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Chapter One
Numbers, Inequalities and Absolute value
Numbers:
Definition: A set is a collection of objects “elements” and will be denoted by a capital letters.
Example:
= {1, 2, 3, …}
3- The set of rational numbers is the set of numbers that can be written as the quotient of two
integers, where the integer in the denominator is not zero, also denoted by
Every rational number can be written as a repeating decimal, whereas no irrational number
can be written in this way. For example, , = 0.272727 . . . , and
are examples of rational numbers written as repeating decimals.
For example, √ √ ,e
5- Real numbers
Real Numbers are made up of rational numbers and irrational numbers and denoted by .
.
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For example, .
Definition: The set that contains no elements is called the empty set and is denoted by .
Definition: A set and a set are equal if and . Thus, every element of is
an element of and vice versa.
Definition: The union of two sets and , denoted by , is the set of elements that
belong to either or , that is,
A B
Definition: The intersection of two sets and , denoted by , is the set of elements
that belong to both and . Thus
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Intervals
Definition A subset of the realline is called an interval if it contains at least two numbers and
also contains all real nubers between any two of its elements.
Types of intervals
Finite:
Open
Closed
Half-open
Half-open
Infinite:
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Relation
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Definition: Let and be any two non-empty sets, then the relation from to
denoted by is a subset from
and
is a relation from to .
Inequalities:
Definition: The expression, ; in words, ( is less than ) means lies to the right of
on the line number. The expression ; in words ( is greater than ) means is to the
right of on the number line. if either or . if either or
.
A number, is positive if :
Solving Inequalities
The process of finding the interval or intervals of numbers that satisfy an inequality in x is called
solving the inequality.
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and
or
and .
and .
It is necessary to find the set of numbers for which the inequalities are satisfied. This
or .
Thus the solution set is the half-open interval . Note that each of the steps in the
computation served to simplify the term containing x.
Example 1.6: Solve the following inequalities. Express the solution sets in terms of intervals
and graph them:
(b) (c) .
Solution:
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(a)
(b) .
(c)
+ + + 0 -
- 0 + + +
- undefined + 0 -
Solution:
and or and
and or and .
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The solution set in this case is or the solution set in this case is
1 2
Method2:
1 ------- 2
+++++++ +++++++
----
0 3
Solution:
and or and
and or and .
The solution set in this case is or the solution set in this case is
-1 4
Method2:
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-1 4
-------
+++++++ +++++++
----
-2 0 5
( x 2)( x 1)
Example 1.9: Solve 0
( x 3)
Solution: we can’t multiply by ( x 3) because we don’t know the value of (x ) if it’s (-) or
(+) necessary to change the direction of inequality () .
If ( x 2) 0 x 2
If ( x 1) 0 x 1
If ( x 3) 0 x 3
S [1,2] (3, )
1 2
Example 1.10: Solve
x2 x3
1 2 ( x 3) 2 ( x 2) x7
Solution: 0 0 0
x2 x3 ( x 2) ( x 3) ( x 2) ( x 3)
If ( x 7) 0 x 7
If ( x 2) 0 x 2
If ( x 3) 0 x 3
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Absolute value:
Definition: The absolute value of a number , denoted by | | which is defined by the
following formula.
| | {
For example | | | | .
| | √
| | | || |
| | | | | |
| | || | | ||
| |
| |
Solution:
(b) | |
or
-10 6
Solution: | | .
Example 1.16: Solve the inequality | | and show the solution set on the real line.
Solution: | | or .
Solution: | x 2 | 2 x 3 | x 2 | .
1
Case I: x 2 0 ( x 2) 2 x 3 x 2 2 3x 3 2 x 2 x 5.
3
1
Case II: x 2 0 x 2 2 x 3 ( x 2) x and x 5 (impossible).
3
1
So x 5, is the solution.
3