Australia)
NA
New
O CEAN Cale doni a
MI
MAURITIUS
DA
MA
Gaborone
Pretoria
Maputo Tropic of Capricorn
Johannesburg
SWAZILAND
A U S T R A L
Bloemfontein LESOTHO I A
SOUTH Nor folk Island
AFRICA (to Australia)
Cape Town
Lord Howe
Island
(to Australia)
Amsterdam Sydney
Island Canberra
Melbourne
St Paul Island
Bouvet Island
Bounty Isl
(to Norway) Heard & McDonald ands
Islands Auckland (to
( to Australia) Islan Antipodes Islan NZ)
(to NZ) ds (to NZ) ds
Campbell
Islan
Macquar
ie (to NZ) d
(to AustralIsland
N O C E ia)
A N
Scale 1:66,000,000
N T A R C T I C A Antarcti (projection: Wagner VII)
c Circle
(All territorial claims are held in Km
abeyance under the 1959 Antarctic Treaty) 0 250 500 1000 1500 2000
Conflict evolved in the 20th century from conventional land- or sea-based warfare to
increasingly long-range airborne attacks. Nuclear arms from 1945 took this to the
intercontinental scale. The Cold War presented a new type of conflict, underlined by
the race for weapons capabilities between the US and the Soviet Union. In Korea,
Vietnam, the Middle East and elsewhere, soldiers and civilians were
exposed to deadly chemicals. International treaties
aimed to prevent the spread of nuclear, biological and
Greenland
chemical “weapons of mass destruction”. (to Denmark)
USA AY
SWE RW
Intercommunal conflict and “ethnic cleansing” (Alaska) ICELAND N
DE
NO
reminded the world that horror needed no UNITED
DEN.
KINGDOM
sophisticated weaponry. After 9/11, the C A N A D A IRELAND
BELG. GERMANY
NETH.
CZECH
POLAND
SE
MONACO
RB
B.-H.
IT MON.
conflict in a new light, where
.
ANDORRA
SAN AL ALB.
Y
U N I T E D S TAT E S PORTUGAL SPAIN MARINO MAC.
international terrorism knew
TUNISIA
GREECE
OF AMERICA ATLANTIC O MALTA
no borders. RO
CC
O
ALGERIA
M
THE OCEAN LIBYA
ME
WESTERN SAHARA
A
BAHAMAS
NI
(occupied by Morocco)
CUBA DOMINICAN
TA
XI
HAITI REPUBLIC
RI
CO
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
AU
JAMAICA CAPE
DOMINICA VERDE MALI N I G E R
M
THE PEACEKEEPERS BELIZE
ST KITTS &
SAINT LUCIA
SENEGAL
GUATEMALA HONDURAS NEVIS
ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES
EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA GRENADA GAMBIA BURKINA CHAD
BARBADOS GUINEA- FASO
GUINEA
BENIN
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO BISSAU NIGERIA
TOGO
GH ANA
COSTA RICA
N
VENEZUELA
THE WORLD
OO
G U YA N A
PANAMA SURINAME COAST CENTRAL
ER
LIBERIA AFRICAN
COLOMBIA
M
French Guiana
CA
REPUBLIC
(to France) EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
O
SAO TOME & DEM.
NG
ECUADOR PRINCIPE GABON REP.
CO
CONGO
ANGOLA
P E
PACIFIC B R A Z I L (Cabinda)
ANGOLA
R
OCEAN
U
BOLIVIA
NA
A
WA N
PA
C
MI
R
TS
ARGEN
AG
BIA
BO
AY
U
38
H
SOUTH
URUGUAY A F R IC A
TINA
Union (AU) are increasingly deploying their own multinational forces in OCEAN
trouble-spots, while Australia has intervened in a similar manner in
E
ISR AEL
Since its creation in 1948, Israel has been LEBANON
1 Tripoli
at war with its Arab neighbors. The Haifa SYRIA
Nazareth LEBANON
Palestinians are fighting for a separate, Baalbek
Beirut
viable state, comprising of at least East Jerusalem
DARFUR Gaza
Jerusalem, and the West Bank and Gaza
AN
Dead
African ethnic minorities in Darfur in western Sudan have suffered Beersheba Sea
RD
E GY PT GOLAN
international support, but has been met Haifa HEIGHTS
responsibility. Displaced in their hundreds of thousands, refugees
TR
3071m
u r
Darfur conflict
r f
BANK
Fur ethnic group
D a
R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
EST.
LAT.
LITH.
BELARUS
UKR AINE
K A Z A K H S T A N
MOLDOVA MONGOLIA
ROMANIA UZB
BULGARIA E
KI
GEORGIA ST KYRG. NORTH
AN
ARMENIA AZERB. TUR KOREA
TURKEY KM
EN TAJ.
.
AN
LEBANON
I R A N PACIFIC
AN
I R AQ
AN
GAZA
STRIP JORDAN
IST
H
BAHRAIN
PT I N D I A BANGLADESH
Y
POST-COLONIAL BORDERS
ARABIA MYANMAR LAOS
M
Independent African
VI
O (BURMA)
ET
ERITREA EN THAILAND
YEM MARSHALL
S U DA N MICRONESIA countries have largely
NA
THE WORLD
SOUTH
AL
S U DA N SRI PALAU
BRUNEI NAURU by European colonial
M
LANKA
A
O
AND
S MALAYSIA
MALDIVES powers. These often
KENYA SINGAPORE
UG
E
QU many civil conflicts that have plagued post-colonial Africa.
BI
M
SAMOA
R
ZA
SCA
M
OCEAN VANUATU
ZA
I
FIJI
ENCL AVES
GA
MO
ZI
M TONGA
BA
DA
BW
E MAURITIUS Changes to international ESTON I A
MA
A U S T R A L I A Baltic
boundaries occasionally RUSSIAN
SWAZILAND
create pockets of land Sea
FED.
39
LESOTHO
cut off from the main L AT V I A
territory of the country
NEW they belong to. In L I THUAN I A
ZEALAND
Europe, Kaliningrad has RUSS. FED.
(Kaliningrad) B E L A RU S
been separated from the
P OL A N D
rest of the Russian
Federation since the independence of the Baltic States.
Likewise, when Morocco was granted independence,
Spain retained the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla.
GEOMETRIC BORDERS
Straight lines and lines of
longitude and latitude
GULF CONFLICTS C A N A D A have occasionally been
Although the West armed Saddam Hussein in the brutal 1980s Iran-Iraq War, his used to determine
unprovoked invasion of Kuwait in 1990 was decried the world over. A US-led 49th Parallel international boundaries:
coalition, including Arab states, repelled his troops but left him in power. A decade the 49th Parallel forms a
of sanctions followed until, in 2003, Saddam was finally toppled by US-led forces. large section of the
U N I T E D S T AT E S
Following elections in 2005, Iraq has struggled to contain a violent insurgency. O F A M E R I C A Canada–US border, while
the 38th Parallel roughly
Conflict in the Persian Gulf
divides the Korean Peninsula. Internal administrative divisions within
TURKEY Diyarbakir Canada, the US, and Australia also use geometric boundaries.
Incirlik T Tabriz
Ca s p i a n Iran–Iraq War (1980–88)
Se a
igr
Sep–Nov 1980
E u ph Mosul Iranian invasion force Rivers account for one-sixth of the
ra Arbil Qazvin TA N Z .
CYP R US t NO-FLY ZONE Oct 1984
world’s borders: the Danube forms
es
Tehran
SYRIA Kirkuk
air strike 1980–88 Lake
Bayji
Persian Gulf War (1990–91)
part of the boundaries for nine Nyasa
Kifri
LEBA NO N Hamadan IR A N Iraqi invasion of Kuwait European nations. Changes in a river’s ZAMBIA
Beirut Kermanshah 1–2 Aug 1990
MOZAMBIQUE
MA
Sea
ICELAND +12 in
el
DE
0 R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N (to US)
FINLAND at
SWE
IRELAND 0 NETH. )
AN
POLAND +3 US –4
SLVK. +6 +11 Aleutian Islands (to
M
Canary Islands +6
A
ST DOM. REP.
O
(to Spain) L I B YA ISLANDS TURKS & CAICOS IS. (to UK) VIRGIN ISLANDS (to US)
BAHRAIN PA
M
+2 EGYPT BANG. LAOS (to US) CAYMAN IS. THE ANGUILLA (to UK)
IA
E
–5
AN
X
TAIWAN NORTHERN Hawaii ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
–10
AN
CUBA
IT
+1 BELIZE
CAPE
U R ARABIA +4 +51/2 MYANMAR MARIANA WAKE ISLAND (to US) O HAITI
MONTSERRAT (to UK)
VERDE -1 MA
ERITREA OM ISLANDS (to US) GUADELOUPE (to France)
VI
0 MALI NIGER (BURMA)
THAI. (to US)
JOHNSTON
JAM AICA DOMINICA
ET
ATOLL (to US)
YEMEN +7 CURAÇAO
SENEGAL CHAD SUDAN MARTINIQUE (to France)
NA M
INA Andaman GUAM MARSHALL GUATEMALA ARUBA (to Neth.) ST LUCIA
GAMBIA RK SO +3 DJIBOUTI Laccadive Islands
CAMB.
PHILIPPINES (to US) EL SALVADOR (to Neth.) –4 BARBADOS
ISLANDS
BU
Islands (to India) CLIPPERTON ISLAND NICARAGUA ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES
SIERRA BENIN SOUTH (to India) MICRONESIA KINGMAN REEF (to US) (to French Polynesia) COSTA RICA GRENADA
ETHIOPIA –11 VENEZUELA
IA
LEONE
+51/2 SRI +8 TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
ER
C.A.R. SUDAN +3 PALAU +10 +12 BAKER & PALMYRA ATOLL (to US)
–41/2
AL
PRINCIPE
CONGO
BRITISH INDIAN
NEW –5
ASCENSION +4 OCEAN TERR. +8 TUVALU
ZA
Cabinda
ISLAND 0 (to UK) GUINEA SOLOMON TOKELAU Îles Marquises B R A Z I L
(to Angola) +2 IA
N
+6
PE
(to UK) SEYCHELLES EAST TIMOR ISLANDS (to NZ)
MALAWI +61/2 COOK
ANGOLA COMOROS ASHMORE & –91/2 U –4
R
SAMOA
E MAYOTTE COCOS (KEELING) CARTIER ISLANDS ISLANDS
ZAMBIA
AR
AG
(to Australia)
BOTS. REUNION NEW
TONGA POLYNESIA PARAGUAY Tropic of Capricorn
AD
+2 INDIAN AUSTRALIA
NIUE (to NZ)
AMERICAN
PITCAIRN –6 San Ambrosia Island
THE WORLD
A
LESOTHO (to US) (to UK) Island
AFRICA +111/2 (to Chile)
N
Kermadec WALLIS & FUTUNA
Greenwich Meridian
TI
TRISTAN DA CUNHA (to Chile)
(to UK) (to NZ)
EN
NEW
0 ZEALAND
Gough Island
+123/4
ARG
(to Tristan da Cunha) Tasmania
Chatham Island
Prince Edward Islands
FRENCH SOUTHERN
+12 (to NZ) PA C I F I C –4
& ANTARCTIC LANDS
(to S.Africa)
+4
(to France)
+5 OCEAN FALKLAND
Campbell Island ISLANDS
(to UK)
HEARD & MCDONALD ISLANDS (to NZ) CHILE
(to Australia) Macquarie Island –3 –2
(to Australia)
Antarctic Circle
A N TA R C T I C A A N TA R C T I C A
(except for Graham Land, Antarctica is not subject to any time zone) Graham Land –3
40
The numbers at the top of the map indicate how many hours each time
zone is ahead or behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The row of
clocks indicate the time in each zone when it is 12:00 noon UTC.
TIME ZONES but are determined by geographical factors or by borders hours behind UTC (it is UTC-5). UTC is a successor to, and
Because Earth is a rotating sphere, the Sun shines on only between countries or parts of countries. Most countries closely approximates, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
half of its surface at any one time. Thus, it is simultaneously have just one time zone and one standard time, but some However, UTC is based on an atomic clock, whereas GMT is
morning, evening and night time in different parts of the large countries (such as the USA, Canada and Russia) are determined by the Sun’s position in the sky relative to the
world (see diagram below). Because of these disparities, split between several time zones, so standard time varies 0° longitudinal meridian, which runs through Greenwich, UK.
each country or part of a country adheres to a local time. across those countries. For example, the coterminous
A region of Earth’s surface within which a single local time United States straddles four time zones and so has four In 1884 the Prime
Meridian (0° longitude)
is used is called a time zone. There are 24 one hour time standard times, called the Eastern, Central, Mountain and
was defined by the
zones around the world, arranged roughly in Pacific standard times. China is unusual in that just one position of the
longitudinal bands. standard time is used for the whole country, even though it cross-hairs in the
extends across 60° of longitude from west to east. eyepiece of the “Transit
Circle” telescope in the
STANDARD TIME Meridian Building at the
COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME (UTC) Royal Observatory,
Standard time is the official local time in a particular
Greenwich, UK.
country or part of a country. It is defined by the time zone Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a reference by which
or zones associated with that country or region. Although the local time in each time zone is set. For example,
time zones are arranged roughly in longitudinal bands, in Australian Western Standard Time (the local time in
many places the borders of a zone do not fall exactly on Western Australia) is set 8 hours ahead of UTC (it is UTC+8)
longitudinal meridians, as can be seen on the map (above), whereas Eastern Standard Time in the United States is set 5
SU
NR
FROM THE INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE, AND MOVING EASTWARD. THE MAPS PROVIDE
1
EURASI
NORTH AN PLATE
AMERIC
AN PL ATE
go
e rsko Franz
Jos
t Ch ef L a
Kh reb e nd
O C E A N
Sea o
f East Siberia
n
C T I C
ot s k
Khre
bet K
oly Sea A R North
Okh mskiy Pole
Nordøst
rund
inge
Kamch
atka Kor p
Ka up N
n
E Gree
2 yak nlan
skoy Jes
d Se N o r w
er ik
Ch ea
e Na Morri s
andorskaya
gor'ye a eg
uk
d
Kom Basin ia
d
ch
re
F
an
n
i
g
Anadyrskiy Ca of Ellesmere Kin
L
re nch it Se
II
pe Wa
S t ra VI
Ku r i l T Zaliv Pr les
B e r in
g Po Queen 4 a
St I
st Paci
fic in int
G
Ale sin
Ba
La sla
Nor Basin ds
i dg e
w au Island
Be ea
Ba
N P w
Br
uti
Ice
en
oo
ks
Att
Clu
en gC
an
un on t Se
rin
su d
S
Nu slan
re S hri
sR
la trai sti
er
ni
Ma t an
g
d k
va
B ow
cke s Islan
la X
De
3 kon Koyukuk
Bay nzie d
Viscount Melville Sound La
Al
Yu M Mo 1 m nd
nm
un ay
Kus c
(D Kin unt Prince Lancaster Sound
n
M’ C l
Kusk Yuko Porcup
u kokwim ok dse i n B
e
l n in of a f f
ar
e
ti Bay wi
m
e
61 nali y nG B d
Al
Tan a
ulf V ictoria
kS
e
an 94 ) Wales
i nt
Ra D
Arctic Red
m Island
Gu
3 a nge Island
eu
Br k
Isl Al a s an Baff a
t
o ck
ia i 1
ra
and Ba stol
lf
3
t
n Peel Boothia i n v
it
s M I
of
Ch
Tr e y Peninsula o s i
nch ange Kenai s Yu
a Co la s
B
an
Aleutian R ain
Mount Mo
Grea ron ne ot nd
Rive
l
ko
atio hi 2 S
Rey
t Bea n Gulf Queen Maud
ck
a
n
Alaska Peninsula unt 4 Ste r Lak t
NORT r
r
en
Copperm
St e 4 Gulf
Kin VI C
kja
wa
H AM 548Elias Lake a i
zie
K rt i ng
ERIC Isl odia Netti l l
Macke
M
nes
g F o as
9m t
AN PLA 595ount L
NORTH AMERICA
Mo
PACI TE an k Pe
red t
FIC P d Gu 9m ogan lly
Garr y Lake Foxe Basin
Bas
Teslin
ine
2
LATE
eri
Cum
nzie
un
Al l f of ck k e
Pa Ba
Fo Amadjuak La berland
in
tto
tai
nS as on xe
eam hel Ch Sound
ka Baker Lake
d
2
ns
Dubaw
Southampton annel
T
oun
oun
Co
NORT
5 nt Lake n
Archipelago
w t
Alexander
ie S ak e Island H
Kaza
Gi Great Slave L
eS
eam ud
lbe
PACIFIC PLATE
om
H AMERICAN PLATE
rt t Stra er Bay
SeaDick
Sea
or
elc
Hay it
R
rad
mo mo ins Coats Island in su l e
Pén
sW
Coa st Mount
unt
Lab Sea
4 un Qu Lake At Mansel a
ts een een
Sk a habasca d’ Ungav d
e
Ro
Cha Island au Ungava
o c
rlot
te Wollaston La C Arn Bay
eu ère
sca
Isla
ace
Hudson Bay
es
nds ke
a
x F ivi
ba
ill
Mo e
Pe
Reindeer La ièr
au R
rton
ha
s
ze
ke iv
S ea At n
élè
mo R
Ge
ter
xM
unt
a swa
org
P A C I
Uni
k y
Gro Bay
au
on son
e
La
a
Se a
d
ser
mou C hu rc i l l Belcher
l
ins
Ne
nt h
Fra
br
th S
askatche i Islands ad
Nor wa
n a or
n
n
pso
N
k ière
rn
M Thom nde Riv
Winis
Cob
ntian
Vanc a Gra
ve
en S h
O
bS ouv Se L
do ea mou Islan er Lake Winnipeg i e l d Laure
R
w ap i sk at
tains
As
T
nt ta
H
ci
S ou
Belle I of
Casc
sle
sin
no
Moun
ad James
At
Strait
iboi e
Basi ia ini
th
Lac Mistass
S a s k at c h e a n
5 w ny Bay
e
Fr
Ma
n ba
n
ac Al
ng
Astor
nico
tu ia Cla Winnipeg
ose
Lake Man
42 re Fa n Mou rk Mi itoba
M o u
of
Ra
ATE
uag
Mo
Zo 439 nt Rainie sso
uri So Gulf ence
Fo
an
wr
sca es
ne s
rk
ods
PL
St La
Sa
Pi t St H wst
on llo one Lake Nipigon ue
de
elens
g
C o lu Ye n ay
CA
Ca ang
eer mb i a 2549m
JUAN D ges
E FU
G r e
Fra s 1
id
n Sa Sa
Red
ctu
r
Can ll
lm r
da R
Bigho
nt
yo
re de Lake Superior
R
He
i
Joh
River
Zon Colum
Pow
F I
n
on
Great L
James
Gor
e bia
st
Har Pla e
a k e Ottawa lain
Sco ova
B ney teau
c
hamp
ti a
ren
Lake C
oa
asin Sn
N
Mi
to ak
s
Wisco sin
igan
en
aw
e ne Lake Oahe nn
n t a i n s
La
en eso Mis
n
C
Sacram
Delg ey Black Hi ta s 2 St
A
Owyh
ke H
4
Lake Mich
ada Ch lls Ontario s
Brown
a t
Connect
iss
Fan Nort Peninsula ntario
ipp
uron
M
Niobrara O Bank
ee
ke
i
Grea
Hudson
hP
Cape
E
6 Fran
l
te
ins
icut
Murr cisco t Bas Lake e Falls
C
Eri Cod
R
Mo
in St Clair
n s nta
ay Bay 3 ake
I
Frac
A
Coa
S an
C
Mon
ine
Platte L
t a i Mou
ture terey Moun e s
uth Platt
a
ney nd
Zon Long Isla
So
Mou o n l e
g e u n eny
oi s
Moun
e
quin
nta s s t Elber in
st
Ne va d a
Ill
i d o gh
ins t 43 99m
R M Alle
ake Po L Kansas Missou i
o
Arka
De Oh
Ra
ri Del
-86 ath Valley well n sa s aware Bay
Lake m d Gran
ng
Mojav Mead
O
n
t 1 lat sapeake Bay
Pla do dP ia
o
C an a di an
rad
Roanok
e
n
Hump teau
ch
sippi
rla e
lu
Colo
hreys e
la
P mb ee Cape Hatte
ras
C
m
ne
Sono Red R
Mi
Ten
Ap
Deserran
ive
7 Mo r out
lok t Cape Look
ai Sav
E
Fra an
Rí
n
ctu Pe
oG
Chattahoochee
re
Plain
ah
cos a Bla
am
ra
Zon ke
nd
e
Low
-B
Ala
e
Hatteras
A
Co Mississippi
ah
lor
Gu
er C
i
am
5 ad Delta Blake
u
o
lf of
Yaq
ee Plateau
Río Gr
alifo
Ga
Rid
an lach
ío
R lve iF
Cal
Apa Bay
Sierr
s i pp
ge
Islas A ston
Sier
rnia
Cedr
Bay
ifor
li jos
and
r pme nt
nia
Esca
e
a
os Tr
bee
ee Tampa Bay Lake Okeecho
Ma
b
ra M
gs
ench
Si
Gulf of Mexico
dre
The
Everglades
ida
8
Oc
Ba
adr
Grea
lor
Clario Me x i co
cid
ha
Cabo
fF
m
n Lucas San o
t Ba
Fracture ts as
ent
ham
al
R ío
aB
r
Gr
e Bank Y
ien
an
Revilla an
de ech Ch uca Cu
ba
age
k
giged de an t
Islands o San
mp
E
n
ss
tiago
an l
ta
Pa
Ca
n rd
Lago de C
Basi
a s
hapala Yucatan wa
l
5 Volcán Pico
t an nd
a Trench Wi Hispan
iola
Si Yu c an
de Orizaba Bay of Peninsula
Caym Gre
Popocatépetl
e 5700m E
LAT
Campeche
NO r r a ate r
5452m
t
e RT Ma
3 NP Ant i l l e s
re Zon H RICA ATE
actu CO AM dre E L Jamaica
Mat h e co Fr CO ERI AM A N P
P CaOCOS PLATE
9 m at i
S eam o c i an s
Oroz S P CAN d e l S u TH IBBE
LAT PL A r R n
u nt s E NO CAR Gulf of Honduras a g u
a a
TE
Se
PACIFIC P
Golfo de r e
ca Ris
ean
Clippert
c i f
on Fractur Tehuantepec Ni
a
ibb
e Zone M
nezuel
id
dl
Car
LATE
ge
eA
a
id
f Ve
Penínsulaa
quiti
R me
am o unt s ec
i c
r
Se tep r ic de la Guaji
fo
on an aT e
Mos
ul
pe
rt Teh
u re n lfo d eca bian
G
ip Clipper
ton c h Go ns Co lom
La
bo
Maracai
R i s e
P l a t e au
Siqueiro CO BBE Mosquito
Gulf of Darié
n
s Fracture
Zone Guatemala CO AN
PL
Gulf
a n
SP
a
P
d ale na
a
AT s of m
al uc
B er LA
Isthmu Gulf of
entr Ca
lang TE E
tal
10
a
a Ris
e
ciden
Panama
a O Mag
Basin
lf
l
nta
S Península
Gu
e eta
i dg
Co illera Oc
ero
NAZCde Azu
rie
M
ito
aC
Cocos R osqu A
ller
Colón M are
er
rdi
ill
Basin Gu
rd
rd
ATE
Co
Co
A B C D E F G
H I J K L M N
FACTFILE
3
N Most Northerly Point: Kap Morris Jesup, Greenland 83˚ 38‘ N
S Most Southerly Point: Peninsula de Azuero, Panama 7˚ 15‘ N
Ro
Ice
ck
lan
all
NORTH AMERICA
e
asi
EU H AM
NO
n
RA
RT
SIA ERIC
Largest Lakes:
NP
ne
Zo
A
re
TE
4
or s Fr
ac
B
T
l
ar
Longest Rivers:
Ch
MI
oun
AN
f
Ne w
mi
sh 4 St Lawrence/Great Lakes, Canada/USA 1900 miles (3058 km)
Fle ap
TIC
43
N T
ID
s
nk Largest Islands:
d
Ba nd n
ou i
s
Cab
GE
nd ndla
ore
ot S a
w f Bas
t ra r
G fou 1 Greenland 849,400 sq miles (2,200,000 sq km)
it ew e
Az
ou C o r u nt s
nt mo
s Sea ne 5 Popocatépetl, Mexico 17,887 ft (5452 m)
Zo
Se a mou
nt
ra c t u re
Nash
ville n At l a n t i s F
l ai Lowest Point:
mP
NORTH AMERICAN PLATE
Ber m 7
Bermue
da Highest recorded temperature:
Ris Death Valley, USA 135°F (57°C)
th
Nor n
rica
Ame
e Lowest recorded temperature:
Zon
ure
in act Northice, Greenland -87°F (-66°C)
Bas Sea Kan
e Fr
N
sso
Sarga Wettest Place:
Vancouver, Canada 262 in (6650 mm)
de
sin Ver
n
Plai 8
pe
s
Nare
Ca
Driest Place:
Ba
We s t I n d i e s ure Z
one
ud a Fract
Puerto R Le
ico Trench NORTH Barrac
uda AN PLATE
Barbigua AMERIC ERICAN
MI
SOUTH AM
ew
Ant
ar
pe PLATE
D-
o vis
dI
to R ic e lo u
Puer Ne Gua
d
slan
illes
AT
inica
ds
s Dom ique
LA
ana
r tin
Islands
a
r Ant
uc os Appalachian
a Venez sin St L arbad
B ra
Great Plains
IC
Mountains
a Ba Demeraain
Gr Ridge
B Washington DC
dward
San Francisco
RI
A se
a
nad Pl
Gre
DG
ve s
s
E
Le
idad
Trin
ra
LATE TE era
AN P LA Dem eau
IBBE AN P Plat
CAR AMERIC
U T H o
SO rin
oc
O
Caroní
Apure
Gui
ana % *%% &%%%@b
Hig h azo
n Cross-section from San Francisco to Washington DC 10
land Am Fan
s
Orinoco
% *%% &%%%B^aZh
line of cross-section
Tro
nco
mbetas
Bra
on
az
Am
H I J K L M N
NORTH AMERICA – Political
Political
Democracy is well established in some parts of the continent but is a recent
phenomenon in others. The economically dominant nations of Canada and the USA
have a long democratic tradition but elsewhere, notably in the countries of Central
America, political turmoil has been more common. In Nicaragua and Haiti, harsh ASIA
dictatorships have only recently been superseded by democratically-elected
governments. North America’s largest countries—Canada, Mexico, and the USA—have
federal state systems, sharing political power between national and state or provincial
t ra
it A R C T I C
S
governments. The USA has intervened militarily on several occasions in Central i ng
Ar
er
c ti
Br ng
America and the Caribbean to protect its strategic interests.
cC
B
Ra
irc
le
oo
B eaufor t
e s
k
A
B e r ing UNITED STATES S ea
Transportation
le
u
ti
In the 19th century, railroads were used to open up the North an S ea OF AMERICA
American continent. Air transport is now more common for long Is
la A L A S K A
nd
distance passenger travel, although railroads are still extensively used s
e
Mackenzie
for bulk freight transport. Waterways, like the Mississippi River, are Aleut i an Rang
Ma
Anchorage
important for the transport of bulk materials, and the Panama Canal is
cke
Great Bear
a vital link between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean. In the 20th Gulf
nzie
Lake
century, road transportation increased massively in North America, of Alas Y U KO N
ka
NORTH AMERICA
Mount
NORTH W E ST
with the introduction of cheap, mass-produced cars and extensive Whitehorse
TE R R I TOR I E S
highway construction.
ains
Yellowknife
R o
Juneau Great Slave
Lake
Lake Athabasca
B RI T I SH
c k
Queen
Charlotte
C OLUMB I A
C A N
Fairbanks
AN
Tuktoyaktuk Islands Prince George A L B E RTA
EW
Dutch Harbor
H
Anchorage
AT C
Edmonton
SASK
Skagway Vancouver
44 Transportation Island Vancouver Calgary Saskatoon
M o
A
Hay River Victoria
major roads and motorways Regina
major railroads Seattle
major canals Prince Rupert Olympia
Tacoma
international borders St.John’s
C WASH I NG TON
transport intersections Portland MON TA NA
Prince George
international airports Edmonton
u n
major ports Salem Helena
Calgary Eugene
Nanaimo IDAHO
Vancouver Thunder OREGON
Québec
I
t a
Fargo Albany Boston
Coos Bay Minneapolis
Toronto
U N I T E D
F
i n
Kansas City San Jose
I
Denver COLORADO
Saint Louis Norfolk Fresno
do
Salinas ra Colorado Springs
Nashville C A L I F ORN I A olo Pueblo
Los Angeles Las Vegas C
Long Beach Oklahoma City Memphis Wilmington Bakersfield
Atlanta Charleston
Phoenix Albuquerque O F A M
C
Tampico
O
Mérida Hermosillo
r
Kingston
Gu
Mexico City
Ca
Manzanillo
adl Chihuahua
lf
Toluca Coatzacoalcos
li
of
fo
C
Ca
Salina Cruz
rn
San Salvador
lif
Guatemala
ia
City Tropic
of Cance
or
Mazatlán
ME
A
Guadalajara
N
Manzanillo
Standard of living
The USA and Canada have one of the highest
Ni‘ihau Kaua‘i
overall standards of living in the world. O‘ahu H AWA I I
However, many people still live in poverty, UNITED STATES Moloka‘i
OF AMERICA Honolulu
especially in inner city ghettos and some rural Maui
PA
CI Lana‘i
areas. Central America and the Caribbean are Scale 1:13,000,000 FI Kaho‘olawe
C
markedly poorer than their wealthier northern Km
0 50 100 150 200 OC
neighbors Haiti is the poorest country in the EA Hawai‘i
N
western hemisphere. 0
Miles
50 100 150 200
Languages
The three major official languages of North America are of European origin, brought by
settlers in the 16th century. In Canada, French and English are spoken; in the USA, English
is the main language, with large Spanish-speaking areas in the southwest; Mexicans are
Spanish-speaking; while the Caribbean islands use French, English, and Spanish as well as
N the hybrid Creole tongues. In isolated areas, languages of the indigenous peoples still
A exist, such as Inuit in the far north of the continent.
E
O C Ellesmere
Island
Language groups
6bZg^XVc>cY^Vc
<ZgbVc^X
GdbVcXZ
E S K :h`^bd"6aZji
Greenland
le
I
irc
Jc^c]VW^iZY
cC
M
c ti
B af f in (to Denmark) O
Ar
-
A A
B ay L E
T U T
H
Da A B
Baffi vi A S
C A
Victoria n I s N
Island sla S NUUK
n
tr
N
ai
ALGONQUI
d
H
Foxe C
t
N
N U N AV U T Basin Iqaluit F R
E
L abrador
NORTH AMERICA
E N
Hu d s o n S G L
t rait S ea I S H
EN
GL
ISH
/SP
Hud son AN
IS
NEWFOUNDLAND H
FRENCH/
B ay AND LABR AD OR UTO- ENGLISH ENGLISH/
EN
GL
A D A AZ
TECAN SPANISH
S PA N I S H
IS
H
OLE C
Reindeer Lake St.John’s FRENCH CRE
RE
Newfoundland
OLE
N
A
Y
MA N ITOBA A EOLE
QU É B E C M CR
St Pierre & Miquelon S PA
Lake Winnipeg PRINCE (to France)
EDWARD
N N
I
SH
ISLAND
45
A
ON TA R IO Charlottetown
NEW BRUNSWICK
E
Winnipeg Halifax
aw
NORT H DAKOTA Lake Huron Montpelier far north. Population densities are highest in the highlands of
OTTAWA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Bismarck Lake VERMONT Concord Mexico and Central America; the coastal plain stretching from
MICHIGAN N EW
Oshawa Ontario YOR K Boston
Saint Paul MASSACHUSETTS
Lake Michigan
Buffalo Hartford Population and the Pacific coast. Large conurbations have developed,
Pierre Lansing CONNECTICUT
Sioux Falls Milwaukee Lake Erie Newark
our
Madison PENNSYLVANIA New York VWdkZ*b^aa^dc notably the San-San (San Francisco–San Diego), Boswash
I C
Detroit Cleveland
i
Indianapolis VIRGINIA
nt
V I R G I N I A Norfolk
Oh Frankfort
&%!%%%id*%!%%%
M
Evansville K E N T U C K Y
n
Springfield C A ROLINA
E R I C A
ch
L A
i
TENNESSEE
issipp
Ark an s a s Tulsa A R K A N S AS
pa
Miami
THE Trop Virgin Islands (to US) (to UK) Anguilla (to UK)
Monterrey
Gulf of BAH AM AS W e s t I n d i e s
Guantanamo Bay Turks & Caicos Puerto Rico ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
HAVANA (to US) Islands (to UK) (to US)
Santa Clara
Mexico C U BA DOMINICAN Guadeloupe (to France)
REPUBLIC SAN JUAN
X I C OTampico G r e
Santiago de Cuba
SANTO HAITI ST KITTS & NEVIS
Martinique (to France)
DOMINICA
DOMINGO Montserrat (to UK)
San Luis Potosí Mérida Cayman Islands a PORT-AU-PRINCE
t e ST LUCIA BARBADOS
León (to UK) r Navassa Island (to US) ST VINCENT &
Querétaro Yucatan A n t i l l e s THE GRENADINES
s
JAMAICA KINGSTON
Morelia
le
RICA
TEGUCIGALPA 260–649
GUATEMALA CITY
SAN SALVADOR NICARAGUA E 650–1300
EL SALVADOR Lake AM @b
% &%% '%% (%% )%% *%% +%% ,%% -%% above 1300
MANAGUA Nicaragua
TH
SAN JOSÉ PANAMA CITY
S OU %
B^aZh
&%% '%% (%% )%% *%% +%% ,%% -%%
Arcti
Li Kor yaks
ko
Nagor ye
c Cir
'ye
it
Attu
of
A S I A
cle
Nordost
w in
rund
Aleutian inge
n
1 Zaliv Chukchi
Sea
ARCTIC Kap Morris Jesup 1
rs
Ale ut i
Bo we
St Lawrence
B e r ing Island ring
Strait
OCEAN
Ale
Point Barrow
Be Greenland
an T
S ea King
Freder ik
Lim
Sewinsul
Pen
ut
N Sea
d
So or VIII La
an
re n
Co
nd
it o
ard
ia
u ill
to nd
lv
Nunivak
Br
a
Isl
e
f su
ch
Island
sl
oo
I
Kus Yukon
m
NO an Ko
e re
kokwim yu s B eaufor t Queen Elizabeth
me
RT Bay Yu ku R
H ds Kusk ko k an Islands
sm
rp
McC
o
AM ge S ea
a
im kw k
PA
c
ER
Elle
lur
Bristol ice
2 CI IC A Pa 2
eS
FI
G
C AN la Bay as k a R an g e Mackenzie rr
tra
PL ska Al Bay Banks y I
AT PLA Pen l e u t i a n R a n g e
Tana
A
it
Mount
re
TE insu McKinley A Island Viscoun sla
t Me
na
King C
la (Denali) n Jones Sou
mu
E
e n
6194m d
nd
tains
n
Moun
se
ko
hris
Kodiak Lan
nG
Yu
Mount Prince of caste
M
lf
l a
Island r
u
Mac e nz ie
Sound
tian
Logan
ac
Wales
M’ C lhanne
6050m
ke
Victoria Island B af f in
X
Patton
nz
Great Bear
n d
La
Seamount Island
ie M
Gi
i nt l
Gulf of B
Ste
Gulf of Lake
nd
Co B ay
lbe
war
oc
ro
Penins
Boothiuala
Gunation
o unt a
ne
k
rt
Alaska t lf
Coppermi
Ba
Pelly
Se
m ff
a
ou Queen Maud
oo
in s
3 nt i cle 3
Cowie Seamount Gulf Cir
th
s tic
Archipaelnader
a
go
n
Arc
i
R o c k y
ast
Is
D
Coast Mountains
eel
o
Alex
la
VI C
Dickins Seamount Back
av
P
nd
Great Slave Lake
is
King Frederik
Morton Seamount elon
Th Garry Lake Foxe Nettilling Lake
St
NORTH AMERICA
y
Queen Ha Dubawnt Lake Baker Lake Basin
ra
Charlotte zan
Cu
Southampton Amadjuak m
M
be Reykjanes
Ka
Islands Island Foxe
it
Lake rla
en
Ch nd
ce
a ann Basin
do
S ound
Pe
Union Seamount el Fr
ci
ish
er
a
Pi ab Athabasca ds er B
F ra s
Wollaston Lake on ay
Ath
Fr
on Mansel St r
4 ee Labrador 4
ice
ac
M o u n t a
Island ait Li
mi
r Vancouver C hu Reindeer Lake Péninsule
tu
Li mit
Fr Basin to
ck
Cobb Seamount hS rc
e Island ort askatc f wi
nte r pa
r
ll
N
on Cascadia h
L abrador
C a
tu
mps
Bay
of
ew
re e Basin Nelson B ay e
an
wi
JUAN DE
Tho
Z ièr
e
Ra s
S o ut h
Riv uilles S ea
N O R T H
nt
ng
on FUCA Astoria
Geo
e
er
e Belcher Fe ge
ca n g
r
La
a
pa
a sk n
n
C
S
4392m Islands
es at c
ck
er
Lake Se v
de
as a
he
idg k
lar
Mount
b
wan Manitoba
ice
G r
Winis a
C R
M aR
k
St Helens
r
a
d Ass Lake do
For
ur r Groswater Bay
Go 2549m ini
Jame
Winnipeg
t
ra Yellow r
k
d
as
y Sal sto p i s k at
bo
s Bay
e Is
e a t
sour nipeg
mo
ac any
i
a
Co
Delgada Basin i
Alb
La Grande Rivière
n Bell
s
tu
t ai
n
Lake of the f
re Fan Bighorn Lake n un
ose n Mo
o
Woods
i n
5 Zo 5
r
Lac Mistassini
nt i a
ait
Nipigon
de
ada
Snake
Mo
ne S h ure
Souris
A M E R I C A
Str
Pow
Cap
Sa
Lake Superior uen Newfoundland
P l a i n s
4418m N
Great Lake Oahe St Lawrence
Great Salt G r e a t
or
Basin Lake do e ot S
Hills nc Grand Banks
ssi
Pla
ra Otta
t Jo
L a k e s Lake re tra
De
ssi
e n of Newfoundland
Colo
aw it
h
a
ppi
a
w
s Moin
Pl L i
M
ol
-86m Mead
Gra uth atte Pl Huron Lake St Lake Champlain cot Georges
aS
Missouri
Tr Lake Powell
So
op Mojave Ontario
ic ai yon
es
Colorado Michigan
N
cut
Lake Browns
in s
of Desert
s
t a tain
Ca Fr Plateau K
Ark ansa St Clair
Connecti
Bank
son
nc ac ans s s Niagara
u n oun
er Humphreys Peak oi
t ur as
3851m lin Falls M
Hud
e Gila
y
n Cape Cod
Il
3476m io
Oh u
n e Long Island
ia d g
Lowe
Red ea ch R i Ne w
lat Del Eng
Ri Arka dP la e aware Bay l an
ve n lan a
Pe c o s
ui r r p u dS
PA C I F I C e
rCalifornia
mb e p B l Roano ea
sa
pi Cu esse A Che
Yaq
mo
s
ke sapeake y un Corner
nn Ba
p
Cedros
Sava
Co
ssi
Te
ío
R l ts Seamounts
ssi
or
nnah
io
ado
ee Seamount
n
a
Trenc
am
Fr
h
Chattahooc
Cape Lookout
ab
ac Bermuda
Ri o Gr
Al
tu
h
Zo Mississippi Bermuda
lai
Si e
ne
an de
re O c c
Delta Blake
7 - 7
r ra
Cabo
p pi Blake Rid B
Hatteras P
ee
San Lucas
Mississ
i
AT L A N T I C
ah e
Revillagigedo h g
lac Plateau
Ma d re O r i e nt a l
OCEAN
am
Lake Okeechobee
Me x i c o B a s i n B a sin
nt s s
o ui c i a n
The
r ida
s t
Lago de Everglades
e Zo
ne Chapala Gulf of Mexico Sargasso Sea f Cance
r
t
ctur
F lo
Great B
Tropic o
ema
o Fra
Bah
St ra
Seam
m
NO
C u
Math
C lip Plain
R
5700m
ah
Si
ca ne l
a
ha
m
CO AM r a M
per t aB s
a
er
tan
on F Bay of Yucatan Cu
OCEAN
n
ra c t u CO ERI a d
c i f
Campeche Península ba an
re Z
on S C r
Bas
in k W e s t
8 e PL AN e d e l t an
I n d i 8
AT PL S u r a age
E AT
E Yu c AMERICAN PLATE dP
ass Puerto Rico Trench e
RTH
i c
r ton C G r niola
N ORT HP L AT E Rico Leew
pp e Gulf of
M
C li Clipperton ea Barbuda
dl A M ER IC A N
id
e Honduras
g uan
ar
Island eA
ara
Nevis S O U P L AT E
dI
ec R rA n t
ntep m Ni c Ri s e Guadeloupe
slan
i l l e s
Siqu Tehua er
ica Dominica
Caribbean
ds
eiros
ind da Basin s
Fract Tr
ward Island
ure Martinique
a
Albatross e
e
Zone Venezuelan
quiti
nc Lake
les
Basin
uela
PLATE
Nicaragua Barbados
La Mos
ATE
Guatemala
il
Guiana
es R
Península
W e na
Eq St Vincent
CA
nez
Grenada
OS PL
or
RI
Lesser A
Ve
Av
Basin Basin
IFIC
BB S
CO
Ber
of
9 lang Tobago 9
N
EA
lf
a Ris Gu
CO
PL PLA PLATE
PAC
COC
e Mosquito N Trinidad
A
Basin AT TE Gulf of RIBBE PLATE
E
Gulf
Darien Lake CA MERICAN
A
o s
I s t h mu s o f Pa n Maracaibo TH Waini Point
OU
am
ca
Gulf of O r in o
co
n
S
Embalse
ge
u
a
C o Alto de Tamar re
l aCerro Yaví
u
ure Zone
Ca
d Panama Ap de Guri
l ó Ri 2350m Nevado
os
a
Co c
Ca
del Ruiz
n Pakaraima
le n
R i 5400m L
ura
A P LATE
2042m
Panama Fract
LAT
Ga ise e
S O UG uTi H
tal
Mountains
ental
NA FIC P
a
E
Met
PL
ien
ER LAT
R
AN
Or
tral
ccid
re an
AM A P
Alimimuni Piek
I
ZC
COC via
PAC
ra
IC
728m
OS PL Gua a H
Cen
C
aO
lle
ATE
UT NAZ
10 10
NAZC ighla
di
r
r
A PLA Co
ra
ille
TE
A M E R I C A n ds
lle
rd
H
Co
Tro
di
C
mbe
Pico da Neblina
Branc
Car
SO
e Rid
ge
5897m Japu
rá Rio Neg ro Represa
Chimborazo Balbina
6310m
A B C D
% '%% )%% +%% -%% &%%% &'%%@b
Scale 1:33,500,000
(projection: Lambert Conformal Conic) % '%% )%% +%% -%% &%%% &'%%B^aZh
Environmental Issues Climate
Many fragile environments are under threat throughout the region. In Haiti, all North America’s climate includes extremes ranging from freezing Arctic
the primary rain forest has been destroyed, while air pollution from factories conditions in Alaska and Greenland, to desert in the southwest, and tropical
and cars in Mexico City is among the worst in the world. Elsewhere, industry conditions in southeastern Florida, the Caribbean, and Central America.
and mining pose threats, particularly in the delicate arctic environment of Central and southern regions are prone to severe storms including
Alaska where oil spills have polluted coastlines and tornadoes and hurricanes.
decimated fish stocks.
Average Rainfall
N
A R E A Rainfall
C T I C O C Arctic
B eaufor t Circle 0–1 in (0–25 mm)
B e r ing B af f in 60°N 1–2 in (25–50 mm)
S ea
S ea B ay 2–4 in (50–100 mm)
40°N 4–8 in (100–200 mm)
Tropic of 8–12 in (200–300 mm)
Cancer 12–16 in (300–400 mm)
Gulf of L abrador 16–20 in (400–500 mm)
20°N
Alaska S ea more than 20 in (500 mm)
Hud son January rainfall July rainfall
B ay
P A C
Temperature
Arctic
N
Vancouver
A
Sudbury Montréal Circle below -22°F (-30°C)
I
E
Environmental issues Columbia
-22 to -4°F (-30 to -20°C)
James
60°N
Hu
C
D e l aw a
Hamilton
F
dson
re
i
o
Roanoke
Sa
Jo
n
qu 20°N
pi
NORTH AMERICA
in nsas
Los Angeles
Mi s s i s s ip
AN
desert
O
Ri o
risk of desertification
Gr
an Gulf of
C
radioactive
A
Kugluktuk Iqaluit
Haines Junction
Juneau
Happy Valley -
Churchill Goose Bay
Fort St John Torbay
N G r Vancouver
A e e Winnipeg 47
Medicine Hat
A E n Montréal
ring
Strait R C
T I C O C l Boise Toronto
New York
Be Denver
a
Br
B af f in
oo
B e r ing k
sR S ea Los Angeles Phoenix Cape Hatteras
d
an B ay Atlanta
S ea ge New
Miami
M Guaymas Houston Orleans
ac
Nassau
Ma c k
k Chihuahua
Al e ut i a n R ang e
en
Santo Domingo
enzie
zi
eM
L abrador Mérida
o
Kingston
untai
Gulf of Hu d s on S S ea
t rai Acapulco
Alaska t
R o
ns
San Salvador
San José
Hud son
PAC I F I C Climate
c k
B ay
O C E A N ^XZXVe
ijcYgV
y
Newfoundland hjWVgXi^X
Edmonton YV^an]djghd[
XddaXdci^cZciVa hjch]^cZ!?VcjVgn
G r
lVgb]jb^Y
M
hZb^"Vg^Y YV^an]djghd[
Vancouver Calgary hjch]^cZ!?jan
Vg^Y
ce
o
Y^gZXi^dcd[]jgg^XVcZh
ren
aw
Seattle Québec
N
t L igde^XVa idgcVYdodcZh
u
St L
Portland s
and sea
n t
Ottawa
E
t
Toronto Boston
Saint Paul
Cape Cod
C
XgdeaVcY Minneapolis
Milwaukee Detroit Cleveland
Buffalo
New York Land use
O
a i
[dgZhi Misso
ntains
P l
Toledo Philadelphia
^XZXVe
uri
Chicago Pittsburgh Baltimore Abundant land and fertile soils stretch from the
IC
bdjciV^cgZ\^dc Sacramento do
San ora Columbus Washington DC
Francisco Oakland Canadian prairies to Texas creating North
l
eVhijgZ
n s
Co
Kansas
Oh Louisville
a i n s
Ar
i a Charlotte
ip p i
YZhZgi ka Nashville
n s a Tulsa
s ch cattle ranching form the basis of the farming
L A
i ss
bV_dgXdcjgWVi^dch
Miss
Tucson
Low
\dVih Dallas
e^\h El Paso
Jacksonville California using irrigation, while Florida is a
er
edjaign Austin
gZ^cYZZg Houston Tampa leading producer of citrus fruits. Caribbean
Ca
Rio
Gra
nd
e
X^igjh[gj^ih cash crops such as bananas, coffee, and
rn
Xd[[ZZ
Monterrey Gulf of
Havana San Juan
sugar cane, often grown on large
ia
XdgcbV^oZ Mexico
Xdiidc plantations. This reliance on a single
[^h]^c\ Santo
[gj^i Guadalajara Yucatan Domingo crop can leave these countries
bVeaZhngje Península
eZVcjih Mexico City vulnerable to fluctuating world
g^XZ Car ibb ean crop prices.
h]Zaa[^h] S ea
hdnVWZVch
hj\VgXVcZ PAC I F I C Guatemala City
Managua
i^bWZg
idWVXXd
k^cZnVgYh O C E A N
l]ZVi
NORTH AMERICA
1 VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA 2 MOUNT SAINT HELENS, WASHINGTON, USA 3 GREAT SALT LAKE, UTAH, USA 4 SAND HILLS, NEBRASKA, USA
Canada’s premier west coast city occupies the In 1980, this volcano’s catastrophic eruption A causeway carries a railroad, blocking circulation Forming the largest sand sea in the Western Hemisphere,
delta of the Fraser river, formed among the devastated 270 sq miles (700 sq km) of forest between the northern and southern parts, the water these hills are not classified as desert because today’s
Coast Mountains. almost instantly. reddened by bacteria in the more saline north. relatively wet climate has allowed grasses to take hold.
NORTH AMERICA
1
48
12
2
11
10
9 LOS ANGELES AND LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA, USA 10 ISLA GUADALUPE, MEXICO 11 GRAND CANYON, ARIZONA, USA 12 DENVER, COLORADO, USA
Taken together, these west coast cities The volcanic island, 186 miles The 5250 ft (1600 m) deep canyon cuts Colorado’s state capital nestles under the
constitute the busiest seaport in (300 km) off the west coast of Mexico, through the Kaibab Plateau in this Rocky Mountains with the South Platte River
the United States. is a protected wildlife reserve. southwest-looking view. running through its center.
BELCHER ISLANDS, NUNAVUT, CANADA 5 MISSISSIPPI, MISSOURI, AND ILLINOIS RIVERS, USA 6 RÉSERVOIR MANICOUAGAN, QUÉBEC, CANADA 7 NEW YORK CITY, USA 8
These low-lying, treeless, and sparsely- This Infrared image shows how these rivers burst their This unusual 62 mile (100 km) diameter annular The largest city in the United States, with
populated islands lie icebound in Hudson Bay banks in many places after heavy rains in the summer lake occupies the low ground between the rim a population of over 8 million, it is also the
for much of the year. of 1993, leading to the area’s worst floods on record. and central uplift of an ancient meteorite crater. country’s main financial center.
NORTH AMERICA
5
7
4 6
49
14
13
15
16
MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA, LOUISIANA, USA 13 FLORIDA, USA 14 HAVANA, CUBA 15 BARRIER REEF, BELIZE 16
This delta has developed a “bird’s foot’”shape This low-lying, subtropical peninsula is home to Cuba’s capital city is home to 2 million The world’s second-longest barrier reef lies
due to the shifting course of the river over thousands of lakes that have formed among its people and was founded by the Spanish in about 12 miles (20 km) off the coast of Belize.
the last 6000 years. limestone “karst” topography. 1519 around a natural harbor.
Canada
A B C D E F G
193
Arctic inot
F E DE
Meyn
Egve
Khaty
Ugol’i
RU SChukotskiy P
Kop
Anad
Van
k
y
Circle
pil’g y
nyye
rka
A
kare
yr’
Chu
ba
R
no
Zaliv Kresta Gu
m
ya
S I A o lu o s t ro v
R AT
Beri
1 ka Nort
ins
C (2005h) Magnetic Pole
Anad liv
Mys
uch
Koly
ngo
Za
Se
kc
Nav
vskiy T
yrskiy
O
N
arin
B e
ION
hi
a
C C
Pro
Enu
vide
Axel Heiberg
We
E
rm
r i
Lav
Po
niya
Island
vok
ino
Law land
int
ren
Sainence
Uel
A
Is
Lay
Sverdr up
tiya
en
r
Kiv
t
N Islands
Limit of w i
ait
Gam
Ba
St r
alin
B e r ing
rro
Li
a
bell
w
Wa
mi
Ellef Ringnes
Noata
Adolf ustaf
to
les
2 Cla Island
Po ence
k
S e
fs
Sai and
r Mac
Sea
rt
Isl
nte r p
Riv
King kenzie
De
Go Bay
Ca
ce G
um
No
ea
nt M
Queen
B
er
mp
eri
Prin Islan
me
Ba
m
ce P d
Prin
ng
op
olv Islan atrick
Ku
a
er p
atth
uf
ird
C
ack ic
B r
e
ille Mou
low
d
Ala
Riv ld
Mo
ew
Bay
or
ack
No
Nu Island
iye
Um
Is
kan
rto
un
e
Se ake
niv
r
t
iat
ice
Pri
L
uk
law
nS
t ain
o o
Se Melville
ak
Pr Bathurst
ou
i
bilo
k
ud
Me
a Island
nd
Island
s
U
ho
f Is
kor
e
An Ba Par r y I
k
N
y slands
A
yu
lan
Ko W ak
Gr
M
River yuk ise tu
k
ou
s
Yukon
ay
vu Ka
IT
uk R m
L
ds
nt
lin
iver an
R kP Ch kt
ov Ban Resolute
O
27 am
g
A
as Pa
Ru
ik (Qausuttuq)
a 49 b
Isla ks
rry
K
s
Ko
Channel
Po
by
ED
m erl
wi
Pass
Ku Bay
Cap
n g
S
t
F
k
g il
r in
Isl rsch
m
m
ille S o
lin
hs H ett
R
e
an
A Peel P Melv
es
an el t
kw
trai
A
Stefansson
go
d a
( I k rb o
ive
sS oint
im
Ma Cap aah ur
S Tana
ale Island
r
Mountain s
M
ck e uk)
A
hur rince
T
M
f
Porcu y ie Prince of Wales
eo
ER
st Penin Albert
ARiver
Ku
ou
m
pine u
M’C
Pla
inc
nt
ES
M
r
t in
Pr
NORTH AMERICA
rt Tu
Fra u d
cK na m
Rich
lint
in
Yu Ol k
um
toy
Br
nk l s Wo Cape
in li)
Ak
le
ko dC
A
ley
ak Bay lin f
yP
Fa lav e llasto
6
ock
Ci n ro Esk tuk n
a
ir b ik
ist
ar
w n H
Al illin
rc
r
Inu Lakeimo
k
Ala sk a Ran
Ch
an le Cap olm
ek
Yuk
s
an
Ili Lak
Be
D nek
ol
vik s e Ly
na ha Kin
k Victoria
o
Na
an
s pin
e
a
on
n Mo
lko
gi m
on
Prince Albert S
m e
rcu
k
Pau
ne
Fo Zeta Lake
Ba
ge Po
na
D ound
g
le
latu
Do
An
y rt
fsk
Riv
l
Su ora Ho
Ju elta
Eag
Mc k
N LarsenU
lph
i
sit
nc
Island
ch
Ph
unta
er
tio
na e
e ers &
in
Al a s k a Pe nin su la ng n Pee on Un Wollasto Sound
Ra
gS
ins
ion Peninsu n
g pe
4 Gu Pa l
let Pa
Shu
Aleuti an
al
la
ok In
l ka x Str
m
So lm so To
Co na rt Blue ait
on
er n Ha King
ma
ld k
Ch
H
om ot nose
na Lake
Bonnet Plume
gin
William
ug
Ke er Va Da Cambridge Bay
Sna
ws
M
Pe na Sew
ach
nd ez on Island
Wra
Mo
ke
ni i K C o r o n a t i o n G u l f Peninsula
a
s ar Fo (Cop ugluktu
ac
C
n d Co Ch (R á r t G o perm k Queen Maud
Mo
su iti Ke
u nt a
rd
White
dey od H ine)
la YU no
ng e l n s
ov na
Ko
ken
Hi
u nt
a óé) e
Tr
di
ll (Uqs
K
Ko an
Ch
Ka
KO Ma
ak
in
in
i
nta
l
ta yo
iri
ai n
i Hood t
di
ity
lla u
Nisl
N Mo
ko
Mo Gle
S e l w y n Mo u n t a i n
Isl
kI
k
s
un
at Bea m
ing
Kl 219 on P
sla
tL
sla
59 ogan u 0m eak
Laane
Bay
Lake uq
nd
Keel
nd
59 e
G
Sain
m ke A C Ke ide
La ishiharma
Mountain
a
297 ele Pe NO Burns
u ke ik cks Fa
ro 2m ak
R T H Lake
Hott
t Elia
ah
lf Ya
5 A ku H L TE WE
R
a e gst
en Lake
n
d
Tes
lan
lin
o
Clinton-
s
Mo
Hy
Ha At l
Gu ine Wa
unt
A lin
216 Murr C
oa Edzo Lake Colden K i
La tlin
A
st s Tuli
Alexander Archipela
av t ta
Chi us Sim son L k 2m ay
ku e Yellow
P
A Isla gof
nd Jun
TaM
es 217 ak n L
3m ow Prov Fort
knife
Lutsel
Reliance Dubawnt Lake
eau 2 Peazah iden
(Snowdk’e
N
Be
P er t ce
ost Trou Yathkyed Lake
c
C 164 k D e
ave
ri
Tel m lav ft )
a
Great Ske
e
286 L ase
r
Mo egr Nonacho
Mou
d iver
I a K
Isla nof ake 3136 atz
R Cre
C o a
t
Lia
awn
n
ek Mou
n
siar
Kaza
6 nd m nt R Fo Pet
itot
F Po o rt N
Dub
C Po Bak nt
i 297 seve
2m
o els Thoa
k
lt on
Ale rt er Bistc Wholdaia
E I xan For
t Lakeho Steen
R Fo rt
ss
d
y
Mou
C Wa n
Ha
C
Slave
o re nt S F o a r Selwyn Lake Lake
Ske
s t
n
Isla f Wa 2942 ylvia tas
Mounibou
A
go
Tru
High
Level City e
Di ChipewFort
y
Fin
da
N yan asca Lake
lay
h c C ne
Be
Lak
ains
rla
Queen C
att
i
nd ce R e Tadoule
me
b a sca
Fa
on
ac
r ac Tak nin
e Lake Lake ee
M
Sm Mac e on Cr ill Cr ee
G
La
Island
enzi
Kit Peace
a
s
Hou e
Mo ima
t ston Riv ce urray Clearwater Lake Southern
harlo
al I ss Desma La Loche
s
e Valle High
tte
Churchill La
rai
Lake
rchill
y
Que Kin
an F
a
Prin
Geo ce B view Prair
S
ie lave
Lake TA
Buffalo ke
n
t
lls
Vancouver COLRITISH
en C Isla g rge Sw Na rrows Mis sini
C an Lake pe
Chu
M lumbi
ive
BIA Cachde
e
Horseshoe Provincial Park ver iver ountaLillooe Clin Horse king House Wain-
Battleford Nipawin Rapids Lake
Lake Isla Cou t ton Pass Red D wright
Arm
Lake
u
North
t
c Old
Airport Richmondr Surrey Oly om
mpi a WAS L ake andpoS
int Libby Milk Riv Cypress Hills Assinib
oia Lake
Wi ves Weyburn Portage la Prairie
*%%b ve a HING er Brandon
Steveston Ri Seatt Cut Ban Val Marie
t
Langley
n
Mt R Carlyle
com Wenat TON
le-Ta Lake P k Rockglen Carman
Str orgi
ainie Melita
s
e
r
re Killarney Winkl
er
Fr a ria Lon m C il le a lispell Mi
a
w
g e
9 Island land
White m e Lake
R
Tsawwassen Bay
a
W la
The Fort Sakakawea
&%%b Blaine USA a m
a n
lban s leton
A a Clea A
ul Roberts r water nac o A NA Glen dive
roo
R E t ston
i
Jam
la O
n d ANA B u
Absa
R
anco e M
nge
Bowman
uri R
es Riv
ebu City
DA
s c
Mayne s
rg Blu tains
Ri
Ferndale Gra
roka
Island s
er
ass Ha r Mobridge
gh
Mou
C o a s t
Sheridan
Range
a
CAL
Men Cape 4316 nt Shas Goose Thermopoli Hil l s
D
s
a Shosh
bi
ding emuc VA D
Susa ca A Lake W YO M IN Casper Chadron Pine Ridge
Chic nv ille Great Divid G NEBRASKA
o 60
L o gan Basin e O 'Neill
A B C D E F G
% *% &%% &*% '%% '*% (%% (*% )%%@b Population
Scale 1:14,815,000 VWdkZ*b^aa^dc &b^aa^dcid*b^aa^dc *%%!%%%id&b^aa^dc
(projection: Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area) % *% &%% &*% '%% '*% (%% (*% )%%B^aZh &%%!%%%id*%%!%%% *%!%%%id&%%!%%% &%!%%%id*%!%%% WZadl&%!%%%
H I J K L M N
295
y ri
lshnú kull
cle
Sea nd
2119kur
Akure
m
ert
ókir
ic Cir
jö
Al
Hvan Vatna
hárkr
la
Arct
n Land
aey
nada
s
arne
ss
Saud
Heim
AND
een
Selfo
Borg
1
nd
ey
r
smu ss e
rdhu
Gr
Surts
Kefla ÍK
KJAV i
REY Faxafló
Nares Strait
sla
Ísafjö
Kefla vík
ICEL
Kong
vik
ND
c
eti
370 eld
ere I
0m
agn
d Ra
Fj
om
ørn
th Ge 5)
r 0
No le (20
Chr
nbj
LA
Po
Gun
Knu
Ellesm
k)
isti
ar
N
an
m
aq
EE
ana
en
m l
60 re
Qa ik
IX
33 nt Fo
siv
D
vis 2
eth
Mo
Sa aq
La
rsu
R
o
Elizab
llo
(t
Ku
nd
k
G
ali
m ass
l a n d s nd
q
vik
Am
na na
er an
Limi
u Up m
Jones So U
um
t of
Ko
q
ua
n
rs
Island
f i
ta
ng
w in
ik
Devon
er
Q eq
er
t
f Q
Fr
er
ed
ound a y p
i S aq u
Fr
su ua
pa
ter
nd
ed
cas B B a rsu ar n
ng
ck
t r t Tu
La
Lan k Bylo d a
er
t
Ko
e
er
ice
q 3
IX
n Qe
Isla Inlet k)
q
ik
Somerset i Pondtimatali Qe
VI
n (Mit
Island Bordeula
s
q
Penin
t
Ky
iu
Brodeur t sim
st
Da
Si
Peninsula B a
f f a
NORTH AMERICA
y q
so
vi
Ba
Gul
iit
i n a me an
sS
Fa sua
Ho
el)
M
fo
rv
ap I
I s l UK
aq
(K unap
tr
T pe
rsu
f
U Ca yer it NU
a
Bo
rsa
l a u
N
V
Na
q
D
A
to
Cumbe t
ot
lik
N iu
or
Peninsrland
ta
hi
n am
aq
t
Boothia
r
uu
k
no
ula Pa
a
lik
Q
Igloo
itt
d
Na
Cape an
Iv
4
Peninsula Chapm mittee orce
F
Com Air land
ce
C
Is
Bay Prin les Cum
Kugaaruk
(Pelly Bay)
r
Cha and ng
ber
lan r
le tilli d So o
I
Melvilula Isl Net Lake u nd
n uak d
Penins Basi adj
T
oa Haven
suqtuuq) Foxe man
Am ke
a H a
Ha
e Bow Bay
L Peninall r
yes
t Repuls
N
sula
e o Bay
ittar
t Isla
nd a l
Iq ay)
uit
nd b a
e
N
Vans heste
r e
Fox sula r B
oks
La a
A
e
sh Me Frobis
Dorc obi ta her Bay L
ion L S
Cape Pen
in (Fr P Incog lut
A
irut eninsu nita eso nd
L
Li
y m la R
sbur m
Ki rbou r )
Isla nd
s
m
n to
ampto Sali nd sla nd
i
a 5
E
ke H nI fw
South nd sla
T
Isla (L a tto kI in
Isla H u d s o n Big Bu illine te
nd S t r a i t rp 51
C
A
our Isla K
Baker Lake
(Qamanittuaq)
Coral
Harblliq)
(Sa ingh
am
Nott Island Is
rles
Chaland A aqt
aq
pat
Ak and
ok
a ck
ic
O
Qu
q
e
Baker
l lCape i Ivuji
vik
tais
Isl
jua
q
v Lake a Kendall
Cape L
ow irn
itu
q
Lac
Nan
ga
va sua
luj
D Coats U n B a y on iq
Puv
ng
ud
falc
Ka son
Rankin Inlet Island na ri
Riviere de
r r
sel le A Gy ands ar
Man nd
in su
A Isla
Pé n
e x Isl G Na
in
ale
ik
ov pe
H
L
(Tikirarjuaq
) i ivi a Ho M ill rig e
Feu
rge
n
R
s la B k
Eskimo Point alein r La B sle
le
Lacc 6
Ko
a
ok
uil
e st
wa u d LABelle I Bauldy
Fe
Arviat We o r
ikt
Ottands ialo
Tass
ux
rthr
air
Isla &
ea
o
N ive y- pe on
an
od lle
son ND
ièr
K
wo R Va Ca Anth on
Isle
Ca
Riv
Inukrison) cau dd
Re Fa
Ro ers Fr D
of Bel
t G
t Ha
r Min ire ille il l
p e N
Bay (Por Cla eff
erv ur
ch
un
d
rte Ca U sta
Eau vi
Cape Churchill àl' Sch Ch Sa Ve erFO na ’s
Strait
rt ie
Lac Churchill a e Po Ba W a nd Bo
ne
ar hn
NE
r
. Jo
Seal L t iè G
Churchill uaq ak Little M a nd bo
ik il e k o n eca ab r a er ar
n’s t 290
ll San
rvo
ir k
Laseph Ati Lac
ti T G alls and C
Joh
S
ville
G ce
her ésepiscau F
na
Jo lle St.
i
lc n Ra
rch
e e R e d
ns
B B i a n n i
Cape Tatn
am ds Lac ani to r
Mo808m e a n renv tia pe
Chu
Islan C t y pi ng our
i n s l a n a
nd C
ik e i r i s a l e C
rap w d C ani r b Gr
o
La
k
ch ac
jjua ne) sco or Ha Har
C ta Bu fou Pl
eM
Kuu -Balei aa
up rad Ashu Lak ois e-
er k
De roo
7
Waskaiowaka er n - de-la an a
Riv re
nde ie Lab ie E a vr ierre ti n e w in w n d
Fort S ev
(Po s te
B H P os
er
B
N oun ta to a n
K
Gr
Lakeod
Islan
d St- tic u ys Gr ank
La Lace É 'An rn ar
Go
o M
rntw o
rn
Bu gn
Seve
Ta 7m
Lake i o co a
Q Î P o
RR N
es
Split G
M
asib Na 58 l- s
s Chis f e ne sque IE ELO
Hay
m e a i r e r o n P
lf nc
Shamattawa
Ja c
on
o r i a - U e)
Winis
k ina er v n ie r t
Ch x B
a
Bay Op en Ca
Gu w re ST IQ Franc
Nels
Rés uaga
n
n in o r c é d to
c
La s e
a
Ea e- Mo 8m G t.
ti
k im Ru A u e B
Sa A de - n
Bet
agan t) Riv E
sia
Lake de
ka Pé de G et NC RD ow ney
SLake Lake Attawapis lton Wasrkt Ruper ite qu &(!&')[i
m
t
W in isk
Alba
y
n C h a r
d (Fo
M s ed
m ata
a u n e
Ca
r a R I
P WA ND lott e
Sy
d
Pèr
s
ur
Lake Nottaw Ba p
Sandy Kapiskau a u gam L ou urst I C
Nor th
i y
e o k i - h
La
y b us du Bat ton
Popla Lake ctor Chi imi mo vière-
8 .-)([i
a
ke e
Caribou Laipeston ttawapiskat se Fa ds lls iac
Ha
Moo
ose
Ri un Fa W
hic dmGrand NE WIC S onc erst
rr
ba
Lake
rence
P A
Mo
O
ica
C E
A R I
Al
r
rvoi ère S M mh
na
IA
i
Berens i
ib Kesagamke
i
agam Bell Rése in qui UN n A lifa
x
uth
O N T
e
BR ericto mocto Ha mo
OT
qu
w
rt
St La
x
sin
ke a
lifa
P o
SC
ou t La d r n
Tr Ogoki i
Fre Joh
D
Ab
O
Mis
am
n s
g
nog our St. Ha
VA
itib
ng Ke ane s
Red Lake
Lac Seul Armstro ochr Amo lesb lais
i
c
ndy
NO
C r n l
ébe
Gimli st h a di C a oo ('-&[i
Ear Falls out Longla
c Hear g r C Kat
ah erp
Sioux Look Lake skasin ins 'Or éser voia
Qu
f Fu
a i
Winnipeg R e
Nipigon u y n b on i l l E
is- dv I N gor
Bay o
Nipigon Marath
on land Nor
iskea
rd Ga M A Ban
Winnipeg Kirk Lake i u l
n t
Riv Dral
tréa
in
Lake of the Woods e Lac des cs Top Mounta Foleyet N ew L ac t
sta uth
&+)%[i
Rainy ein Milles La
ip L awa
Lav ugu n mo
ine
Steinbach T
d er Bay 640m a ma k e Kip -
dests A o
Yar
Fort Lake n a a -
M
au
S
Th u g L e
Red Rive
o h n lin
ine
Waw G gat Mo
Frances gami ay Ber
o u
M Sa arie c
Bos
M S im o rd e
Fargo er Lee
ch Duluth Ironw heboyL
g Isla ound Lake Ki Moun R K onc well Cap ce
S
i a
C
SET den
iv La ke oq ue t C S h O o T
WY
ne R Brainerd Cl ak land oug awa io
L
yen
Escana
ba Mid eterbor Oshke Ontar N E Utica HU ovi AN
D HZV
She nder
SAC Pr I SL
n
Rhinela P
eH
Fergus am
nto
h
e lpena AZkZa
iga
ers k h L a y A S DE
Toro
Wah- Falls Mille Rice La ke Tr av A a nr lls e a n M
uro
t M F a u s b O
ke Sain Al
ich
Lacs La y pto a ac
ord ICUT R
H
c
peton Cit ar
C O N S IN Green Bram r Niaguffalo Syr
artfNNECT
n
Cadilla
l a
N w Kitchene lton
York
Appleton Willmar B H "-'%[i
Mi nneap s en s I G A i O
M I C H Sagina C
olis Saint Paul St ev
Ham ning
New
Big Sio
db h App Scra F. Ke
Charles-Lin a sh Sheboy
gan Flint Sarnia r k John
C A
Brookings New Owatonn es te r O sh ko ie a
p
w
ux
Roch
La Crosse Er Erie Ne it tonJ E R S E
Y 10 "+*+'[i
I ke Detro
Tren hia
River
Albert Lea
Ulm
R wn
A p
La veland
A M E
ento
Sioux Falls G rand s i n g
aukee Rapids Lan Annr Winddsoo Cle
r A l l
ANI
A N EW
ladelp
O F Spencer
A at
Maodison Milw
erloago Arbo Tole kron
Chic Yo u
wn
ngstoP E N N S
Y LV
r r is burg delp
Phila e
o rer
hia Phi "&(!&')[i
Sioux City IOW W
R rd
ockfo INOIS B e n d e A r g h H a t i m
Cedar Rapids ILL O 'Hare
Gar y
Sou th ay n
Fort W O H I O Canto
n
Pitts
b u
Bal D o v
61
H I J K L M N
Northern Canada
A B C D E F G
294
North
1 (2005) Magnetic Pole
A
R
2
C
Limit of per
O T
Sve
manent ice
Bad Wea
I
rdr
ther Cape
up
Meighen
C
Channel
C e cap
Island
cap
ic
ent Pe
E pe
rm
an
a ry
Ch
ann
Borde
Limi
t of S v e r d r u epl
A n Islan
Lim
3 d
it o
Brock Ellef
N
f
Islan Ringnes
sum
Leop Cape d
Hassel
old M Wilkins Strait
c Island
me r
llite k Mack
Ball
Gustaf
H
e
Queen
S
Bay
pe tt
Kin nzie
NORTH AMERICA
ound
p ac k
Adolf Sea
an
Islangd
ty n
Pr i
Patr nce
i ce
eS
Lan tra
ds E it it
B tra
r is
Islanick
B
Mac
on
lea
Eme Island
nS
Mo
Isle rald
a Bay uld ait
tr
Pen
4 er
k Riv Dyer Bay Seymour
paru el
u
ny
Ku hann Sab e Cameron Island
Peninin
Pr
D ier C
Str
Egli Croz
ud
ea
it
f nton sula Island
tra
dh
ait
ho
or Islan
e
tS
o
Ba
se d
Isl
lle
Sherard
y
Ke
C
Aust
Cap M c ape Russe Bay
r
Ca Ba
River eP rin C ll
m y
ng
in C
ce A C
Wro ape
lu
t
de
Bathurst
Fran unt
lfre re
ni
Mo
d ttes
han
n
Can
S Ka l ey Melvill
M hu Island
i kt Ber
e Islan P
kl
St
nel
ov nar
s m o tains S d
ra
ik d Is
P 27 berl unt lan ulf I s
it
M oh i l i p 49min
M M
e Limit of permanent ice cap
d Liddon G
nel
M o Po ar Du
26 ich unt in tin
un Sm a Peninndas
an
99 els t
t a i i t h m on sula
Ch
ns Hearn Byam Mar
Me tin
m
5 Chandala R o m De ek P e Poin a Island
st F
ork
River r Mou a nzof t By
Ea D ntains r Poinmar oin
t Lowther
avids e t ca Island
52 on M Kongakut Riv
M
tio
n Ban P a r r y C h a n n e l
Isla ks
o
U G o
22 reenunt He
Limit of summer pack ice
Cap
Pas
Poinsage
un
Me lv i l l e S oun d
AL SA 07 o
m ug Isl rsch eK Big
nd t
Vi s c o
unt Russell
tain
h an el elle
tt Pee
AS M Bri
d Poinlt Inlet
Island
s
Ma it s on
KA ou tis ck
Sa
(Ik chs H s Stra ollin Ca
John Dyeper
nt h Wa
ale rd C Stefansson
83 ain Sh Ba enzi Po rren
aah arb
uk) our W
Ri
cha Island
s in y e int Prin
of
P gl
M Spi oin e
Pencie Alber
ce
o
11 unt ke Da Cape
in
t
C Old
lho Cap nsul t
Pr
39 ain usi a
m eL Minto
Flarow e amb
Hadley Bay
Por Ca
cupine ts Tu ktoyaktuk
kto Tu ninsula
pe
B
ton Head
6 pool ath
ns
Ol
dC ya Pe
k Liver y urs
t
Ak tuk Ba
ro
Am
i
Esk
ik u n d Cape Wo
M’ Cli
r
10 unt p im Fra Cap Minto In
o u gle
o n e Pa let Island
35 ain
Ba klin
Gu s e n
Ar Fish La llast Cape
Ea
c ti m kes y rr y on
Inu S Richar
Collinsond
cC
ing
nto
Bran
ak i
le
Por
cup e PenParr y Darnl Cap Holm
on
ck
an uak
ers
ook
Mc Fo la y
Miner Ea Ph rt
n
N
ds
Lake
U
And
Ch
gle
Nan
ers A
Pla on Re rctic Cap Prince Albe
ar
n e SwinbCape
an
in dR
Tr Pau eB arin rt Sou Norway urne
St klin
ive
ch
latu
r La avail Carnwath k g nd Zeta Bay l
it
Peel
ke lan
Vi c t o r Lake
ra
an
Ri
Ogi t
La
lvi
ia
Fr
e Bla
Gateshead
rse
cks Wol
Hornaday
Island
Horton
n
7 r hi sula
Sou
na Quun
ke
nguq
Cro
nd L ake
Mackenzie
nd
Og Washbu
ilv Aub
Ma Lac
Un Lake rn Collinso Pelly Point Cape
ie
Ontaratue La r y uno ion Peninsuln
a Alexander
Stra
Bonnet Plume
Lac ke ir Blue
Wind
e it
Harding
ak Bel nose
ot Lak Cape Felix
Sn
Co
Har
are Indian e
H Lak lville Albert
ait
+%%%b
t
e Edward
St r
YU
arts
Fo Lac Bay
ia
(R á r t G o d Beb King
mp
KO Boi es R
Lakeensee ae D e a s e St ra
it Cambrid
or
Cape
M
William
ct
a Kil iak)
K
N óé) p e
Lak ekale
(Cop glukt
perm uk
Krus
enste Bay Kent la Island
Hi eno Jenny Lind
C Peninsu
ac
e ine) rn
M ll Di lf Royal
ay
o Ma Smith Arm
sm
Lake al Coronation Gu Island
Melbourne Q Geographical Society
(%%%b 8 tain h rm s und uee
Lak ony Dease A Melville So Islands
Ste
Ba
Beave Island
ke
un
Carcajo
r Mo n
N
K
wa
ur
Whitebear Maud Gulf Adelaide
th
Weorma e st I
rt
Point
Tre
tefi
at
A i Bowes Peninsula
u
Co
i
nzi
'%%%b M sh River
La Bear
Hes pp In Point
ac
t
Selwy n Mountain s
mi s er ulik L
llan
Grea FrankFort Poi ke a ke James
i k m
m
nt Sa
N
ine
Ar m
ho
297eak Bay
Fa 2m Takiju
Fran k li n M
ar
ro ic q Lak e
Mc V e sid
*%%b rn
Ba NO Hot Bu MacAlpine
s
c
Ra kbone RT Laketah Redr
Lake
Ro Ros nge
TE HW ock L
ake Contw
ce
'*%b ss oy
Lake to
Elli
Pe
9 Riv
Redsto
ne Kell
RR EST
ount ai n s
er e
Lak r B
ITO
lly
e PointL
ull
Wr ake n
RIE
e
un Marte
216Hunt t Tu Lac Lake n
ta 2m ng
ste Gra
Ray
L ak Sna
Lakere
Lac de
Back
HZV in n Lac
la M ndin Fab es s Gras
No
Wo er La
s artr
rth
AZkZa lf L Na e ke
ake han
ni
ho
Aberdeen
lat Cliv MacKa Schultz Lake
ec
d
lan are Aylmer
W
l Lake Lake
Liard
Hy
M Coa
e
M oun Wha Lockh
ife
216urrayt art
Cassia
Up Ti
wkn
2m Lake
Lia per
y
Rae Clinton
Yello
ur
"'%%%b rd
10 H Will Lake -Colden
nb
nL ps o
n eau Lake Walmsl Tebesjuak Lake
Ca ake ey Lake
South Nahanni
ssi Lo
we Jean Birch Yello K i v
ou
ar rP Ma
")%%%b ost rie Lake wk n
Gr ife
nt
McLeod Ba
Slave eat
Riv Artillery Dubawnt
rn
G Nah er y
ai
Bea
La ood C
Ho
a Relian Lake
Rivoal But nni Mill Lake ce Lake
ns
Dease ke Hope s La
ver
er te ke 54
A B C D E F G
% '* *% ,* &%% &'* &*% &,* '%%@b Population
Scale 1:7,500,000 VWdkZ*b^aa^dc &b^aa^dcid*b^aa^dc *%%!%%%id&b^aa^dc
(projection: Lambert Conformal Conic) % '* *% ,* &%% &'* &*% &,* '%%B^aZh &%%!%%%id*%%!%%% *%!%%%id&%%!%%% &%!%%%id*%!%%% WZadl&%!%%%
H I J K L M N
e 295
Capmbia pe
u Caecla rt
Col H Ale
Capveer y
Disco
icknor 1
Cape B
L a n d
ll
Ha in
sh ge
BritiR Ba
s
Alert Poin
t e an
Empir Lak
e
en
Haz
s
annel
ain
Mo and
D
unt
edy Ch
ert ria
n
Cape Bourne
Alb Victo
N
Kenn
s e
d
Cape
or
Fi
Stallworthy
u s
A
to
Ot
s Strait
2
Na
L
th
ns
Nor gnetic
k)
en
rd ma e
ou Fio K a ns i n
a s
Geo Pole
S
ar
nd ssiz
N
ely AgaC 5) Bas
Nare
Gre ap
m
Ice (200
en
R
EureFka
E
D
Pe os ay
ni hei rie B
r e cess Ma
(to
d
ns m
s m e Prin Bache sula
E
ula u
e
Ell
n
Axel Heiberg Peninan Bay
n
R
a
Island nd Buch ape K
Isla
C chel
Islan
ds Hers
G
d
Smith Soun
P
q
naa
Raanes Qaa
SU
Eureka
Sound
Peninsula
Amund
Ringnes
Capeer ville
Dun
st IT
Island SU
E l i z a b e Bjtorneh B
NORTH AMERICA
rsu
aq A
A
au ord
Norwegian u Q
man
K
Bay Peninsula Smith
Cornwall Bay ivi
k
n
Devon Q Shera
rd Uu
Welli
Cornwallis Cape
Island Island B
ng
er 5
arrend
af
ton
i Cape W
53
Ch
Resolute
und
Lancaster So k f i aq
an
(Qausuittuq) ne
l Mart
in su t uit
Barrow
Byam ar sa ng
Strait
Cape
Cape Cra
uford N Cape n Qe
q e r t
Ilu
lis
Qasig
ian
York
B
avy
Bylot oore u p
am M aq
i d Grah ay rsu rsu ng IX
B
Islan
let
rd qe Ko rik
In
Qe e
d eq u
et
T e
Somerset bla I ed nd
nt
la
Q
q
y Inl
t
Inleta Zem Fr La
ege
nsu
ay k ) a
Island Arctic B nd
Po tima li Nov ulf
Admiralt
cha ape Hu
Milne Inlet
A
Peni
t Bu e Ad
AT
C
Bordenla Cap
P r in
6
Cr
Penins
u Q
Peel Sou
Brodeur
EQ
)
a iver apik
es
Li
McBean de R uga
we
Cly angiqt
m
Q
ll B
B
it
Bay (K
of
ay
t
a a iu
nd
Gulf
Jungersen
s
um
im
r
llot St ait er er Sis
Bay
f Biel e
m
Be Rap
er
n e
Cape
T f Con e Lak Cap ac
p
ey
le
Scoresby
U Bang Lak l ki irc
Rowl
Nina Ba ter ce
N A VBe i e
Capnr y Ka c ti
cC
of
Lake rn 295
es He Ar
rnier Bay Berlingu
et
Gif
for
d
n Ic e
Cap u ay
e B nd
q
Inlet
rto
Iso
Cape nt
aard an Poi uaq aq nd)
Palmerston Neerg Lake Gilli erta
Boothia Lake I k Kek eak tarj
ot
u la
a
Peninsula a 7
Mur
s iki ht
v
hi
K
a ray Maxwell Bay ch
Q roug
it
Ko
i s
Cape Islan
d (B yer
of w
uq
Margaret Crown Prince
Freder ick Island Fur y and Hecla St rait
n k l uitt ark
Auyonal P Ca
pe
D
la
u
nin rd
inte
M i
Krusenstern Lake Cape s Nat
n
a
su
Je
Pe Bai
Iglooli
k
Rowle d
y Islan Cumberl
t r
Islands h and
Souutir
n
ac k
i ce
Matty ke
Hall La Sp s ce ng An
it
a gni &(!&')[i
Stra
B
Lady Melville Sim ps on Air Fand Pan ay
Char
a B ay eB
Lake Peninsul Parr y Isl r
Rae
d a
Bay Ho
Kugaaruk Islan rner Kingn
ait Fiord
Melvillela Tave
Gjoa Haven ur (Pelly Bay) Wales 8
M
erla
Le
Lim
nd
o A k
yB
La
e asin nds
ay
it o
ur
tis
e B Isla
D Fox
x
f
Ha on ieu ('-&[i
C
sum
ye mini Lem
Rae e Do
Cap ak
s
me r
pack
Island Au
Lak en &+)%[i
Franklin In Winter kp Bre
n
Lake let ar ia
Sylv nnell
ins
y) ula
ice
nd r
art Isla heste Gri e it r Ba
Dorc
B ack
Cape go L lu e 9 -'%[i
ie
Finn y Min Iqa obish nin
ze
e
White St Ba nsula (Fr nt P
n
Island
rai
t Peni Blu
Brown Wa Foxe Fro s Lan
d
ger Hansine Cape Byl
ot bis Lok ('-[i
Lake omfort ox Bay her
Ba buk
F
Lake Cape C
y
Shuk Meta B ay
und
e ay Incog Isla
nd
Ch Dors
et mB n ell nd
Cape ingait) kha
Mar r Ness
ut Penin ita g Isla HZV
lcome So
riel Strait
an mir r) sula d
tion
Tehek E
pton nel (K
bur y Fai Kimarbou u AZkZa
Southam
Lake ol
Salis nd ke H Res
(L a
Island CHoarrabour (Salli Isla
l q)
Big d
Gab
Lo n "-'%[i
H u d s o n Isla
Roes We
l l i q
ril rse
lar Seaho
Baker Lake d
Point Str nds
K i v a NaBtiavye
y
(Qamanittuaq)
Baker Armit ait Isla idle d
ngha
m utton pe Ch k Islan
Lake Lake
Notti Island rles B t Ca e 10 "+*+'[i
es Cha nd lin
Quo
Evans Strait Digg ds Isla Por l
el Kil
Da
k uju nd Bu
q Nuvuds giqs
ly
n
i Kendall Isla
a l l Bay of ava
eptio Kan na Cap ce
ay
Ka
Déc
'Ung B E C
k
To unta
embro
Mo
St
ay
cy ato "&(!&')[i
aB
vik
Ch Gods Mer Cape P Ivuji it
Wh ay Ba
Akp
Chesterfield Inlet Sallu d uaq
rn in
r
este
nsel le av
he
Q
(Igluligaarjuk) Coatsd nsu É B
ga s
Ma nd
Un g
rfiel w
Cape Lo QU
Péni
Fis
d Inle
t
Salcha R Co Arc 52 Do
e
al tic For
Eagl
iver Cr Cir lph Wollaston
Mc t Tra
Hor day
eek cle in
Bi Eag Phe Lak vaillan an Peninsula Vic tor ia
Ca
Mou ardson
rso
Hor
e t
na
De g Miner le P n dU
ntains
r n w at h
Island
Cro
lta lain
ni
to n
ker
on
Peel
De
Me
lta
Rich
Blueno
Harding
Jun M ae ai
t
199 ount Str
Ogilvi
se Lake
R
nta
St
1 c ti Ea
4m Har gle Ogilvie
Dease
ra
on Aubr
Macke
Lac
sta
per
U y
it
On
Byron
Lake Mau Cape Kent la
A Lt Lake S A
Mo
Do
ta
at noir Bay
r
Peninsu
ue Krusenstern
nzi
Lac B
unta
Ch C li Colv f
n Gul
Bath
nd
e M
ick nto elot ille
A
e
Hare Indian Coronatio
Me en nC Og Lake Kugluktu Sou
nta Ta S ree ilv k
Melvill
e
To nacr K A
(Cop
ins
ke
urst
Yuk
ne
La sta k ie
Lac d lda Bebense permine)
ou
Wind
Bon
Sna
Sla ke k os Da on For es Ha Lake e
Inl
s
Copper
T ws ta Boi
(R á t G o o d K
net P
na etl
n
on
unags Kilek
M
Tree
et
parts
in T
in dey H Lake ale
Coppe r ilikó ope
Lake o i
Nutzot
ive
Ha
lume
é)
t
mine
aR Gle s i
Ram
m
se Ar
rt
rR
esn Nort nb
oyl Dea
James Banks
iver
rm
Smith A
hw
b
ac
C Peninsula
Na
Na ay St
Rivewar
in M
be
ar
sn er t Mah Grea
ca
Hood
a Els
Lake ony
Bear t
un Nor Inulik Lake
W hi t
jou
White
S
Crotewa M a
o
ke
m
Stewart Well an
D a w
isa ns Ken ta s
e
Co g h
na ffe oH un Lak
Poin e
ra
eC il l o Sawm
e
M
YU
nz
Beaver
sid
Be
Mo ge ree Bay ill Echo B
n
ave k Fo t Leith ay
rn
Fra rt
un ll rC
Great Be nklin Keith Takijuq Lake
Bu
t ree
500Bona
s oNisling
5m
M
ou Ko
ide
k Pelly
KO Tulit
ar
Delin
Arm
ie
Mi a e rm
nt rn
cm N
Mo Pe
nto rA
n
Ma
Sel
unt ain Crolly Keele a Redrock Contwoyto
452 Bear s ss Gle Vic Hottah
0m k Yu ing il
Pea nlyon l an He
NO Mc Lake Lake
R
ss
Pla kon 219 k Point
Donje
Lake
Kee
RTH
wyn
Redsto
Franklin
0m
a
Bu 2972le Peak ne
Sa
tea Lake
Mo
rw
ash u Ca m
WES
n
rm
L ack
T
in
an
g
din s
M g Back
e
Klu Little
595ount L Ranbone
t E
Keller Lac
Lakane Ai
Moun
Mounta
Marten
Lakshihik Far
unt
9m og Rebesca
C
M an e o ge e Lake Taché Lac
548ount S ston Lake
Pe
e Lake
lia
ins
y
le
s M
ier
Ha
ine pag ber
ne ge
M s Riv
er
y
T E R Lac la Martre Lake Lake
tains
s Ju ou MacKay
ains
nct Roo
Yakutat B
ay ion t
RIT Lake
Teslin
nt
R
cho
o
Clinton-
OR
nife
Wh
unt
We
Yak ai Mou Tun
IES Lockhart Colden
a
gste
owk
iteh
ek
uta nt n Lake
ors ns
Als
t Hun Lake
NORTH AMERICA
Yell
Car e 2162 t Cliv W Fletcher Walmsley
J e ha Ti
ain
a Jo
Chi
cro
ss Corkes C hnson m Lake Gordon Lake Lake Lake
lkoo ner ross s Rae
ing
Fla
P
106 ass
t Wol W Edzo Artillery
s
f La
Hor L illow
t
7m Lake
d
Ska Tes ke
McLeod Bay Reliance
lan
Pla n ake
o
tea Birch
n
Co impso u
kw W Fort S
Ha an Pashite Mou n Lake
u
ine s Tesl n
Mur t
ulie
s Atl in
Glaci
Bea
4 pso Upp Jean M rift)
South
A
Sn
m
Ca tli P n er L
River arie Mills Gypsum ow Lake
pe S Nak n Lak 217 eak iard dr if t
er Bay
Yak penc G
ina e 3m Wat
son
Lake Point Rutledge Nonacho Lake
obi er us Great Sla
Cassi
L ak
c
a
Fort Pro
nd Ter int Tak
u
Low n
Butte ni vidence Thubun Hjalmar Lake
Lake
Bea
Pel siar
ica Cov n Post Lakes
rait
Jun
ve
cha Ho eau Go o d
on Do Pe zah dH Coa Fort
Lake Kakisa Hay River Point ion
A l e x a n d e r
Littl
Isla Adm Liar Labyrinth
d Riv Lake
k
rd
To
ar
Ed Mo d
n iral er Tathina Lake
Lia
e Bu
Buffalo
Kechika
t Thoa
nga
gec unt
IslaAngoon y
um She Dea Lake ffa
320 be nd ppa Gle se L Lake
lo
1m rd nor ake Petitot Bistcho
ss
Mun
o
k cho
Bar a g ra Lake
Nat
Fre ph C Lake rt N
Indian Island Lake
Isla anof der elso
t
reek Cabins
rai
i Mo n Fort Smith
ou
Tazin
C
Kak iver Scott Lake
ck
6m tz 2787 nt Ed
m St
CapPort A
y
e Mou
m ziza Lake
Slave
Sou
Hay
n
Roos t
54 e O lexan Ku
A
n
ne
Sk
a
e Meand
Chatha
2972 velt
nd
a Nelso
Stiki
and er
ee
Pet Mo m n River
in
A r c h i
er Wil unt
na
t
Cor i a n P Wr sburg Moun Mountain Uranium City
ona S o Baokint ang 2515l Bron Sylvia t s Peace Point Fond-du-Lac
st
m lun
s thabasca
Mo
Rainb High
La
un
aB b m Prop
Noy ay Eto o Islan War 2972rge R
het Lake ow Level
es e iv
Prince
Fort
tai
K
Bak Island lawock
lin I m er
slan d
Great Fort Chipewyan Davy Lake
O m i n
Patt nt
Finl
er I Me
ns
yer d ta Trutc
slan
d Crai Chu tlan 2729ullos Por 2896min h Claire Embarras Portag
kwa
ay
lane
Kas d
t
lliam
Mik
Islavillagi
Sikan
287 l ewa Mez 2470eak River on
cFar
For l Islan urg
M
ha
b n
iadi Chiefi
a g
Hyd rt Pink
n g n m
nc
rest d K d e do e Ju i ch
Be
Ri
Ch
Wi
etch r ncti
Ma
Moun
Nass
e ard
ns
o
att
n akes son
nd Ca unt i
on
6
o
A a
ta
ca
Mu pe n i
Me nette n Poin
Waba
Wono
un
ba s
Willi
zo Du tlakatlaIslandt
Ca
won
Dix n Cra sto
Lake n ero
Mo
m
Isla ke
ha
Cap nbe n h
sca
o rr y Cree Lake
n irc
Peace
e Kn nd
At
Ent Kitw Junc Mannin
ran Cape Ch
M
o
Queen Cha
Fort S
aco elton t.John Hin l s
o u
Gra n N es ay
Ma Por Sev ew T cK
h
Isla am
sset
Porc t Edward RPurince Pea en Sister Hazelt
2755ks s on
Takla
Lake Nation Rive
Chetw r
aylor Creek
A L B E Ma
Clearwater
Turnor
n
nd Islan
her per
t T e m Gran
Smit isle
ynd Peace R
iver R T A Lake
G
r Bab Fort
t a
wa
s Hou
B R McLe
u
rlot ston od
n
te Lake
San mat
I T McLennaGift LakeLake
s
rlo
dsp Hy the
Island
Buffalo Narrows
u
idge
7 re
Isla sby
nd al ke H W embley ie Kinuso
Lake e Mountains
Stu
K ar Conklin
nd Prin ema
no Oots Fras
e t Valleyv Faust Slave Lake in Ile-de-la-Crosse
La a Maril r Lake iti
Nip
iew
cess Wap
n
Vand
Nat ke
e
Moun Lake
taza
Islan l Lake ha
l
C O Nec Little
n
nds
b Sincla 1259m
Islan al d Mills ir 3274m der Smoky Swan Hill Beauval
y
d Prin s Primrose
L U
ok
Euts Boyle
Oce Lake uk Georce Sm Lake Fox Cre Athabasca
a
I
t
l Whiteco Ba rr
t
P he ad Sm
nel BarkeA
Bell Hag eak Nazk ur t Westlock ok y Pier celan Doré Lake
a Bon nyv d
sca
ensb o
Q u e King Is ella
B Ques Lake ille Green Lake
org McBri Moun Mayerthor Grand
B rv de pe
Robsont
a
Cha en land M
Saug ount
ella Ana ille Edson St.Paul
t
Morinville Redwater
ab
Centre
)%%%b
rlo Nam 29 stad
Co o
la Lake
h im
Frase
C ariboo 3954m Ath Fort Meadow S ASK AT
C
Cap s o 11 y k alburg
e Daw
sons
Inle
t M o
narch
K te a u
uerite L a k e 31m D rayt
Pl ain Mundare Veg
rev ille Mar way ne
atc
h Big River
Edmonton
QueCaution
(%%%b leena on Valley Devon
8 Lan 3533untain Klee Alex
M
Wilfrid ount Sir Téte Ja
un
Jasper
Edmonton
ew
a
en ding m ne Valem e Cache Vermilion
Cree is
um
h t 100 M R iv Ba shaw Ha
ur Port il er 3741m a Rocky Bentley Lacombe rdisty
it
McN Inlet Housee Clearw Mica C Cut Knife Battlef Hafford Rosthern
n
Fraser
Three Trochu
n
o unt a
'*%b o e mloop Ca
9 No o t k a S m r Moun e tton
lgary
Re
dD
Armst y more
289 tain Eston
Squa 1m
eer
rong
tai
Nort ern s
ns
Vulcan
i n s
S o a ve Cabri
B arkle
y mfie it h V by Lang Hope ton r Bow Fox
ins
City
HZV Dun Lake Co uver Pentic Valley
Columbia
Valley
Okanagan
Trail Ponteix
R
les a Pincher
Hills
how
iralty Inlet
Moun
t Olym Mo Olym Oak H t Vern Magrath For emost re s s Shaunavon
nR
Tiffany K Creek C y p
Pen
M
Cabinet Mo
in on apar Cardston
2212m te Kettle
d
d Oreille River
Robsart
picns
tt
ta
"'%%%b
na
Eureka
10 iver WASH
t Sou
Falls Mountain
i
int
v ue Chelan Lake velt
bia
Chehalis River
S lu Coule
bor Olym a eatt Co e Oreille K
Snowsh alispell
Lewnge
le Shelby
Aubu-TacomaW
Ra
enatch Mar
ee Lake e d'Alenre 2655m ias lk R TA NA
is
Malta iver
76
A B C D E F G
% '* *% ,* &%% &'* &*% &,* '%%@b Population
Scale 1:7,500,000 VWdkZ*b^aa^dc &b^aa^dcid*b^aa^dc *%%!%%%id&b^aa^dc
(projection: Lambert Conformal Conic) % '* *% ,* &%% &'* &*% &,* '%%B^aZh &%%!%%%id*%%!%%% *%!%%%id&%%!%%% &%!%%%id*%!%%% WZadl&%!%%%
H I J K L M N
y 53
Albert Lady le son Parr Cir
cle
Simp sula
t
rai Melvil ittee Bay les tic
Edward Matty
Penin k Commay har d Arc
St
Lake
Bay
cto
r ia am Island u B nce C Islan
King Willi i
ar
Vi Kuga
s ille Pr jua
k
Rae S
Bay)
Island (Pelly Walend Melv ula
pe
Ca n ad Pen Hall
Cambridge Bay Isla in s inio Am ke ins
trait
Murc
Pen
en ula
sin
Gjoa Havuq) Le om
(Ikaluktutiak)
Royal
hi fro D ay La y) 1
Jenny Lind (Uqsuqtu a Aukpa Ba
nB
son
iety yB
Geographical Soc
e B
en it her
Rasmuss ma
Lim
Island ay lu
nds Basin s
urn e Isla
Adelaide ox Bow ell Iqa robi
it o
Melbo Q u inn
Chantrey
een M
Peninsula F Gr e (F
f su
Island
White aud G Rae us v ia k F r
ngo obish
is
mm
Bear PointBowes ulf Syl La er Bay
Cur t
Isthm ter r Mi ake
este
er p
ay Win nd L
Point Ha
t lse B rch Meta In
Inlet
yes Repu Isla Do ie co
ack
o e la Peninsugnita
Ly
p
Ca n
Fin ay insu
ice
on
Pen t ur)
e land k iru rbo
In
kbu
rt Is B
m Fox
e
Fr
k
let
sitta ShuBay Bay mme Ha
oz
Van am
i
K ak
en
Whitnd
e rkh air (L
St
Franklin a
H u
Fo
lot M F ess
ra
Isla et
Lake e By ors N
it
Cap Cape ort T e e D ait) d s
x
f Ch Cap (King
MacAlpine
sine
Han ke Com o n Big and 2
an ry S t r Isl
ck
La
Brown nel isbu
Lake
U
Ba
Wag
Sal nd es a i t
Roes We
Lake
er B arl
ce
ay Isla Ch and
ton
Elli
Isl
V uthamp Coarrabl our hor
Sea nt
se
aq
So Island H(Salliq) uju
lcome Sound
Bull
en oi iqs
Garry A i q
P
ham Kang
itle
y
Lake
N l Naltive ting nd ges tio
n
Wh Bay
Lor
Not Isla Dig nds
v a Isla Dé
cep
illa
U luit
k
K i Bay Evans Stra uk
Nuv ds Sal
rd
Bac N it n jivik q
Schultz Tehek Isla Ivu tu
Kovic
e ni
Lake Lake Armit Cap broke ir
Aberdeen Lake Pem uv
ait
ke
Lake Baker Laittuaq) Cape eP
of
Da
(Qaman ed
Str
all Bay rcy r tz
Kend
ly
q Me ts e Klo
Coa d
her
Gods
vi
3
B
Lac
d
i e Low nse
l ais
ay
Ri
ant
u
l Cap Islan Masland
na
Baker ic
Fis
l Inlet Che Kovay ac N
Ar
Lake rfield I
le
L
a Chesteluligaarjuk
) sterfi
tat
B
K i v (Ig
eld I
su
uko
nle
ry
n
Kaza Peter
t adia n
bu
e Ac
Ch
ine
ni
n
Ha Tebesjuak Lake Meliad e
Cap pton Cap
Lake Lake
in Inle
t
Sout
ham e Sm
ith
Pé a v aac
Cap
NORTH AMERICA
DubawntTulemalu
juaq
Qamanir Lake Rank
Isla
nd
i rni
tuq
U ng L ne
Pay
Lake Lake Sm
ith Puv
d'
Yathkyed Cove Lac c
Whalearjuaq) u
Lake Rivière Kogaluk ialo
EC
(Tikir nd ss
Mosquito Isla Ta
Lake Lake Island our
Sid Kamilukuak
Angikuni
Kaminak Bibbyt Gilm
É B 4
Lake Nowleye Maguse
awa
QU
Lake Lake North
Lake Lake
Henik Lake Ott ds
Point Isla
n
Eskimo
Kazan
Lake d Na
H u
Thlewiaza ds
sta
Wholdaia la n
Kasba Edehon Is
po
Nueltin per
Slee Lacume-
ka
Lake Lake Lake
Lake y
Isla
ds illa e
A B a ge I
slan her oze
n Gu Delisl 5
nds
c
eor Bel akers D
i
Selwyn Lake
A D Caribou
Nejanilini
Lake
Point of ds
the Woo
Kin
g G
Isla
t h
Nor nds B slands
I aq
ilu
San
ik
vière
Petite Rialeine
de la B
55
Stony Black Lake
Rapids
Phelps
a Seal
ill
Cape hill
Churc
Church
Lake rane Shethanei South Knife de Rivière
ac h y an Baleine
Fond-du-L Co
c
Lake e Lampre r Gr e la
Lac nif che
North K
Bel nds
d
Brochet
n Tadoule
Lake
ll
Isl a rap
ik
i
jjua ine)
ch
ur
Ch
l ton
Pasfield Lake South Sea
l Tatna ste-
de -
Bur
l
Ow
lson Ma
hurc
Reindeer t S ev
ern e
Capokout la
dian Ne For oir
Southern InLake erv ux
ttam
ck
Lo
bi
S Rés de De
tle C
Lake
e
Du
ski
iki
er
Weir Riv n
ska
Ni
Graadisson re
Ge
s
ck
Lit
Kinoosao Bl
a
me
Ka
Limestone
Severn
n R iè
Lynn Lake South India aka Riv
Waskaiokew
Shagamu
Ja ay
es
ibi nde
n
Kinushseo
Hay
La Gra
Go
tto
Lake La sas
Gillam k B Chi
ds
anuc
Su
Macoun
Lake Fox Mine
Leaf Rapids
Baldock Split
Lake Lake
h Shamat
tawa
Peaw
sk ton po
ka win Sout
h 58
Foster Kelsey Ilford Wini S u td g e s th T n
Southend Granville Lake pa
wa Nor sland Twi nd
Nelson
Lakes od i I la
Shamattawa
Hone R e Is
nt
wo
i Pa
tch
min
dji
Reindeer
Sisipuk an We
r
Ekwnt
Bu
Sipiwesk 7
Fa
Missinipe Lake
e Stull Isl mai
pas
Ekwan ki
eig
t
Churchill Sandy Bay Charles Setting Sipiwesk Lake mis Eas
Wa
Akisland
Ashew
ouse
Lake Lake Oxford H iska
t
o
Lac La Kississing
at
I
Winisk
Gods sk
hig
and
Ronge Pelikan Lake Snow Lake
Wabowden
ake
Gods Lws
l rout
Big Tke Attawapi ttawap
ans
l
arlt
on
ac
Narrows O ord
xf Lake Narro S La A
NomPoint Ch Island Bay
La Ronge
oss Lake Lake ill Lake er t
Flin Flon Cr Beaverh rout y
I T O B AMLaolkeson
o Lake ban Rup ah
Deschambault Creighton Cranberry Portage Ponton
Sachig Big T ake
d gama t Al
au
er
Red Suckake L Shibo Lake Winis
k
pis
k For n
Montreal
Lake
Ami Lake
sk M A N L
o
Sachig e in Lake isa
Miss ke
Ka
n
H Bay
a &.!+-+[i
Lak op umm
Lake Namew Lake Cormorant Norway Mako Wunn ake La nee y
Stooping
Island Lake L os o
House Mo Factor
C H EWA N Cumberland
House The Pas Lake
Lake apisk
at
Mo
o s e &(!&')[i
Waskesiu Lake Moose Lake Sandy Attaw
y
se
tchewan
an
La
ska Lake
Moo
Sa North
ke
ne
ami
Pip
in
Popla
aib
tag
R I
Pa s qson Long r
O
Point
ssin
+*+'[i
Mat
ni
Tisdale s in ni
tle
St.Louis er ll W B e e
O N
rR iv i re ns La k
Ab
Lit
Wakaw r rie H P ic k le
Ba
iti
g
('-&[i
bi
Duck Bay
ine
Skownan
Por
Fisher e
831m Red Lak Ear Fal
ls min
sin
Dauphin L epay
Davidson Jasmin Yorkton rt on h L r n
in
bo rg Ri ve Be ac on o
Groundhog
c
Last Strasbourg Saltcoats rchbridge Ste.Rose du La ear y Eriksdale Gimli Pine Falls ut
Melville Chu Russell McCr Looko Sturge
on adge yet
Mountain Lake Southey rn Ri din g ni pe g Beach Sioux n itouw Fole
Chamberlain g Ros sbu W in Lac du t Lake M a on ('-[i
Regina Craven Balcarres Langenbur Fox war ren Mount ain k Po int Teulon B on ne a ry den ig on M arath
Shoal Lake Oa Pina w D Nip
Beach Lumsden Fort Qu'Appelle Esterhazy St.Laurent arren Selkirk u ama
Neepawa Kenora plea Gog
Tuxford Balgonie Qu'Appelle Portage W Stonewall Beau ennie
sejour e Bay nd op
Tip T ntain Cha
Hamiota stone la Prairie Eagle a cs T errac nace Isla HZV
Moose ReginaGren fell Whi tewo od sa
Moosomin Minnedo MacGregor
Glad
Winnipeg
R
Falcon Kee
w at in
Lake Ig n a ce
s Mil le L
St.Ig M ou
a
Jaw Regina ng St.Adolphe e Lake e Woods ne Lac de 640m Waw AZkZa
Winnipeg
Sedley Kipli Rivers Carberr y
iboine Ste.Ann h ake of th y
Sei
si nb ac y e r
Red River
Grass ei Rain d
Ardill Milestone Yellow Brandon As Carm an St
kan Thun
Weyburn Kisbey Carlyle Holland St.Malo Lake Atiko ten "-'%[i
ipico
i
abekanaga Lak
e
Souris Pilot anitou Winkler ny Fort ake Michsland
Horizon Stoug hton Reston R ai k a n L K a k a ale ior
Super
Radville Red vers M nces ma ag y I
lita iss evain Mound Em erson er Fra N a S R o ot
Willow Bunch Me Bo
MordenAltona
R iv Isle E l li
Estevan
Oxbow
Carnduff aine Killarney
Cr ystal
City
ay
Black B ogama ills te M
arie Lake
L ake 10 "+*+'[i
Rockglen Minton Tribune Bienfait Delor Pembina lt S
Rive
r
Coronach River ke Kabet Lake sswood H
aw ay Sau n
ssaloBlind
So
Eagle in able
INNESO
uri
Thief
e
ua
e L a k ta K e su la a u S n el
O F A M E R I CNOARTH DAKOTA
Dunseith n ed Lak n en A int n
Grafto Penin
s
o rie
Popla
t Ma and "&(!&')[i
Mi
e
Red Lake R hton Gran d Gor
Sain ph's Isl
IGAN
Ke
R ed L ir g la n u lt
MICH
V s e
r Ri
Lower uette I a
Devils Lake rks S t Jos
er
Grand Fo Chisho
lm Marq Sain
ver
Minot 72
H I J K L M N
Southwest Canada
A B C D E F G
54
Stikine
Trutch
Ware
Great Snow
lay M
Fin 2896mountain
ss
Na
Beatton River
Sk
a
1
hag
Wran
ee
Fin
gell
C
inc
ni Chief
Sikan Twin Lakes
lay
na
Ch
Sikanni Ch
ief
O m
M
Be
ou
Moun Pink
at
t Pattu
to
2729m llo Mountain
n
nt
i n
ai
Sustut Pe
ns
o
2470m ak
USA Mezia
e c
Junctiodin Wonowon
Stewa n Manning
ALA rt
SKA Hyder
a
Williston
Ca
me
Revill
agig Lake
ron Clear H
Island edo ill
Nas
M
s
o
Ketch
a
ikan Fort
u
Mo St.John
Anne untain Poin
n
tt
Island e t Cranb
erry Taylor Pea
ce Hines
t
Junctio Creek
n Hudson 's Ho Grimshaw
a
Metla pe
k atla S
i
Fairview
ke
n
en
s
a
Dawson
s
Duke Hazelto Chetwynd Spirit
Kitwan n Creek River
Island ga Takla Lake
R
New H Rycroft
azelton
Falher
Tupper
Seven Si
2755m sters Pea Mackenzie Pine Pass
ks 869m
t
3 Granisl
e McLeod Hythe
o
Princ Terrace Babine L Lake Sexsmith
e Ruper Smither
t s ake
Tumbler Beaverlodge
P Telkwa
Edwaort a
Ridge
Wembley
Grande Prairie
rd Skeen Sentinel Peak
2515m
Porch
NORTH AMERICA
c
er Houston
pit
i
Island Kitima Wa
t
Burns
Lake
Stuart La
ke
Fort
St.James
C A N
Pitt
k
M
Stu
art
Isla
nd
4 Fraser
Banks Lake Vanderho
of
Island Keman
o Ootsa Lak Prince e Smoky
e Sinclair Mills
ok
y ittl
y
ko
George
L
Sm
ha
c
Ne Mount Sir Alexan
o
der
3274m Grande Cache
C
Prince
Eutsuk L
ake B R I
s
Royal s T I S
H
o
Island
C O L
Fr
as
Aristaz
U M B
er
u
a
abal McBride as
ab
Island I A Ath
l
Hinton
5 Quesnel Barkerville
Nazko
u
Ocean
56 Falls
Mount Robson
3954m
Fra se
n
M
nd
Hagensb r Tête Jaune
m
org
Anahim
sla Bella C La ke Cache Jasper
gI
Bella B oola Likely Yellowhead Pass
ella Jasper
in Platea Mount Sir
Valemount 1131m National Park
Quee Mount Sa Wilfrid Laurier
K
n Burk
ug
2908m stad u Marguerite 3505m
b
287 Char Chanenel
t
lotte
o
Soun Namu Monarch Cariboo
d Mou Alexis
Williams
i
River 3533m ntain Creek
Inlet s K leena Kle Lake Mountains Kinbasket Lake
Dawso ene
ns Land Rivers Inlet
6 ing Tatla Lake Mount
a
Columbia
a
u
Cape C Mica Creek
aution
Mount W Co
addi 100 Mile lu
4016m ngton m
Fraser
House Clearwater bi
M a
Qu
i
een Mount Qu
Se
Cape Ch een
3313m Bess
Scott
arl Little Fort
ott
e
o
lk
Port Har Str
dy Knight Rogers Pass
Winter
Harb
ait Clinton 1327m
n
ir
Po
McNeirt
u
7 ll Mount Gilb Glacier
Telegrap
hC 3109m ert
k
Port ove Revelstoke
Alice Bute Cache Creek
Inlet Thompson Sicamous
Mo
n
Sayward
s
Lillooet Ashcroft
Cape Kamloops Chase
Cook
Logan Salmon
unt
t
Courtenay Merritt
i
Lake
nd Va n c o u
(%%%b 8 Sou Co Boston Bar New Denver
v e r mox
it o
k a Squamish
Noot Kelowna
n
Westbank
Island
f
r
Rive
eo
G
Peachland
'%%%b rg Sechelt
Columbia
Parksville ia Gibsons
North Summerland
s
Port Vancouver
Okana
Tofino
Alberni Princeton
&%%%b Richmond Vancouver Hope Penticton
Nelson
gan
r
Okanoga
2770m Kettle
Clallam Ba ait Esquimalt Republic
Skagit River Rockport Falls
y of Oak
O C E Juan Mount Vern Winthrop
Ore
Harbor on Colville
de Fuca Stanwood
U
ille River
HZV
A N N
Ad
Port
Port
Townsend Coupeville
I T E D
mi
Marysville
y
ns Edmonds Coulee
Puget Sound
G T O N
Riv
Queets iver
"'%%%b ult R Redmond Deer
10 Quina
bia
Bremerton Park
Bellevue e Banks
Sp
Seattle Lake
Spokane
ou
")%%%b Moclips
Humptulip
a Kent Coulee City Davenport
an
Copalis Be
ach
Shelton Tacoma Ri
v ree Cheney
Puyallup Ephrata k Odessa Sprague
76 Roslyn
er
A B C D E F G
% '% )% +% -% &%%@b Population
Scale 1:3,750,000 VWdkZ*b^aa^dc &b^aa^dcid*b^aa^dc *%%!%%%id&b^aa^dc
(projection: Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area) % '% )% +% -% &%%B^aZh &%%!%%%id*%%!%%% *%!%%%id&%%!%%% &%!%%%id*%!%%% WZadl&%!%%%
H I J K L M N
55
Ri
ar
ch
er
ds
on Reinde
Lake
e
iki
Ge
Cree
Lake
n s
a
b a sc
t a i 1
Atha
n
u
o
Peace
M
Wa
ba s
h Fort
ca
c MacKay
r Foster n
Lakes Macou
i
Lake
B
Turnor d
Lake Southen
Fort
McMurray Clearwater
La Loche Frobisher
Lake
Rein
2
deer
Peace River Churchill
Lake
Athabasca
ke Missinipe
Desmarais
Peter Pond La Buffalo Churchi
ll
Narrows
Utikuma e
Gift Lake Sandy Lake Pinehouske
Lake Île-à- La Pelikans
Donnelly la-Crosse Narrow
in
Conklin
Nip
McLennan
Lac La
La Ronge
High
Prairie
Ronge mbault 3
Lesser Slave Lake Beauval Deschaake
Kinuso L
G
Faust Calling
Slave Lake
Beaver
Lake
Smith
Primrose Lake
Valleyview
NORTH AMERICA
Hondo
Doré Lake
r
Little Smoky
Wallace Mountain Swan
Athabasca Boyle
Lac La Biche Cold Lake
A
1259m Hills
Montreal
A D Cold
Lake
Pierceland
Green Lake Lake
Fox Creek Grand Centre 4
e
Tobin
A L B E R T A Smoky
Lake
Bonnyville
Meadow La
ke u
Waskesike
La Candle
Lake Lake
Westlock
N Big River
Whitecourt Barrhead St.Paul
Elk
H E W A Choicel
and
Mayerthorpe
Redwater Point
A T C Nipawin
S K eath Park
Carrot
a
Willingdon M
Morinville Fort
Saskatchewan Two Hills St.Walburg S A River
ot
St.Albert d Prince rr
Spiritwoo Ca
No
Lloydminster Melfort
n
skatchewan
Viking Lake Lake
Little Smo Ba
ky Camrose North Wakaw Middle
afford Rosthern Naicam
Wetaskiwin
Wainwright
Marsden Battleford H Lake
Daysland Waldheim
Battleford
a
Nor
th S
Killam
Cut Knife
Watson
th
Sou
Borden
Sask
Ponoka Hardisty
Rimbey Bashaw
lle Aberdeen Quill
atche
Nordegg tle on
Sylvan Provost
Macklin Saskato
Lake Lanigan
Rocky Stettler Biggar
rd
Mountain House Red Deer Castor Allan Wynya 6
Delisle Young Dafoe
Delburne Coronation
Consort Dundurn Watrous
Columbia Kerrobert
l
Innisfail e
Icefield Raymor
Strathmore
Tuxford Regina
Regina
w
Moose Ja
t
P u
Mount lley
Assiniboine Cabri Stewart Va Chaplin
Turner Bassano
3618m Okotoks Herbert
Valley Fox
r c e
Nanton Ardill
l l
Reser voir rg
Redcliff Lake Gravelbou
Pangman
Koote
Vauxhall a
Walsh Ponteix Lafleche Assiniboi Horizon
M o u n
Elkford Creek
Island
Kaslo
Coaldale Taber Shaunavon Willow
ls Bunch +*+'[i
Crawford Kimberley Hil Eastend Mankota Minton
Bay Sparwood Crowsnest Pass
1356m
Fort
Macleod Lethbridge Cypress Coronac
h
Coleman Rockglen
Foremost
n
Balfour Val
t a i n s
Creston Loring
Kingsgate Roosville Po
Sweetgrass pla 9 -'%[i
Mount Cleveland r R
Eureka 3190m Babb Sunburst Mount Brown
iver
ive
2121m
r
Harlem
Kootenai R
Browning Lothair er
Lake ver
Sand- Libby Whitefish
Columbia
Falls
M E R I C A Baldy Mountain
Fort
Peck
Missou
ri Ri Vida
HZV
A Lake AZkZa
wi
A T
Priest
point
E S
Snowshoe Peak
O F Conrad
Elwell
Ma
rias River Big Sandy 2018m
A N A Fort Peck
Lake
Clark Kalispell
T
s
"-'%[i
River
Lake Pend
Fork 2655m Hungry Horse Reservoir
O N
Somers
M
Ca
Ra
Oreille Bigfork
in Fort r
ive
b
et Teto
n River Benton
ut tes Circle
IDAHO Trout Mo Flathead ri R 10 "+*+'[i
Piney B
Rocky Mountain Choteau
ng
Creek sou
un Lake 2863m
Mis
Coeur
d 'Alene
tain Winifred
s Polson
Jordan
e
Clar
Coeur Ronan
Fo
r
d 'Alene Wallace Mullan k Plains
Lake 77
H I J K L M N
Eastern Canada
A B C D E F G
1
ac lps L
ake
e
Edeh
U T Mansel Island Salluit
Déception
on L
Pa ake
ne Kovic
Laksfield Cochra Cape
e N Acadia q
eja
Carib nilini L
virnitu
Wol Lac ere de Pu
last Bro
chet
ou ake
at Rivi
o ot
Lak n Cape Smith Ch
uk Lac
e Wo
Nantais
kie Lak llasto
Gei Rein e n
Bro M Tado
u
Lakele
She
Lakethanei
Smith
dee
Lak r
che
t A N Se
al Point
of the Island
Lac Klotz
South I
e Nor Wood
Seal T O th K
nife
s
H u d
Kin
Big
Lak Sand
B A South Knife Chur
chill
ape C
hurch
C
ill
s o n Ottawa Islands Gilmour Island
Puvirnituq
2
Ma
e
c
Lak oun Fox
o os
ao Sout
h
Indi ern
e
No ll
Lam
prey
B a y Péninsule
Lyn a Indiarthern rchi
Sou Min
e
n La
ke Lak n n La Chu Rivi
ère K Lac Payne
the
nd e ke oga
L ea luk
f Ra
d ee r
pids Sou Ch l
th In urchill Ow
ill
dian
n
La Herc Cape
ur
Gra ke
Lak uk e nvil
le tle
Ch hmer
Dufferin
Tassialouc
San e Lak Bald Lit
Bayy
d Puk
ataw
e Lake ock Cape Inukjuak
aga Nels im eir Riv L W Tatna
Peli Cha n Hou on Wa est er Nelson m (Port Harrison)
Nar ank
row
rles se Lakeskaiowakone
s d
Kels
ey S
a York
Tho twoo
Kis mps Burn plit L Facto
Lak sissing
ry
Cre Pain o ake Gilla en
ig e t Lak n m ag
Am hton Flin Flo Ilfor s
n
e m
d ye tta
lso
Nasta
e ber
C
Gods
ry P esk King George
Nam orta ng Islands
g L S
ck
e w e ak ipiw
La e Wab Du North Belcher Isla
owd Lake esk
poka Islands
ke Sham ck bi nds Lac Minto
Pon en attaw
a Bla Niski Bakers Dozen
Cor ton Oxfo
The mor r Islands
Pas ant Cro Laked Fort Se
vern
NORTH AMERICA
ke n
Oxfo
C
Nelson
es Lac Guillaume-
Hay
rd H
r
Moo
Seve
Wes
tray s e La Gods ouse Delisle
ke Lake
Ced Mols
mu
ar Lak on L Go d
ake Narr s Lake
aga
e Nor Stull Lac à l’Eau Claire
way Bea
A
ows
Lakeverhill
Sh
Hou Cape Petite R
L ak
4 k Maria
Birc
hR Lak Lon
Poin g
Islan
d Lak Sachig Winisk wn Sutt
on Kuujjuarapik
A
o
iver
Win e e o L ak Fa (Poste-de-la-Baleine)
hse
Min t Sachig
e Grande Rivière
a
Kinus
wa
as uck o Big Tr de l
gosi a Baleine
nip eg
Sutton
atta
Cow Bay Lake ou Island
s Laket Big Tro Burton Lake
ig
an ut Lak
Sham
we
Win
n iver iver o
Eth
nipe
gosi B ere Sandy Lake p
elbe s Gyp ns
rt su Lake Shiboga
Lake mvi
lle Little Wunnu
mmin
ma Réservoir la
Man
k
58 Min
paw
a Oak
P Win Gimli
ned Gladst oint nipeg B
rton
Victo
gan
T
ake
O toskwin Lansd Missisa La
at South
Twin Island Wemindji
Q U É
rou House owne ke u
Car
berr
y
osa P one
la
orta
Prai
r
g e
ie
St.L
W ar T
n
e
e
aure ach
t
u
P
ria B
in e
each Red
L ake
t Lak
e
Slate F
a lls
Pickle
L ake n Kapi
ska Akimiski
Island Trodley
Island
Opinaca
Réservoir
AssiniboinM e acGrego
Win
ren lon
Ston Selkirk La
Falls
O Fort Albany
Opinaca
Holl
r
nip ewall c du Ear F Ogoki N Charlton
P
Mouilot Carmadn
a n Winn B e
eg P
ause inaw netB on a lls Lake T A
opin
g Island Eastmain Eastmain
Ri
ip jour a
St.A eg
ny
ver
nd M Lac S St.Jose
R a
Sto
anit dolp
Alb
S
er
ou M o
Mor rris Ste he Renn
e u l Sava ph Ogoki I
Riv
Cr y
stal
City Winen
d S .Anne Falc ie
St.M teinbach
Keno Sioux nt Lak
e O
Red
on ra Look Moosonee
kler out
55 Pe A
mbina na
lto Eme
rson
alo Lake Keew
atin Dr yd
en Armst
rong
Ogoki L
ake Little
Curren
t
h ose
Moose Factor
y
Waskaganish
(Fort Rupert) Riviè
re de Rupert
6
Ea
Lake le
of the Lake
g
Sturge Mo
i No Lac Mistassini
Graf Wood on Lak
e Lake e tt Lac Evans
aw
ton s Ignac
Keno
gami aibi
l
mi
Rain e Kesagami
ssin
ver
ga Ha
ay
Rive y Nipigon
Mi
Mud Rain tta Lake
d
f Ri
r F Geraldt
Ma rr i
Thie Lake Fran ort Lakey Longlac
i
Gran on
am
cana
hie
d f Lak ces
gag
er T
e Mistissini
Sh
s d L Riv Lac d
eyenne River
kan Se (Baie-du-Poste)
Na
o o ag a Fa wadge
Wild Rice River Bemidji ibigo
shish Lake d Lake lls
St.Igna Maratho
Smooth Rock Fa
lls
Bel
l
Vall Thund
e
City y F er Bay Islandce n Cochrane
ar go Leech h H i l l s
a Nor métal
Lake
Me s a b i R a n g e Virginia squ Eag
Mi
Detr Tip Top Iroquois Lebel-sur-
le La Sarre
7 Lake oit Gran 701m Mountain Isle Ro Mountai
n Timmins Falls Lac Quévillon Réservoir
da
s d y ale 64 0m
Wah Rapid
sen
pe s Foleyet
Ab itibi Gouin
ton MIN
Lake Super
Amos
ego
hog
Ferg Wawa
us Fa NES ior Kirkland Lake Rouyn-Noranda
Nem
CloqD
und
lls O u
uetluth Apost
TA le Isla
e River
Chapleau Matachewan St
Gro
Island n
n
ior Peninsul w
SOUTH
-M
Miss
Englehart
aurice
nd
Mor Lake Lacs we
Ke enaw Gogama
Gowganda
Lac
Réservoir
issippi Ri
+%%%b ris
de
Sain Ironw y
Croix River ood
Clou t
om
nt
Mississ
Water
Sa
Lac q W Island
Pain iver
)%%%b erto
wn rle tsbur Crystal Lake Temagami
tR
Coon River g Sault Sain Wood Sault Ste. Lac Kipawa Dozois
Rapid Rice L Willow te Marruff Falls ie Réservoir Mar
Lake ie
s ake For Capreol Baskatong
Min Reser v
UN Iron M
Me Peshtigo River
Elliot
Bloo neapolis Saint St JosephNicolet
oir ountain Su St-Inace-
dR
db ur Sturgeon
nom
king
ITE
ton ith MRhinel
un Bl in M Falls Mont-laurier
inee R r
s E sc anaba us cong
ander d ass ey
Charl Rive Ri ve r Lak e No rth Bay
Burn es-Lindberr Falls
Eau WISC Saint Igna Espanola
u
Lake
r
New
D S
er
ive
ive
Claire Beaver Is
Black R
land de-Valois
'%%%b Wor N Gore BaLit tle Current Powassan
TAT Ste-Agathe-
ta
des-Monts
Ha
Petawawa Joliette
ES
Rive
River
Minn
Island
Wolf River
o n adaw
sco
L ea
M
Wisc
AM Green
hig
F
N ort Dod
na
CA
Maso
n Cit
y
Wisco
nsin
Dells
Fond d
u
BeavLerac
in eba
Shebon ygan
go
Cadillac Lake
M IC
Houghto
mon
n Lake
Sound
Collingwood
Orillia Lake Simcoe Ogdensburg
a
d s Perth Falls Gr MassenaMalone
Lake
Potsdam
Titt
ien
th
Den r o n
Iowa Rive
ison n Napanee
Ra
er Ba Ganano
Wate Lake K Ri v Midland y que Mount Marcy
cco
rloo y Riv
ke
Trenton Kingston
on
&%%b sha
Riv
n
A k e e Muskeg Pleasant Oshawa Cobourg
River
D c Waterto wn
Pe
n
ive
M u buque a on Lester
tna
Janesv Sca
er
na Ceda n
Burlingtonuga Lake Ontario Oswego Boonville
Mario Riv Racine
sh West r Rap er Grand R Flint Cambridge
a
n Lansing
az
Cres Indian City Wauke Sarnia Tillsonburg Niagara Falls Utica Saratoga
g Po
oo
St.
Ri
s Troy a
y Riv
La
Nodawa
sant e Otta ie Er ie
nt
"'%%%b Jo lie a ar Le
at
n South B
Pl
Slide
Sai M I S Burlin urg Ka Elmira
r
Corning
lM
Mountain
ny
OIS kee
Catskil
Keok Sandusky
Gr
")%%%b Kingston
Kansa uk Pekin PE NN SY LVAN IA k squ Reservoir
an
ont
dR
72 Scranton
A B C D E F G
% '* *% ,* &%% &'* &*% &,* '%%@b Population
Scale 1:7,500,000 VWdkZ*b^aa^dc &b^aa^dcid*b^aa^dc *%%!%%%id&b^aa^dc
(projection: Lambert Conformal Conic) % '* *% ,* &%% &'* &*% &,* '%%B^aZh &%%!%%%id*%%!%%% *%!%%%id&%%!%%% &%!%%%id*%!%%% WZadl&%!%%%
H I J K L M N
Me Blunt 295
Kimmirut
Big
(Lake Harbour) P ta I Peninsula Loks Land
Island en nco
ins gn Potter
ula ita Island
Edgell Islan
CapeWarw
d
ick
Ottawa 1
Island
Kangiqsujuaq Resolution Ga r Rockcliffe
tin ve Park
ea u R i Parc du
Cap Hopes Lac-Leamy
Advance
ds
Rideau Vanier Cyrville
Quaqtaq Button Islan N Hall
Akpatok ley
o r
Cape Chid and
Island Killinek Isl
Overbrook
Ri
Port Burw
ell
a d
de
r
au
L a b
National Ri
Gallery ver
Lim
Arna
ud
Kangirsuk Île de Hull Univ. of
it o
Wrightville
S e a
Parc de Ottawa
fw
Parliament 2
d'Ungava
Palais
To r
int
des Congres
Park
er
Supreme
Gyrfalcon Court
pa
ng
Islands
ck
Ottawa
Lac aux Feuilles Congnarauya Ottawa
ice
Val-Tétreau East
at
Point
juaq Hebron EC
Big Kangiqsualuj ÉB IO
ille
s
Tasiujaq
Mo
er
Kuujjuaq Bridge
un
lands
iv
ka k Is Dows
a R
ak O Lake
kso Laurentian
Ge
tai
lapait
Ko
Cape Kig
or
O ttaw
View
ge
Riviè
ulatsivik
Ottawa 3
ns
South A South
re
èze
s Lac le la Island Westboro
à
B
aux Mél ale Hogs
ière Moyne
0 1 Km Back
in
iv Nain
e
R
yualok Nepean
Tununga
L
0 1 Miles
Kogaluk Island
NORTH AMERICA
let
Davis In
Ca
a
nia
oré ale
Lac Champd b Hoped
pis
ca
Lac d'Iberville v ik
Makko
u
arr ison
r Cape H
oélands
Lac aux G a
D A o
d
4
k
ikt
Kanair t
Rigole
Lac Bienville Schefferville o rig ht
Petitsikapau
Lake r Cartw
s
elville
in
Lake M
ta
n
d ou
Smallwoo M
Para
le
Réservoir de iver
Reser voir West R aly
Eag
North
Me
dis
Caniapiscau Falls n
Churchill Valley- impso
ope S
e
ap py
H
Goose
Bay
D Port H
LAN
La Gra
nde Rivière Shabogama
Lake
Churchill
F O UND R Belle
Isle
Lake
Atikonak NEW ADO
LABR
Lac Nichicun Joseph 5
Lac D Bauld
C Labrador City N ay Cape
B E A Littl
e
RedB
59
Lac Manouane Mont au thony
Ashuanipi Forte St.An ge
M
Wright -
Rivière Rou
eca
atière Choix
ins
h Lac Plétipi Gagnon ulx La Tab
Olo
Otis Gro
Na
oun
rs
aunde
a
e
ts ts Horse s
ma
tashquan
on on t Port S
un
nge M
Island
ne
M M
Mo
gton ngate
Rom
u
Harbo Cape
aine
Manicouagan rd
n Lac-Alla Cap 6
ia Whittle
Lac Albanel uan Cove
Natashq orne
Mingan Sally's Gros M er
Manicouagan
t Magpie
Havre-St-
Pierre 808m porte
Gand der
Gan
Trinit
y
vista
en
Lac Manouane -Pointe Lewis Bona
Sept-Îles Long ue
Grand
Manicouag
Moisie
r Île d'Anti
costi Deer L
ake Lake Falls Nova
au
Port- d Terra Park
Bucha
ns Gran
nce
Lac Péribonca Menier k
Port-Cartier r Broo Natio
nal
Corne dian
L re Red In ake
d onea
r
an
n's
ndlan
Be w le L nville Carb h
Clare
St. Jon's
Baie- vil
La Stephen
tsi ée Port
Grande-Vall Trinité
Port au la fou 290
Péribonca
am Mont-Louis
Godbout
ites
. Peninsurge Ne w St. Jo
h
St
ervoir e-d es-Mo nts vil le
Rés
Hauterive Ste-Ann Murdoch t.Geo
Pipmuacan Cap-Chat Cape S ntia
rtier Gaspé Arge
of
Mont Jacques-Ca
Betsiamites ce 1268m P é nin sul e ountain
Burge
o
ntia
Dolbeau-Mistassini Forestville en Matane s p é Percé stown Place Avalon
r e de G e a Rocher Pe
rcé Table M reton Mar y sula 7
Lac St-Jean aw Mont-Joli qui ay Harb
our B Penin
Cape R 587m
lf
. L Am m Grande-R
iv ièr
dler B each Race
St-Félicien Alma Jonquière a Ch an el-Port Gra nd Cape
u
St
Buren
Prince E
Joli
Montmagny Port- Plaster Rock Gla
Charlesbourg ess
t
ibucto
Île d'Orléans Churchill Presque Isle Doaktown Rich Kensingt
on Souris Invern Sydney
Québec
n
k
Grand- Lévis Lake Saddleback
B R U N SW IC KSummerside h arlottetown Baddec
Mère NE W C 8 .-)([i
o
Hartland
Cap-de-la-Madeleine hia
sR
odstock Minto Moncton Riverview Port Haw
a c Wo n rst New
Trois-Rivières Thetford-Mi nes
ges
M
le Lak e Ho ulto n Fr ed er ic to Sa ck vi lle Amhe ow igon ish
St- Geor Eag Glasg A nt +*+'[i
Sorel Victoriaville Mount Canso
Drummondville Oromocto Springhill
Katahdin Sussex
n s
St-Jean th
Dartmou
Cowansville
Magog
a Island Fu Middleton A
Newport
tOld Speck Mountain Bangor Lake of
V Halifax land
&+)%[i
Missisquoi Bay O Sable Is
n 1274m Digby
N ter Lunenbur
g
ay
Plattsburgh Ellsworth
o uLittletonBerlin Bridgewa
Burlington Wilton
B
Deer Isle
IC
Mount Lewiston
a
Bath Yarmouth
VERMONT 1917m Island
A N ('-[i
En
AT L
NEW Brunswick
Lebanon
HAMPSHIRE Portland Cape Sable
Rutland Biddeford
w
Gulf of Maine
Laconia HZV
Claremont Rochester
Ne
AZkZa
Concord Portsmouth
AN
Putney
Manchester
Nashua
Lowell
Lawrence
MASSACHUSETTS
O C E "-'%[i
50 Golde Olds
Van Chas n ills
Wi
C W eH
La nipeg
couv L
Nor ourtena edge Moun y tton
e Martensvill
Kam Banff
pin
R
e
Islan er
n
Mo
th Va y Saskatoon
ke
Cochra
Colu tain s
2891 tain loop Drumh Biggar
BR
rcu
R ncou S
m s ne el ler
d
COL ITISH
Nan ichm ver quam Swan River
Vern Calgar Kindersle
Po
Rosetown
un
aimo ond ish on y
Re
V y De Wynyard
d
anco U B Kelow Okoto Oyen
uver PentM
mbia
na Inverm ks er Watrous Canora Baldy MountainGypsumville
G
icton IA
Cape ere High R
Flatt Victo
1 iver 831m
er y
Esqu ia
r ALBE SASKATCH Yorkton
MANITOBA
imalt
Belli
ngha Castle
Crowsn
est
1356m Pass R TA DiefenbLake
aker EWAN
Port
Ang m gar
Cranb Fo Medicin Lumsden Fort
C Dauphin
o
eles Mou
nt Ve ro ok Macleort Redcliff Hat e Qu 'Appelle Riding Eriksdale
Mou rnon Pincher d
nt Oly Creek Swift Moose Jaw Mountain
Lake
r
mp
Seatt Ever Lethbri Current Regina
2428 us ett dge Old Manitoba
e
le D.Roo Frankli s Minnedosa
m
Seatt n Cy p r e s s Hi l l Wives Lake
G re e
le- sevelt Sandp Cardst Selkirk
Aber Oly m Tacoma Lake on Milk Riv Assiniboia Portage la Prairie
g
pi Ri oint er Weyburn
d
Le
n
een a Libby
Ca
ve r La Cut Ban Val Marie
ke Pe
Taco Wena Dave Spokane Oreilnled
k Brandon Winnipeg
wis
Rockglen Carlyle
bin
Lon m
n
g Be Mo a tchee nport Kalisp Shelby
Rainunt ell
e
ach
et M
4392ier WASH Flathea
Range
Asto d Winkler
INGT Melita
a
ria m Coeu Lake Havre
ou
r
Long Yakim ON d 'Ale
ne
nta
view a Malta
R
Bottineau Rolla
s
2 Portl
ins
and Richla Snake River Mosc Missouri Fort Peck Wolf Point
Columbia R Kenn nd ow Great F Riv Lake Williston
iver ewick Missou al ls er Minot Rugby
a
Lewis la Devils Lake
Salem
e
Walla
Walla ton MON Lake
k
TA NA
e
Bitte r r
Dalle Pend iston Grand
r
ve
s leton s C le a r Helena
Ri
g
n w Forks
ver
ai Mo u n a t e r
d
Alba Anacon
da ne
Glendive N O RT H DA KO
n t La
ny t ain s TA
Ri
yon
Moun u Gran Musselshel
l sto Dic kinson Valley
Euge t Jeffe de Salmon Rive Butte low
a
ne River
Can
n
o
rson City
oot R
ne
t
r
Co o M Salmo Bozeman Bismarck Jamestown
Fargo
Sheye
s Ba Bend
ue
lls
y nR
c
Mou Billings
Vern nt Mount iver
wsto
O R
He
y
Bowman
Bl
iver
a
on ne
Cape River
ange
n
Rose E G ains
llo
Blan
s
nR
co burg Ye Hardin
O N
Ab
or
h
Vale I DA H Big
s River
sar
Har Broadus
a
R
3 Gran n O
Bas ey
ts Burn Canyon Mobridge
s
oka R
Pass Uppe Caldw Hyndm Borah
Broo an Peak Lake
Jame
Klam r in ell Boise 3859m Peak
C
Bi unta
M
Klam Namp Ketchu Yellowston Devils Tower
Rexburg Lake e
Colu
ath F a
o
m 1558m Belle Fourche
gh ins
a
ai SO UT H DA KO TA
ange
n
lls
iver
Yrek Bu
Junctirns Pl Gillette Spearfish
or n
a Lakev Grand Te Redfield
mb
der R
on
er 4197m ton
t
iew aP Shosh
Riv Black Rapid City
P
i
NORTH AMERICA
Pow
Eure Mou Gannett Pe
ak Thermopolis Brookings
Cape ka 4316 nt Shasta
Goos
eL ea
u Sna Falls Hills ve
r
ds Midland Lake
Me ake 4207m Ri
s
m Pocatell
an
ndoc Burley o ne Sharpe
ino Twin en l Mitchell
ey d
Ind Mou
h White River
B a Rid
Falls C
WYOMIN Winner
M
Redd Pine
epe ntain
i ng G att ge
nde s
Great S G re a t eR
Grea alt Casper i Chadron
l
Yankton
t
nce
r Lake
ve
ive emuc a si n Nio
brara Butte
Logan e
r
4 Susa
tR ca
o
River
Sacramento Ri
Yuba
S i e r r
na Reno Sand
C
Sacra ke
NEBRASKA
U N a
o
U i n tt a i n s
Tooele Laramie
a
Sant Oshkosh
a Ro ment
un
Centr
sa o Cars
on C Provo
M o Vernal Ogallala
San F Ber
ranc keley Sto
Lake
Taho
e
ity
Wa e
Laklk
NEV
Eurek
a
I T E Utah
Lake
Craig
Fort Collins
Cheyenne North Platte
Grand Island Pla
tte
Riv
er
D
a
r
San F isco ckton e A DA
S T A T
rancis Haw th Ely Nephi
al
co Oa k orne Moun
t Jeff Price Roan Wh Fairmont
land ite River
E
Yuma
3642merson
S
N e
i
ose
u
esto Sevier Denver
Va l
5 erced T iver
uz 4005mdary Peakonopah Aspen
iver
Mon r Grand Ju Mount Elbert Limon Burlington Colby
le
San
Mo u n
y
Fresn Smo
Co
te
Co AD O l River
n
Canon
e
ast
Visali
a Sain
Georget
City
Colorad Uncompa
4361m hgre Peak
City
n
McPherson
San L CAL River ell Bluff
Death Va
K A N S A S
y
rsfield Ca
Maria Mead and ny Trinidad
es
Pratt
Red
Black Mesa
Mo
Gr
lley
L os A
Plateau 1516m
on
s
lamo Shiprock Wheeler Peak
un
Barb a oj
Pa e s e
Lanca Guymon
ster
t
Beaver Rive
D
ara
in r t
reys
Los A
s
Peak r
e
te
Barsto
ngele Pasade w 3851m Los Alamos Enid
d
D
Cha
Kingm
Los A s na e Needle
s
an
Flagstaf Gallup
Santa Fe Dalhart Woodward
ng eles San B s f
OKL AHO MA
nn
Beach dino City Havasu ott Grants Las Vegas Pampa Oklahoma City
el
R
Santaiverside
Holbroo
k Canadian River
t
r Tucumcari Cheyenne
Ana Amarillo
Is
ARIZ Albuquerq
ive
s Santa Rosa
s side Sea Hereford
San D Bly the
rad
ak
XICO Clovis
jon
ix Mesa Glo Phoen Scottsd 3476m San o
Snyder Lawton
s River
ale Socorro
an do
Tecate El Cen Childress
a ran tro Antonio Plainview Red
Ll ca
Rosar
ito Sono be River Ardmore
Mexic ta
Peco
de
C
t asa Grand
a Es
e r Paducah
7 Bahía
de ToEdnsenada
li S an Lu D es Gila Wichita Falls
ran
e River SierraBlanc
i
Lagun Lubbock
os San Saladaa De Río Co is Peak 3649ma Roswell
Rio G
o be s
San Q
uintín N
Douglas Ciudad Juár El Paso Stephenville
Saricogales ez
ro M
B
Bahía de
San Quintín El Des
Caborc
a Agu Samalayu
Guadalupe Pe
ak
Odessa Midland T E X A S
emboq Cananea Prieta ca 2667m Meridian
ár t
Punta ue Pecos
)%%%b Baja Las a Laguna El Porvenir San Angelo Brownwood Waco
a
ir
Isla G L N Nuevo C
s
Hearne
a
de la G el Ma s
Punta rat Pla
Vie
ma t
Mazocah Buenaven eau
ja
RioGrande
Isla Tib
C
Bra
San
ol
Camallide
igochic
ColoradLa de Antonio
a
de
C I Río Va Múzquiz r
o
F I Samachi
Hidalgo
r
rte
dú Santa Barb
Padre Isla
ue
O C La Poza Loreto
or
San Blate
i
e
Rio
Monclova
ad
s
E A Ejido en
MEXICO Alamitos
n
an
Gr
C
nd
AZkZa of Can
cer Isla Ma onstitución Guasave is Guanacev
í
McAllen
Harl ingen
gdalen Gómez Pala San Pe Monterrey General Rey nosa
San a cio Torreóndro Brownsville
Oc
Isla San Jo Ba
diraguat Mariano
Carlos sé Guamúch o Ciudad Lerd Santa Catari na Río Bravo
"'*%b il o Escobero
Isla San Punta C MatamorPa rras Mat amoros
ci
z iceña Cepeda
uiaro Montemorelos
Sie Or
Cerro Hueh
uento
al
Buenavi
sta La Cruz 3150m Durango Juan Aldam Camacho
Ma l
Todos Sa a
")%%%b ntos El Salto La Ascensión Hidalgo
Santa Gen San Tiburcio
dre
H I J K L M N
kau 51
Man
Sandy North Caribou n rtier
Pop Lake pis Fort Alb
any Charltond anish de Rupert e- s-Ca
lar Lake Isla Waskagupert) ière Ann cque
ico
Ka
Attawapiskat Riv Lac ssini Ste- -MontsMont Ja pé
(Fort R ans Gas of e
ua
ton
e
Lac Ev des m
1268 l e Gulf
Pér
Lake Mista
ga
Pipes Notta enc
u
a r
n
-
ns é
ibo
w Baie eau w
Moose ni sp St L
nca
Com ane Pé e G a
ay
Berens
Albany Factory Ha
mau Mat
ouga d aqu
et 1
Chib t-Joli NCE
rr
Molson mi Mon Car
ica
Trout Lake ibi Kesaga ke i PRI WARD
A ousk ellton
na
Lake na La ami LacJean EDLAND
N Red Lake
A D Og
oki ssi Matag
St- outim
i R im pb
Cam urst IS
e
Chic
i
Bath
re n c
mi Bell up
oga voir u-Lo on tham
Armstrong Ken Réser ère - d
undst Cha
uière Rivi side
Abi
Gouin Edm
aw
Lac Seul Jonq alls mer
tibi
nd F Sum
C NEW
St L
Sioux Lookout Longlac Hearst Gra
B E CK ac
ne
Cochra
Kenora Dryden
Lake Nipigon
Kapusk
asing
É N SWI Shedi
Eagle I O Amos Q U BRU n
Steinbach Lake
Nipigon OMarN T A R Timmin
s
'Or
e qu bou rg
que
Isle lton cton M
o ncto herst
m
Lake of the Woods Lac des - Val- d La Tu Charles Pres Hou rederi A
athon d Lake Rouynda
ine Milles Lacs Kirklan ec tahd
in F
Québ
Rainy Lake Noran oir nt Ka to n
Réserovnga moc t Joh
Se
dy
Saganaga untain D Troises
Tip Top Mo
s
International Falls ard
MA
un
Lake Wawa a
New Lis
ke r
640m Gogam Lac wa Riviè dville
mon is
of F
Upper Red Lake Kipa the-
Drum Cala A
ills ga
NOV A
ins
Lake Ste-A onts
Mo n d
Lake Superior
or
Lower Red Lake hH Wind
s
au
mi des-M d
B ay
TI
unta
ua Temaga mon
n
Rich gor O
Laval
Gatine
Crookston Virginia sq Bay Ban C
Wh n g l a
Keweenaw Sudbur
y North S
i
bor
M
réal
y
Grand Rapids Houghton Peninsula Mar ie Ottawa
Pemb
roke esbur ville Har
Mont
Hawk r
Sault Ste. Wate sta Bar outh
ine
Detroit Apostle la
ipissing u Yarm
ite
Espano Aug
i
Lakes Leech Bay
Lake N Barr y
's
E
Lake Islands Berli
n
Cloquet Duluth Burk's
Falls
WA Falls
Ma
er
Blind Riv
OTTA Smiths
Ironwood Marquette h
burg
New
Ha
Brainerd Mille Lacs Lake Manitou
lin Ge und H libu Platts elier
a
n Island o Parry So i g h r to Montp tland
Poreford
ce Cheboyga Ba rgi ONT
f of
Saint Igna le
Snake
ta ck
l an n
ds Brock VERM Bidd
s
un d a
n y
in
Iron Mountai
NEW IRE
an
ive Escanaba d
Mo i r o n
Petoskey Midlan rough
R
Gul
ton
t
r
MINNESOTA Rice Lake Rhinelander eterbo Kings PSH 3
Alpena ron Lake eP HAM
Ad
d
Lake Hu Collingwoo Rutlan
d
Simco
Red
Traverse Ci
ty ord
Appleton Conc hester
n
Saint Paul
River
Wausau anc n
Bosto Cape Cod
am a ego
N Markh w
Lake Michigan
M
M IC H IGcA
Willmar
O sh a Osw
Utic a
Minneapolis Charles-Lindbergh WISCONSIN Green Bay ton ntario y
Alban field Low u
ell
Cadilla Branmp nto Lake O s TS
USE ovidence
T
s
New Ulm
Red Wing Stevens
Point Appleton Clinto Toro Niagara
Fall
Syrac
use il l
Pitt
SACH
NORTH AMERICA
Tyler
Owatonna Rochester Winona Oshkosh Ludington Kitchen
er C at s k ain s
t M AS Pr ord
Bedf ntucket Is
land
Midland ton Mo u nton
o
Saginaw Buffalo W Y O R K New
Tomah Sheboygan London Hamil Bingh
am d
for TICUTRHODND E Na
Worthington La Crosse
Muskegon ids
Flint NE HartN NEC ISLA tha's
Albert Lea Austin
Grand Rap Sarnia g CO n Mainreyard
Pontiac ke St.Clair Cornin Have
M
V
Madison
De
ew
Milwaukee Lansing La
Detroit indCsoharth e Erie
ford N
sM
am ton Stam
Spencer Erie Scran ork nd
New YLnoednyg Isla
Mason City Racine
oin
4
Cedar Falls Waterloo Dubuque Waukegan Kalamazoo Tr
Leamingt
on L msport LVA N IaA r
Sioux City Vicksburg d Willia B ngo wark Ken
Clevelan n SY John F
iver
Rockford
Elgin Evanston Hillsdale P EteNCNollege llentown Ne
Carroll I O WA Cedar Rapids er O 'Hare Chicago Elkhart
Toledo
Warre
Youngst
own s Sta A nton Tre Y
JERSE
in
n Riv ange
Ames Gree South La
gr
Br yan Akron burg NEW
n
Des Moines Davenport Joliet Harris elphia
nta
Ottumwa Galesburg
INDIANeA D
Everett
RYLABN re
Council Bluffs g
a
Pontiac Wheelin
OHIO Pot MA altimoDover
ON D
C
I C A
Peoria Lafayett Sidney
town land omac R GT
Lincoln Keokuk Bloom
ington Morgan Cumber I N
H
R Columbug s
E
iver
WAS DELAWAR
E
eny
O F A M Anderson Dulles
i
Clarksville OF
Lincoln Decatur Lawrence Day ton Parkersb
ur RICTIA
DISTU
Indianapolisute
Quincy MB
Athens
Allegh
Saint Joseph
WEST COLurg
ver
Springfield 5
h
Hannibal ksb
Ohio Ri
Terre Ha ic
Frankfort
OIS
N am
I L LEffiIngh Cincinnati IA Spruce 82m Freder
Moberly
Bloomington Cincinnati VIRGIN Knob 14 61
IA
VIRGJaImN
Manhattan Kansas City Vernon
n
Columbia Lambert-
Vincennes Madison Huntingto on es River ond
Ricerhsbmurg
Charlest
c
Saint Louis
Topeka Lawrence Frankfort
Sedalia Jefferson City
Saint Mount Vernon Louisville Lexington Beckley Lynchb
urg Pet
Norfolkginia Beach
Louis ews Vir
e N
a
Owensboro
dg
Emp Elizabet
e
the Ozarks
Flint Hi
Harrisburg Lake Ri
l
Liberal Bismarck
au Cumberland
Cape Girardeau Lake Glasgow
au lue
t
Kingsport
ate
und
igh
o So
at
Coffeyville h
Paduca atteras
n
Sikeston
Joplin
rk Ralelm
s
Salem Durham
in
Pl
ta
Winston ngton Cape H
za un Se a
lic
O Knoxville y Mo m
CAROLBern Pa
Lexi
o
Gainesville
la
Bartlesville
NORTH Nvew
p
Paris k
er
Kentucky o
er
Pocahontas
Nashville Sm
Riv
mb
ille
m
Lake t e
ea AshevillShelby e Fayette
Dyersburg Gr Charlott
ois
Fayetteville Blytheville
Cu
Onsloyw
TENNESSEE
Tulsa rg
Laurinbu
Illin
urg
Spartanb gton
ains Chattanooga
T I C
Greenville W in
ilm
iv er
ARKANSAS Memphis Henderson A Great
e
nR Fort
dia Huntsville Falls Florence
na Smith Russellville La Fayette
Anderson Cape Fe
ar
A N
i
Ca Corinth
Lake Little Rock W Columbia
AT L
Memphis Scottsboro each
Ada McAlester Ouachita Helena Holly Springs Decatur
Athens
P Myrtle B 290
Roswell
SOUTH
hit
Pine
Gadsden Aiken
N
e Ri
E A
Hot Springs Tupelo Cullman
Bluff Atlanta Augusta A
CAROLIN
ver
Clarksdale
Durant
Hugo Arkadelphia Sheridan
Dumas
Columbus Bir
mingham
Anniston
Hartsfield
Atlanta
G E ORG I A
Sa
O C 7
va
Arkansas City
Mississippi R
nn
Sherman La Grange ve
Ri
Mount Pleasant
El Dorado
Durant A L A BA M A Dublin Statesboro
r
Ouachita River
Dallas
Sulphur Springs
Demopolis Opelika Columbus m Savannah
Phenix City lta aha R
iver
Shreveport
Montgomer y Cordele A
Longview Tallulah Meridian ive
r
Ruston Jesup &.!+-+[i
Tyler Bossier City Monroe Vicksburg Jackson Troy
r
Rive
Tifton
Albany Waycross
Gary LOUISIA NA Laurel
ama
AMAS
Sarasota Freeport -'%[i
ee West End e Sound
9
Okeechoblm Beach Cheroke
BAH
te
Port Charlot W es t Pa
Harbor rs
CharlotteFo press on
rt Mye Big Cy Boca Rat derdale
Swamp Lau Island
es
Current
ad
Mia s Gove
Naples nd
rgl
Berry Isla
M e x i c o
U
E Miami Town NASSA r 's Tow
n
G u l f o f Newvidence
Pro Ex
Key Larg
o
Nicholls
Cat Isla lvador
San Sbaurn Town
Arthu nd HZV
AZkZa
um uma ncer
a
y
lor
ey
K C a
Island ays d Rum "-'%[i
Flor
ida fF
ts o
ay
d e ana C
g Islan ssag Sam
San
ai e Town o n
Str L
est eorg
Key W G t a d
sage
a P la n
tar
Anguil la re
G d Is
Cay Sal nC Islan ndCrookedlana uana 10 "+*+'[i
Mayag
e
ha P s
dI
ge
nne Cay
sa
Nicholas Ch e e
na
l k Th
NA
as
annel oo
LA HABA
n
ua
Carlto co
sP
Cá R an Sa li
CUBA
M
José Ma
Güines Matan
zas Santo Domingo Little In
agua
90
H I J K L M N
USA – Northeast States & Southeast Canada
A B C D E F G
Cho
Angliers
in
Wenebegon Lac Winneway Réservoir z
wan
a Lac des Liskeard
Ba
Westree Makobe Augustines
tcha Lake Haileybury Quinze Simard Decelles
uar
Biscotasi Lake Lake Grand-Lac-Victoria
Réservoir
Ba Cobalt
t
Biscotasing Lady Belleterre Lac Bay Grand lac Cabonga Lac
Ramsey Evelyn Lake Latchford Ville-Marie Victoria McLennan Lac Lac
Kempt
re
Lake Lake Timiskaming Lac
Anima Nipissing Lac à la Truite Lac Mitchinamécus
ièv
Lenôtre
O N
Lake Réservoir Lecointre
uL
Ver
Lac Dozois
1
T Lac Ogascanane u
s
Lake Temagami Saseginaga Wap Lac
A
mi
ed
Obabika Lake
Ranger
R Douaire
lion
Ranger
I
ièr
Wabos Rocky Island Lac
Lake Lake
O Temagami
Q U Lac de l'Écorce
É
Riv
B
Riv
Goulais Lake si Notawassi
rden Lac Byrd as
er
River a Onaping Chiniguchi Rabbit Lac Kikwissi
Rivière
Lac des
aw
G Lac aux ge
Sault Sainte Kirkpatrick Lake Lake
C A Lac Kondiaronk
N Aou
Not
Lake Foins Polonais
D
é
Mar Lac Kipawa Lac
eR
ull
ie Lake Lac Brûlé Piscatosine
Wanapitei
ièr
Bo
Lac Dumoine
aux
Cartier Capreol Lac
Riv
Sault Sugar Isl Wakomata Lake Marten River Wicksteed Lake Lac Réservoir Ste-Anne-du-Lac
Sainte Marie and Antique
Sable
Lake Témiscaming Lac Dix Chavannes Lac Baskatong
Rock Lake Quirke R Delahey Mont Sir-Wilfrid
Lake Lake Chelmsford River Valley Thorne Lac Bleu Milles
ivi
Garson
s
Nicolet Desbarats Tilden Lake Lac 783m
ère
Ell iot Grand-Remous Réservoir
Matinenda La Lake Agnew Sudbury Tomiko Beauchêne
No
Kiamika
et
Ott
Th alon ke Hagar Balsam Lac du Lac Désert
Munuscong Hiess Mont-Laurier
Jam
Lake Lake
ire
Iron Bridge Fils Lac
aw
lton Beach Creek Lac
Sturgeon Falls Nilgaut Lac
a
La ke Saint Joseph's Blind River Verner Maganasipi Ste-Véronique
Fil
Estaire Lake Bryson
Lac
de
Cou
Island Espanola ra
Panache West Arm North Bay Maniwaki L'Annonciation
g
Spanish Massey Talon Mattawa nd Lac Nominingue
Cockburn Lake Lake Nipissing Lac St-Patrice Duval Mont
longe
2 Ottawa Lac Pythonga
Island North Whitefish Falls Alban Callander Mattawa Notre-Dame- Tremblant
Channel Deux Rivieres Labelle 968m
Est
Drummond Monetville Lake de-Pontmain
Meldrum Bay Great La Cloche Powassan Nosbonsing Stonecliffe a
n
ch Bigwood Wolseley Bay Schy
Island Gore Bay Little Current Island Killarney ren River Lost Pickerel
Restoule
Lake H Cedar Lake
Rolphton
Gracefield
Lac des
Sables
St-Jovite
F
Manitou Deep River
a Lac McGillivray Lac du Ste-Agathe-des-Monts
South
Channel Lake Lac Dumont
Evansville West Loring Chevreuil
Manitoulin Islan
d Bay
Wikwemikong
Squaw Island
Kawigamog Lake
Burntroot
Lake South River
li Île des Danford Lake Kazabazua Lac Simon
Petawawa zua Lac
Great Duck Manitowaning Britt Lake Lavieille b
Allumettes ba Réservoir
Thou
Bernard Sundridge Barron Fort- Heney l'Escalier
Providence Bay
u
za
Island Lake Big Trout Pembroke Coulonge Pine
Ahmic Opeongo Bonn
Ka
Rogers
City
South Baymouth Lonely Island Ardbeg Lake Lake Lake eche r St-André- Avellin Hill
Île du Grand t o
Thi Islan
Burk's Falls re
san
North Point Fitzwilliam Island Dunchurch Bonnechere Round Lake Calumet Montebello Lachute
Cobden Thurso
el Shawanaga Man Canoe n
r ty
Aylen Lake Shawville
d
itouwabing Rock Buckingham
Grand Lake ann Lake
Ge
Hawkesbury
Long ain ChCo Lake Bear Lake Lake Barry's Golden Eganville Gatineau H Vankleek
M Nova r Lake i g a Rockland
or
ve Island e Whitn ey Bay
Lake
Tobermory Parr y Sound Huntsville gu Renfrew Hull ttaw Hill
O h l
gia
n
ay River Lake Vernon Bark Arnprior Rigaud
Oxto
3 nder B Cabot ds Hay Lake Aylmer
OTTAWA
Thu Alpena
Cape Hurd Head Parr y Rosseau Lake Lake Ma Calabogie a n d
nB
Yo
ay
a
ppi
un Penetang Mississi
th N
Huron Ormsby Smiths Falls
r
o ale Lake Morrisburg er
t Rive
Wiarton S uish ond iv
Boat Lake en Cape Rich
ene Washago Ir Chandos Lingham Perth R
Sou
Coldwater Big Gull Jasper Malone
tte
Cardinal
ver
Ow Midland Norland Lake Lake Cloyne Lake
Big Rideau
Burn
Sauble Beach Catchacoma
Raque
Meaford Nottawasaga
s Ri
Dalr ymple Kaw Lake Ogdensburg Saint
Black River
Alvanley Bay Elmvale Lake artha Lake s Sharbot Lake Prescott Regis
Gras
Oscoda Owen Sound Balsam Fenelon Crosby Forthton ce
Au Wasaga Beach Orillia Kasshabog en Potsdam
Lake Falls wr
Riv r
Tawas Port Elgin Kaladar Bobs
City Au Sable Sa Collingwood Lake Brockville a Canton
Gr
e
Point Lake Bobcaygeon Stony MarmoraMadoc Lake . L
St Black Lake
es R
ub
4 Stayner
iver
Scugog
Aux Barqu erton Angus Gananoque
Ni a g a r a
c
Standish Port Perry s
Sand Mildmay Mount Shelburne Alliston Lake Millbrook Frankford Kingston nd I Philadelphia River
Tupper
Point Scugog Rice Lake Belleville Amherst sa
E s c ar p
Beach
nd Lake Richmond Hill Newcastle Sackets Carthage
Whitby Point Galloo Harbor
m e nt
nes
Bla
Caro a
Seaforth nd
Ontario
s
Lester B. Pearson Lowville
ain
Toronto Old Forge
ck R
Elmira Guelph
Bla
er Ba
Vassar Riv yfie Mitchell Waterloo Mississauga
e
nt
ck R
iver
s ld Moose River
s
a Marlette San dusky Hen sall
k Salmon River Indian
ou
La
Frankenmuth C New Pulaski Reservoir
iver
Lake
Flint
5 Hamburg Milton
k M Lake
Grand Ninemile Point
Brown Stratford Kitchener Oakville
Mount
Mayville City Croswell Ket Bend
Cam brid Oswego a c
d Pleasant
River
K i
coe Port Kenm ore Attica Auburn
Sterling Heig St.ThomasAylmer ive
No
R
ns Rutherford Nanticoke Colborne Lackawanna Orchard Park Geneva r
ht s Dutton
N E W Richfield
Y O R
r
Southfield Dresden Long Point Perry
ive
Lake Port Stanley Port Hamburg East Springs
aR
Novi St.ClairWallaceburg mes Thame West Lorne Burwell Lake Erie Warsaw Schoharie
a svi Bay Aurora Mount Canandaigua Penn Yan Cayuga
dill
Livonia War Sa int Cl lle Beach Cobleskill
ren air Shores
Homer er
Th
Una
6 Detroit F
v
h
Ridgetown tar
Ri
iver
lic
Dansville
tain
n Lake Norwich
s
eR
De Ble nhe
Otse
arborn im g e r L a k e
Tio
Detroit Point Fredonia Springville
n
ese
oharie Creek
Keuka Oneonta
ugh
Gowanda
ou
Metropolitan La Salle Tilbur y
Gen
niog
Milan ples North Westfield Hornell Bath ve na
r ie
Ri
ill M
ho
Sch
Dundee
a k
ive
Corning Horseheads
e
L
Ch
Pigeon Walton
r
C at sk
Monroe Bay Point Pelee Conneaut Jamestown Elmira Cannonsville Reservoir
Olean u Chem Endicott Slide
Lambertville
Pelee
Ashtabula
Union City t ea Elkland
ung Waverly
Riv Binghamton
Reservoir Mountain
a er Downsville
Tiog
D
Perrysburg
ersi
Cree
Port Clinton le re
Nev
iver Willoughby Titusville Galeton Liberty
Cleveland Towanda Elk Hill
k
age R Kane
le
7 Sandusky
Riv
Wyalusing
Port Lorain Chardon Pymatuning
U N I
Blossburg
T
821m Monticello Ellenville
French
Gibsonburg
E D
Al
Elyria ta C e
Cre
Parma Cr aR
ones Dushore
Sinnem
Norwalk iv ek Scranton
ion R Ridgway Cre Laporte
r
om
ne
o s
Lyc
e Wa
Gap
n i dsw orth ngstown Slippery Lock Muncy Dingmans Ferry
Sand
Ho enwich Du Bois
Brookville
O F
Allegh
Karthaus Haven
A M
Sussex
E R
ue
I
Upper Rock
Lake ree Nanticoke
C A
k
Ringwood
ter
Forest Cr
R
P E N N S Y L V A N I A t
ver
Susque
'%%%b Delaware
O Gambier
H Uhrichsville
I
Cumberland
Steubenvill Wei Pitt
rton sburgh Penn Hills
Monroeville Blairsville
Ebensburg Altoona Huntin
gdon
Jun
iata Ri
Mifflintown
ver Millersbur Lykens M
o Allentown Bethlehem Somerville
Edison
y M
Laureldale
Worthington Johnstown West Newcomerst
Lafayette own
Junction Bethel
Wellsburg Park Clairton Greensburg Johnstown
Westmont
Mount Union n B Lebanon
&%%%b Cadiz Linglestown Reading Lambertville
en
Westerville Raystown
ai
Trenton
Youghi
he Bedford
og
Norristown
ela River
Moundsville
ur
Waynesburg McConnellsburg
Su
Lake Camden
squ
Browns
Monongah
Cherry Hill
an
New
cki
ng Glouster Matamoras Frostburg er Carneys NEW JERSEY
er
er Nelsonville
Riv
The Plains
ee k Vie nna Sain t Marys Shinnston Fair mon t Westernport Martin sburg MARYLAND
Salem Vineland Buena i
ve
Maur
HZV Bridgeton
Poto
Romn ey Towson
er
ma
c R Brunswick Edgewood
ta
ive
Ohio
Gormania
Little
Weston
Ka
uth
Cac h
ap
Spencer
Chopt
Dulles Bethesd
"'%%%b Wheelers Burnsville a DISTRICT OF
10
WEST VIRG Adrian
VIRGINIA
a
Sutton 1482m
Warrenton Manassas
River
nti
Shenandoah Laurel
Na
67
A B C D E F G
% '% )% +% -% &%%@b Population
Scale 1:3,000,000 VWdkZ*b^aa^dc &b^aa^dcid*b^aa^dc *%%!%%%id&b^aa^dc
(projection: Lambert Conformal Conic) % '% )% +% -% &%%B^aZh &%%!%%%id*%%!%%% *%!%%%id&%%!%%% &%!%%%id*%!%%% WZadl&%!%%%
H I J K L M N
e
n
es Neige
Manouane Coudres St-Pacôme
ncy
La Tuque e
Baie- St-Paul Beau Mount Carleto
n
i
iqu
La Pocatière Miramichi Tignish
Montmore
St.Léonard
m
Lake Fort Kent 820m Chatham
Tob
a
re d
Petite-Rivière- Lac de Long Lake Newcastle Laketon
t Van Buren
Riviè
St-François St-Jean- l' Est Dickey Grand
a
-Kent
St-Louis-de
Lac n Île aux
Port-Joli
L'Islet Ste-Perpétue-de-l'Islet Eagle Lake
Falls
Bloomfield
Corner
1
Devenyns
u Oies
D
Beaupré Plaster Rock
Limestone Renous
E C oRivière-à-Pierre Île d' Montmagny St-P
amp hile
Fish River Caribou
Richibucto
ichi
-
Lac
M St-RaymondLac-St-Charles Orléans Lake Washburn
A
am
Matawin Mékinac Charlesbourg FortFairfield er ir Bouctouche
e
Québec Ste-Apolline Perth-Andov Doaktown M
n Presque Isle
Réservoir Ste-Thècle Lévis St-Raphaël Mars
ICK
s
UNSW
r
Taureau aSt- Tite St-Casimir Donnacona
Cap-Rouge Charny Ashland Hill
NEW BR
Squa Pan
t i
St-Ignace-du-Lac ac St-Antoine
M
hias River
t
Daaquam Mountain Shediac
St-Michel-des-Saints Grand-Mère rence 451m
Churchill
o
n gan
Shawini aw Ste-Croix
Riviè St-Agapit Ste-Claire
Lake Saddleback Mount
ain Hartland
St.L
e St-Alexis r 517m
N
L'Asso Shawinigan- du êne Ste-Marie Eagle Lake Moncton
r Riverview
e
Béc
Madeleine h
Trois-Rivières Houlton Hillsboroug
n
Da
n
y
Sorel
Ba
u Seboomook Lake
ran
çois o Disraeli La Guadeloupe Lake
Mount Katahdin Sherman Mills Longs Creek Sussex
cto
1605m ok Harvey
Ste-Adèle Tracy Chiputneticokes Petersville
e
ne
Warwick Lintèr Millinocket La ig
Drummondville St-Gédéon
Lavaltrie Lac
M
d
Lafontaine
Aylmer Boundary Moosehead Lake Danforth Hampton Ch
i
Laurentides
ière
Mascouche Vanceboro
Ba s
St-Jérôme Weedo n Centr e Lak McAdam Westfield
is
Repentigny
ha