Educ21 3rd Lesson
conformity to laws
Social Science Theories and Education
1. Structural – Functional Perspective
1. Herbert Spencer – “Society is a system of
interconnected parts each with a unique
function. The parts have to work together for
stability and balance of society”. These parts
must coordinate and collaborate for society
to function well. The overall health of the
society depends upon the health of each
structure.
2. Family. There is peace, stability, equilibrium
and harmony if families do their part in
bringing forth children, nurturing and
socializing them.
3. Education. If education or schools effectively
transmit knowledge, skills and values
4. Politics. If politics governs citizens well
5. Economics. It should take care of food
production, distribution of goods and
services
6. Religion. It should strengthen the moral fiber
of the members of society.
7. The failure of one social institution to do
its part means disruption of stability in
society.
The Functionalist Theory of Education
1. Education education serves the need of
society through the development of skills
encouraging social cohesion.
2. The role of schools is to prepare students for
participations in the institutions of society.
3. Education is concerned with transmission
of core values for social control.
4. Education is concerned with socializing
people by bringing together people from
different backgrounds.
5. Functionalism sees active social change as
undesirable because the various parts of
society will compensate naturally for any
problems that may arise.
Purposes of Schooling
1. Intellectual purposes – acquisition of
cognitive skills, inquiry skills
2. Political Purposes – educate future citizens;
promote patriotism; promote assimilation of
immigrants; ensure order, public civility and
3. Economic Purposes – prepare students for
later work roles; select and train the labor
force needed by society
4. Social purposes – promote a sense of social
and moral responsibility; serve as a site for
the solution of social problems; supplement
the efforts of other institutions of
socialization such as the family and the
church
2. Symbolic Interactionist Theory
Three Tenets of Symbolic Interactionist Theory
1. An individual’s action depends on meaning.
We act based on the meaning we give to
symbols which can be actions, objects or
word.
2. Different people may give different
meanings to the same thing.
3. Meanings change as individuals interact with
one another
Implications to Teaching of Symbolic Interactionist
Theory
1. Schools can clarify symbols so that
meanings will also be clear.
2. Teaching must be to clarify meanings,
especially as we interact with what we read
and see.
3. Verbal and written communications must be
clear and specific so as not to be devoid or
confuse meanings.
4. Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level
theory that focuses on the relationships
among individuals within a society.
Communication—the exchange of meaning
through language and symbols—is believed
to be the way in which people make sense
of their social worlds.
5. Weakness of interactionist theory: it tends to
be so focused on the individual, it misses
out on larger structural questions, on power
dynamics and on social inequalities.
Proponents of Symbol Interactionism
 1. Max Weber, the originator of this theory,
asserts that individuals act according their
interpretation of the meaning of their world.
2. George H. Mead (1863-1931) – an
American philosopher who introduced this
perspective to American sociology in the
1920’s.
Conflict Theory
1. There are always two opposing sides in a
conflict situation. People takes sides between
maintaining the status quo and introducing
change, then arrive at an agreement.
2. Conflict theory welcomes conflict for that is the
way to the establishment of a new society.
3. Conflict theories find potential conflict between
any groups where inequality exists – racial,
gender, religious, political, economic, etc.
4. Unequal groups usually have conflicting values
and agendas, causing them to compete against
each other. This constant competition between
groups forms the basis for the ever-changing
nature of society.
Communism (part of Conflict Theory)
1. Capitalism and Private Property
Capitalism is a system which gives private individuals
with capital the freedom to invest, make money and
retain profit.
The opposite of Capitalism is Communism, where the
state owns all the property and makes all of the
decisions about what to produce.
In Marxist theory, the Capitalist class are known as the
Bourgeoisie
2. Exploitation
The relationship between these two classes is
exploitative because the amount of money the Capitalist
pays his workers (their wages) is always below the
current selling, or market price of whatever they have
produced. The difference between the two is called
surplus value.
3. Ideological Control  
Marx argued that the ruling classes used their control of
social institutions to gain ideological dominance, or
control over the way people think in society.  Marx
argued that the ideas of the ruling classes were
presented as common sense and natural and thus
unequal, exploitative relationships were accepted by the
proletariat as the norm.
4. Revolution
Marx believed that political action was necessary to
‘wake up’ the proletariat and bring them to revolutionary
class consciousness. Eventually, following a revolution,
private property would be abolished and with it the
profit motive and the desire to exploit. In the communist
society, people would be more equal, have greater
freedom and be happier.
Feminism (part of Conflict Theory)
Major Elements of Feminism
1. Patriarchy
‘Patriarchy refers to a society in which there are
unequal power relations between women and men
whereby women are systematically disadvantaged and
oppressed’ (London Feminist Network)
2. Gender Scripts
Gender scripts incorporate a whole range of gender-
norms  associated with different ‘being’ male and female
– such as typical ways of dressing, speaking and self-
expression more generally. The term ‘gender script’
rather than ‘gender norm’ emphasises the fact that
individuals actively have to ‘act out’ their gender-identity,
but at the same time a script is just a guide, and
individuals have considerable freedom to interpret and
play around with the suggested normative ways of
expressing gender.
3. Liberal Feminism
Liberal Feminists tend to emphasise the importance of
securing formal legal equality for women, Marxist
Feminists focus on how capitalism perpetuates gender
equality, and radical feminists focus on how patriarchy
operates across many institutions, especially the family.
Postmodernism 
1. “Postmodernism is formed by but is a reaction
against the modern world view” (Rudd, 2006). In
education, postmodern perspective is an approach to
educational change or extension from modern one
across the broad spectrum.
6. The problems that result from the post-modern
worldview are as follows:
 • Inability to speak to condemn evil -genocide,
rape, slavery and oppression are to be
condemned. Many strains of the Postmodernism
worldview tend to relativizes values
• Post-modernism ignores “truth” and
Truth. Post-modernism causes us to ignore real
human suffering while condemning institutional
bureaucracies in solving them.
• Anti-authoritarianism, or refusal to recognize
the authority of any single style or definition of
what art should be; and the collapsing of the
distinction between high culture and mass or
popular culture, and between art and everyday
life.
• Language is semantically self-contained, or
self-referential: the meaning of a word is not a
Weaknesses of Filipino Character
static thing in the world or even an idea in the
mind but rather a range of contrasts and
differences with the meanings of other words.
Educ21 4th Lesson
 The Filipino weaknesses in character
represent the Philippines’ Socio-
cultural problems.
 In addressing the Filipino weaknesses in
character, it must be done in a balance
way.
 Extreme family-centeredness of the
Filipino’s results in the following except
not helping the old members of the
family.
 Extreme personalism of the Filipinos
results in the following, except Political
Dynasties
 The lack of discipline of the Filipinos
results in the following, except Graft
and corruption
 The passivity and lack of initiative of the
Filipinos results in the following, except
Ningas cogon.
 Colonial Mentality is a lack of
patriotism and preference for foreign
things.
 Kanya-kanya syndrome is having
personal ambition but insensitive to
common good; lack of cooperative and
community spirit.
 Leticia Ramos Shahani popularized
the Moral Recovery Program explaining
the weaknesses and strengths of the
Filipino character and how to deal with
our character weaknesses.
 Values Education was the new subject
introduced in 1988 to help recover the
Filipino good character and attitudes.
1. Strengths = our character that can make us
successful and prosperous
2. Weakness = our character that can make us a
failure and poor
3. Opportunities = what kind of work, job, task or
activity does our Character Strengths fits or
suitable with
4. Threats = what kind of dangers, evil or damage
does our Character Weaknesses would lead us
1. Extreme family-centeredness (factionalism,
patronage, political dynasties, protection of
erring family members)
2. Extreme personalism (takes things personally;
uncomfortable with bureaucracy, with rules and
regulations, and with standard procedures; give
preference to family and friends in hiring,
services and voting; leads also to graft and
corruption)
3. Lack of discipline (casual attitude with time and
space; lack of precision and compulsiveness;
poor time management and procrastination; lack
of standardization and quality control;
impatience resulting to short cuts, palusot,
ningas cogon; inefficient work systems, violation
of rules and casual work ethic)
4. Passivity and lack of initiative (waiting to be
told what to do, reliance on others,
complacency, lack of sense of urgency; high
tolerance of inefficiency, poor service, violating
one’s basic rights; too patient or matiisin; too
easily resigned to fate; easily oppressed and
exploited)
5. Colonial mentality (lack of patriotism, active
awareness, appreciation and love of the
Philippines; preference for foreign things)
6. Kanya-kanya syndrome, Talangka mentality
(having personal ambition but insensitive to
common good; lack of cooperative and
community spirit)
7. Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection (in
the face of serious personal and social
problems, there is a lack of analysis or
reflection, instead satisfaction with superficial
explanations and solutions)
 8. Emphasis on porma rather than substance
Sources for the weaknesses of Filipino character:
1. Home, social and economic environment
2. Culture and language
3. History
4. Religion
5. Educational System
6. Mass media
7. Leadership and role models
EsP (Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao) Goals to
address the weaknesses of Filipino character:
1. Sense of patriotism and national pride
2. Sense of the common good
3. Sense of integrity and accountability
4. Values and habits of discipline and hard work
5. Values and habits of self-reflection and analysis
6. Internalization of spiritual values
7. Emphasis on essence rather than on form
8. “A Moral Recovery Program: Building a People,
Building a Nation” (April 27, 1988, Senator
Leticia Shahani)
B. Strengths of Filipino character
1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao
2. Family orientation
3. Joy and humor
4. Flexibility, adaptability and creativity
5. Hard work and industry
6. Faith and religiosity
7. Ability to survive
DepEd Vision: “Filipinos who passionately love their
country and whose values and competencies enable
them to realize their full potential and contribute
meaningfully to the building of the nation”
DepEd Core Values: “maka-Dios, maka-tao,
makakalikasan and makabansa”
Year 1988-90 – under the DepEd Values Education
Program Framework (Lourdes Quisimbing) Values is
introduced as a separate subject
Year 2013 – continued in the K-12 Program; Edukasyon
sa Pagpapakatao or EsP
Educ21 5th Lesson
Global Issues
10-Top World Issues according to World Economic
Forum (2017):
1. Climate Change/ Destruction of nature (48.8%)
2. Large scale conflict/ wars (30.8%)
3. Inequality (income, discrimination) (30.8%)
4. Poverty (29.2%)
5. Religious conflicts (23.9%)
6. Government accountability and transparency/
corruption (22.7%)
7. Food and water security (18.2%)
8. Lack of education (15.9%)
9. Safety, security, well-being (14.1%)
10. Lack of economic opportunity and employment
(12.1%)
10-Top Global Issues
1: Climate Change
The global temperatures are rising, and are estimated to
increase from 2.6 degrees Celsius to 4.8 degrees
Celsius by 2100. This would cause more severe
weather, crises with food and resources and the spread
of diseases. The reduction of greenhouse emissions
and the spreading of education on the importance of
going green can help make a big difference. Lobbying
governments and discussing policies to reduce carbon
emissions and encouraging reforestation is an effective
way of making progress with climate change.
2: Pollution
Pollution is one of the most difficult global issues to
combat, as the umbrella term refers to ocean litter,
pesticides and fertilizers, air, light and noise pollution.
Clean water is essential for humans and animals, but
more than one billion people don’t have access to clean
water due to pollution from toxic substances, sewage or
industrial waste. It is of the utmost importance that
people all over the world begin working to minimize the
various types of pollution, in order to better the health of
the planet and all those living on it.
3: Violence = “crimes”
Violence can be found in the social, cultural and
economic aspects of the world. Whether it is conflict that
has broken out in a city, hatred targeted at a certain
group of people or sexual harassment occurring on the
street, violence is a preventable problem that has been
an issue for longer than necessary. With continued work
on behalf of the governments of all nations, as well as
the individual citizens, the issue can be addressed and
reduced.
4: Security and Well Being = Wars
The U.N. is a perfect example of preventing the lack of
security and well being that is a serious global issue.
Through its efforts with regional organizations and
representatives that are skilled in security, the U.N. is
working toward increasing the well being of people
throughout the world.
5: Lack of Education
More than 72 million children throughout the globe that
are of the age to be in primary education are not enrolled
in school. This can be attributed to inequality and
marginalization as well as poverty. Fortunately, there are
many organizations that work directly with the issue of
education in providing the proper tools and resources to
aid schools.
6: Unemployment
Without the necessary education and skills for
employment, many people, particularly 15- to 24-year
olds, struggle to find jobs and create a proper living for
themselves and their families. This leads to a lack of
necessary resources, such as enough food, clothing,
transportation and proper living conditions. Fortunately,
there are organizations throughout the world teaching
people in need the skills for jobs and interviewing,
helping to lift people from the vicious cycle of poverty.
7: Government Corruption
Corruption is a major cause of poverty considering how
it affects the poor the most, eroding political and
economic development, democracy and more.
Corruption can be detrimental to the safety and well
being of citizens living within the corrupted vicinity, and
can cause an increase in violence and physical threats
without as much regulation in the government.
8: Malnourishment & Hunger
Currently there are 795 million people who do not have
enough to eat. Long-term success to ending world
hunger starts with ending poverty. With fighting poverty
through proper training for employment, education and
the teaching of cooking and gardening skills, people who
are suffering will be more likely to get jobs, earn enough
money to buy food and even learn how to make their
own food to save money.
9: Substance Abuse
The United Nations reports that, by the beginning of the
21st century, an estimated 185 million people over the
age of 15 were consuming drugs globally. The drugs
most commonly used are marijuana, cocaine, alcohol,
amphetamine stimulants, opiates and volatile solvents.
Different classes of people, both poor and rich, partake
in substance abuse, and it is a persistent issue
throughout the world. Petitions and projects are in
progress to end the global issue of substance abuse.
10: Terrorism
Terrorism is an issue throughout the world that causes
fear and insecurity, violence and death. Across the
globe, terrorists attack innocent people, often without
warning. This makes civilians feel defenseless in their
everyday lives. Making national security a higher priority
is key in combating terrorism, as well as promoting
justice in wrongdoings to illustrate the enforcement of
the law and the serious punishments for terror crimes.
17 Sustainable Goals for the Period 2015-2030
(Population and the Sustainable Development Goals |
Population Matters)
1. No Poverty
The World Bank has warned that extreme poverty
will not decrease in 2021 due to population growth
eclipsing economic growth in the poorest nations.
Large family size and poverty often go hand-in-hand.
People living in deprived areas are usually not
empowered to choose the number of children they have
and in some cases feel the need to have many so they
can be provided for in their old age.
Ensuring everyone is empowered to choose small
families is the key to eradicating poverty.
2. Zero Hunger
Feeding the world without destroying more nature will
become increasingly difficult and eventually impossible
under sustained population growth. According to the
World Resources Institute, the calorie requirements of a
population of 10 billion are 56% higher than current
total crop production. Agriculture is already a leading
cause of environmental degradation and further
conversion of land for farming purposes will have
devastating consequences for biodiversity and our
climate.
3. GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
to increase by 50% over the next 30 years as a result of
population growth and economic development.
8. ECONOMIC GROWTH
A high number of young dependents makes economic
prosperity almost impossible and is also a recipe for
social unrest.

Insufficient funding for healthcare systems can cause 9. INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
them to buckle under the pressure of growing
The larger the population, the harder it is to provide
populations. Lack of access to quality reproductive
access to modern infrastructure and technologies to
healthcare including modern contraception and
everyone, and the more nature we will destroy in the
medically safe abortion leads to high unwanted
process. Conversion of land to human infrastructure is
pregnancy rates and preventable maternal deaths.
a key driver of biodiversity loss, and construction is
Worldwide, still almost half of all pregnancies are
a major source of greenhouse gases.
unintended and more than 800 women die from
pregnancy-related complications every day. 10. REDUCED INEQUALITIES
4. QUALITY EDUCATION Vast disparities exist between the rich world and the
Global South, and within countries themselves. A more
Greater investment in quality education is key to
just global system, in which resources are distributed
alleviating poverty and ending population growth. Due to
more equitably, is essential. Whilst we must limit the
gender inequality, girls are disproportionately affected by
number of new consumers everywhere, choosing
lack of access to education — still one in four girls does
a small family is particularly impactful among the
not attend secondary school and in sub-Saharan Africa,
wealthiest of us.
the number of girls out of secondary school has
increased by 7 million since 2007 due to the region’s 11. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
population growth.
More than half the world's population lives in urban
5. GENDER EQUALITY areas today. By 2050, this proportion is expected to rise
to 68%. Rapid urban population growth can outstrip the
Empowering women and girls to take control of their
pace at which infrastructure such as clean water,
bodies and lives is crucial for solving our biggest social
sanitation, health, jobs and education can be offered.
and environmental crises. Gender inequality is one of
According to WWF, one of the main causes of habitat
the main drivers of high fertility rates. Not a single
loss is land for human habitation with urban areas
country has yet achieved full equality, and the worst
doubling since 1992.
gender-based injustices and crimes continue to be
common and widespread. 12. RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND
PRODUCTION
6. CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
According to the UN, material footprint per capita in
The combination of climate change and population
high-income countries is 60% higher than in upper-
growth is fuelling a global water crisis. As our numbers
middle-income countries and more than 13 times the
grow, aquifers get overdrawn, pollution increases, and
level of low-income countries. Responsible consumption
the capacity to safely dispose of wastewater is
and production of food and goods must go hand-in-hand
increasingly compromised. Currently, a staggering 2.2
with measures to end our population growth.
billion people around the world do not have safe
drinking water and 4.2 billion lack safe sanitation 13. CLIMATE ACTION
services.
Unsustainable consumption patterns in high-income
7. AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY countries are largely responsible for the climate crisis but
every additional person on our planet adds more
The number of people using dirty fuels is still increasing
emissions. A comprehensive review of available climate
due to population growth and slow progress in rolling out
solutions by Project Drawdown found that slowing
renewable energy. Global energy demand is expected
population growth through the combination of
educating girls and providing family planning would be SDG- 2000- 189 countries
one of the most powerful ways to reduce atmospheric
CO2 by 2050. SDG focuses on;

14. LIFE BELOW WATER - Social Progress

- Economic Growth
Pollution (plastic and runoff), overfishing, coral - Environmental Protection
bleaching, and coastal ecosystem destruction are
all exacerbated by population growth. Two-thirds of MDG focuses on environmental
marine areas have been damaged by human activity
MDG Millenium Deveopment Goals
and a third of sharks and rays and a third of reef corals
are threatened with extinction. - Eradicate extreme hunger
- Achieve universal primary education
15. LIFE ON LAND
- Promote gender equality and empower women
Human population growth is one of the main causes - Reduce child mortality
of biodiversity loss. According to WWF, we have - Improve maternal health
lost 60% of all vertebrate wildlife populations since - Combat HIV/ AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
1970. During that time, our population has more than - Ensure environmental sustainability
doubled. A landmark 2019 UN assessment explicitly - Global partnership for development
noted that human population growth is an indirect driver
Program facilitated by UN (SDG) – 170+ countries
of biodiversity loss and stated: “changes to the direct
drivers of nature deterioration cannot be achieved Championed Goals
without transformative change that simultaneously
addresses the indirect drivers.” To be truly effective in - Inclusivity
the long-term, conservation efforts must incorporate - Principle of integration- Leaving no one behind.
population solutions.

16. PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS

Sustainable Development Goal
In the absence of prosperity and strong institutions,
population growth contributes to conflicts related to 2000 MDG’s – 8 goals -189 countries
scarce resources. Educating and empowering women
2015 SDG’s – 17 goals
and communities, including ensuring access to voluntary
family planning services, can help support peace and 2030 Future goals - ….
stability goals by increasing the foundation for stability.
And where families can choose the number and timing of
their children, women may have more opportunity to take
part in civil society and peacebuilding.

17. PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS

Cross-sectoral partnerships that recognise the crucial

links between social and environmental issues are key
to a better future. COVID-19 has presented
unprecedented challenges, reversing decades of
development and causing a deep global recession.
Never has there been a more critical time for
strengthening partnerships and securing the next ten
years of collaboration for sustainable development. The
international community must foster recognition of the
urgent need to end human population growth as soon as
is ethically possible, and promote greater investment in
empowering solutions.

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