SA04: Three-Hinged Arch

The analysis of a three-hinged arch.

The loads applied to a beam cause stress in the member. For convenience we
often represent the state of internal stress in beams using shear force and
bending moment. In the context of structural design, there is a direct relatioship,
between the magnitude of these forces and the size and depth the beam.
The large force especially the bending moment. The cross section of the beam
needs to be... In order to safety carry the load. For beams with a relatively long
span, bending moment colud become excessively large. Requiring the use of
even a deeper cross-section in such a situation.
It may desirable to curve the beam forming an arch. This configuration results in
a significant reduction in bending moment, at the expense of putting the
member in copression

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 SA54: Three-Hinged Arch

1. We can classify arches based on their boundary

conditions.
2. An arch colud be fixed at both ends with no hinges
present.
3. We can have an arch with a hinge at its crown and
there are two hinged and three hinged arch. The
degree of indeterminacy of these arch types varies
from 3 to 0.
4. The three hinged arch is considered a statically
determinate system. Here we are going to focus on
the analysis of a three hinged arch.
statically determinate system

Tugas kecil:
Mengapa ARCH/pelengkung yang menahan beban luar melalui
mekanisme aksial tekan lebih baik dari BEAM/balok yang menahan
beban melalui mekanisme lentur?
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 SA54: Three-Hinged Arch
1. In order too analyze arch stuctutre, we need to define its shape
using a mathematical function, often either as a circle or as a
parabola.
2. Let’s refer to the height of the arch as h and use L to label
horizontal distance between the two support.
3. Suppose we wish to describe the shape of our arch using a
parabolic function. We start with a general quadratic equation
like this… f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c
4. Our task is to determine the coefficients a, b and c in terms of h
and L.
5. We know that the arch has a height of 0 at the left support. So
we can write... F(0) = …This gives us us c equals 0.
6. We also know when x is L/2 the height of the arch is h. So we can
write… F(L/2) = … = h
7. Further at the right end of the arch, where x equals L our
function F(L) = … = 0
8. Using these two equations, we can solve for coefficients a and b.
9. So the shape of our arch can be described using this parabolic
function… f(x) = 4hx (L-x) / L^2

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 Three-Hinged Arch
f(x) = 4hx (L-x) / L^2

1. Suppose our arch has a height of 10 meters and spans 50 meters.

2. We wish to analyze it under a concentrated load of 120 kN placed it
crown. Milling H and L we can rewrite Fx like this... F(x) = (50x –
x^2)/62.5
3. Since the arch rests on a pin at either side we end up with a horizontal
force and a vertical force at each end. In this case the two vertical
reactions can be easly determined by using the equailibrium equations.

1. To determined the horizontal reactions, let’s separete the left and the
right halves of the arch. Since the bending moment at a hinge is zero we
end up with only two unknown forces at each cut point.
2. Furher due the symmetry we have the identical at the right and left
cuts.
3. Now we can easly determine Ax using the left half of the arch. Summing
the moments about the cut point we get…Ax = 150 kN and determine
Bx in a similar manner
4. Now taht we have all the support reactions, let’s put the arch back
together. Supposed we need to determine the internal forces in the
arch, including axial force, shear force, and bending moment. To do so
we can cut the arch at distance x from the origin.

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 Three-Hinged Arch
Axial force, shear force, and
bending moment Look at the free body diagram of the left segment of arch.
1. Note the horizontal and vertical distances from the origin. To the cut
point we have labeled the horizontal distance x so the vertical distance
becomes f of x. This free body diagram involves three unknown forces M,
H and R.
2. We can determine M by writing the sum of the moments about the cut
point. Here is the equation... M + Ay x – Ax f(x) = 0
3. Solving it for M gives …M = 60x – 2.4x^2
4. The M equation suggest that bending moment in the arch varies as a
function of x in a nonlinear manner.
5. Sum of the forces in the x and y direction must be zero, H must be 150
kN and R must be 60 kN. But note that H and R do not represent axial
and shear forces.

• In the member axial forces must be in the tangential direction at x and shear forces must be in the radial direction like this …
• N = HcosTta+RsinTta and V = RcosTta - HsinTta
• Refering to the angle between the tangent of the curve and the horizontal axis as theta, then we can express the tangent of the angle
in terms of the derivative of f with respect to x. This means at a specific point on the arch, we can determine the tangent of the curve
using this equation. Knowing the tangent of the angle we can determine the angle itself. Then we can express N and V in terms of H,
R and angle theta like this…

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 SA54: Three-Hinged Arch
1. To draw the moment diagram, we need to graph this
equation. This is for the left half of the arch, but since we
have symmetry the diagram for the right half of the arch
would be identical to that of the left half.
2. This is a quadratic equation.
3. Note the bending moment at the hinge at either end of
the segment is zero. We can verify this by evaluating the
equation at x = 0 and x = 25.
4. We can determine the point of maximum moment by
setting dM/dx = 0.
5. The equation tells us that moment is maximum at x
equals 12.5.
6. Hence the magnitude of maximum moment equals 375
kN-m.
7. Then the diagram of the right segment looks like this.

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Silahkan dibuktikan dalam mk matematika
Atau pake software mathcad
SA54: Three-Hinged Arch
1. To draw the diagram for the axial forces we are going to
graph this equation.
2. Using trigonometric properties we can write cosine theta in
term of tangent theta and sine theta can be expressed this
way.
3. Then the algebraic expressions for the cosine and sine of
theta become…
4. Substituting these expressions in the equation for N we
get…
5. The graph of this equation looks like this.
6. The equation gives us 154.6 when x is 0 and 150 when x is
25.
7. To determine the maximum value for axial force in this
segment we set dN/dx to 0 that leads to this equation which
gives us x equals 12.5.
8. Maximum axial force in the arch develops 12.5 meters from
the left support. The magnitude of the force is 161.6 kN.
Again the force diagram for the right half of the arch is that of
the lefth half.
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 Three-Hinged Arch
1. Finally to draw the shear diagram, we are going to use this
equation. Using the same trigonometric expressions as before we
end up with this equation for shear.
2. The numerator for the equation tells us, that shear is 0 when x is
12.5. To graph the equation we need to evaluate it at x equals 0
and x equals 25. Here is the diagram. Seair is -46.85 kN at the left
end of the segment and 60 kN at the right end of the segment.
3. We mirror what we just drew for the left half of the arch and
place it on the right half of the x axis complete the diagram.

Here is the summary of the results. Moment

diagram, thrust diagram and shear diagram we
will examine the analysis of arch bridge the
next lecture.
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Latihan

Kerjakan kembali contoh soal ini dengan modifikasi sbb

1. P = 120,NN kN
2. H = 9,NN m

Gambar bidang M, V dan N pelengkung berbentuk

parabola tersebut

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