ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

OFFICE BUILDING

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

ATHISH N (811720103003)

KARTHEESWARAN P (811720103307)

NARAESH M (811720103311)

VEERAKAMALESH M (811720103317)

in partial full fillment for the award of the degree

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

K RAMAKRISHNAN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, (Autonomous)

TIRUCHIRAPALLI – 621 112

NOV-DEC & 2022

 K RAMAKRISHNAN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, (Autonomous)
TIRUCHIRAPALLI – 621 112

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report

“ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF OFFICE BUILDING” is the bonafide work of

“(ATHISH N ),(KARTHEESWARAN P),(NARAESH M),(VEERAKAMALESH M)”

who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mrs Dr. S. Sujatha, Ph.D. Mr. B.Dhilipkumar , M.E, Ph.D

Head Of The Department Assistant Professor

Of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering

K Ramakrishnan College of Technology, K Ramakrishnan College of

Technology,

Tiruchirappalli – 621 112 Tiruchirappalli – 621 112

DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Submitted for the End Semester Examination Viva Voce held on _______________
Internal Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing moment of having successfully complete our project, we wish to convey
our sincere thanks and gratitude to our management of our college and our beloved
chairman Dr. K. RAMAKRISHNAN who provided all the facilities to us.

I would like to express our sincere thanks to our Executive Director Dr. S. KUPPUSAMY
for forwarding us to do our project and offering adequate duration in completing our
project.

I am also grateful to our Principal Dr. N. VASUDEVAN, for his constructive suggestions
and encouragement during our project.

We wish to express our profound thanks to Dr. S. SUJATHA, Head of the civil
engineering department, for providing all necessary facilities for doing this project.

We extend our gratitude to all the faculty members of Civil Engineering Department, K.
Ramakrishnan College of Technology and our parents for their kind help and valuable
support to complete the project successfully.
 ABSTRACT

 In this project we have proposed to analyze and design a office building

in the Trichy city samayapuram .
 The office building will be situated nearly 1.5-2 kms away from the
previous KRCT college and it will be created to give an higher
efficiency than modern design to increase job vacancy
 The design is evaluated with all necessary
 The office building is also considered to be effective to the fore coming
projected weather change and large wind load acting upon it.
 Later on it was analysed by categorizing it then drawing different graphs
which later on helped in coming up with the conclusions
 The research showed that in all buildings, interaction of workers takes
place.
 It also found out that all buildings have at least one design feature that
allows workers interact with one another.
 The growing of population had to deal with the community buildings to manage
land requirement. The planning of storage building by using norms and
measurement design structure of storage building with reference to the National
Building Code.
 Finite element analysis which includes the effect of dynamic load such as wind
effect, earth quake effect and different types of loads are acting to building.
 The requirements of the multi storage building and commercial building are
compared to attain required strength
OBJECTIVES

 To analyze and design a high stability of building

 To design all necessary components for the construction of office building

 To analyze the office building to withstand all type of loading conditions

 To increase trade and maritime security in the region in the upcoming years

 to provide a workplace and working environment primarily for administrative and

managerial workers

 the functional workspace or office contributes to the value of a company and also
helps in attracting quality workforce and clients.

 To acquire knowledge about design of a office building and other similar building.
 List of Symbols

Symbols Description

Mn Max. Negative Moment

Mp Max. positive moment

T Torsional moment

V Shear force

R radius

w Weight or load

n No.

VT VT

D Diameter; Overall depth

M Bending Moment

Mulim Mulim

deff Effective depth

dmin Min. depth

Ast Area of steel

𝑓y Characteristic strength of steel

f𝑐k Characteristic cube compressive strength of

concrete
𝜏v Nominal Shear stress

b breadth
 Introduction
Office building design management is a complex task, as well as any design
process, due to the diversity of the players who influence it or are influenced
by it (owners, architects, consultants, contractors, facilities managers, end-
users) and to their interests (in many cases, at opposite sides). Thus, it counts
on an increasing number of specialist designers, owing to the development of
new construction technologies and building automation systems.

Office buildings have specific needs, which distinguish them from others
typologies, such as residential buildings. Open plan floors, which allow
occupation flexibility, demand heavier floor loadings and specific free span
between structural columns. MEP (Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing)
Systems are more sophisticated, since they deal with large populations and air
conditioning central systems, which imply special care for energy
infrastructure and efficiency.

The complexity in developing the office building design is reflected in the

need of including the most important issues of these design specialties at the
initial stages of design conception, in order to preserve their main demanded
spaces and to allow feasibility studies based on realistic costs. In effect, a good
design results from a correct integration of considered design specialties and
from a consistent interface management of the involved team members.
 CHAPTER 1

Literature Review

To review the design of the office building available literature has been surveyed and the
following facts are reported.

1. Historical review of office building design under the alignment :

 the new York office by Nathaile Domede, Luisa Pena and Nicolas Fady
(2019) From this study it can be noted that the study presented the design
method used by engineers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
to size office structures and to compare them with current European
standards. The historical information presented here is derived from two
sources in particular: 1897 and 1902, and the scientific journals, books,
and courses available at that time.
 Firstly, the article describes the structure of the Ile Vierge office, which
is the tallest stone office in Europe. The safety coefficients applied with
the respect to the stability of the towers in France and the UK in the
nineteenth-century are compared. On the construction of the Ile new
York office building, the masonry strength under wind loads led to a
discussion among engineers of the French office building authorities.
 They also worried about the risk of excessive oscillations of the towers
which could cause a dysfunction of the lamp. Thirdly, the standard wind
action defined in Eurocode 1 is applied to the applied to the Ile new
York office.
 A comparative analysis of the ancient and modern methods is presented.
Overall, this historical research shows that the designers of theoffices in
the nineteenth-century had the same objectives as today: to build strong,
durable structures in which deformations under loads are compatible
with serviceability.
 exist to mitigate most of these issues, qualifying cell level, DEM
uncertainty is still a work in progress to them. Development of purely
topographic or bathymetric DEMs may suffer many of those same
issues.
  2. The Effect of Wind Loads on the Seismic Performance of
office building

 by Shilpa Nirman Thilakarathna, Naveed Anwar, Pramin Norachan, Fawad

Ahmed Naja (2018) This study evaluates the seismic performance of high-rise
buildings primarily designed based on different levels of lateral wind loads. A 40-
story dual system case study building is selected for this purpose.

 In dual systems, the lateral load is mainly resisted by a combination of reinforced

concrete core wall and the special moment resisting frame.

 The case study building is assumed to be in a moderate-level seismic zone and is

separately designed for wind loading using three different levels of wind speeds
(low, moderate, and high), which are selected to represent the anticipated hazards
at various global wind zones.

 The detailed seismic performance exhibited by three different design cases

(corresponding to different levels of wind hazard) is evaluated.

 The Nonlinear Response History Analysis (NLRHA) procedure is used to obtain

the true inelastic seismic demands and to compare the seismic performance of all
three design cases.

 The results shown here are the level of design wind load can alter the seismic
performance of high-rise dual system buildings.

 Therefore, even for the cases where the wind demands control the design of lateral
load-resisting system, the detailed performance-based seismic evaluation should be
carried out to ensure the overall structural safety and integrity.

3 .Challenges in building coastal digital elevation models

 akins, and Pamela (2014) Here they gave a full study on current usage of
technologies in building structures along the coastal areas using the
Digital Elevation Modeling (DEM).
 Many challenges in building coastal DEM may be encountered
throughout the development process. Recognizing, isolating, and
mitigating these issues can help to minimize negative impacts of these
 models and improve the reliability of results derived from their use.
They grouped the challenges into six general categories
 Source data, data processing, coastal DEM development, DEM
assessment, morphological change, and DEM uncertainty. Solutions

4 Air movement preferences observed in office buildings

Edward Arens, Sahar Abbaszadeh Fard, Charlie Huizenga

, 
 Office workers’ preferences for air movement have been extracted
from a database of indoor environmental quality surveys performed in
over 200 buildings.

 Dissatisfaction with the amount of air motion is very common, with

too little air movement cited far more commonly than too much air
movement. Workers were also surveyed in a detailed two-season
study of a single naturally ventilated building.

 About one-half the building’s population wanted more air movement

and only 4% wanted less.

 This same ratio applied when the air movement in workspaces was
higher than 0.2 m/s, the de facto draft limit in the current ASHRAE
and ISO thermal environment standards.

 Preference for “less air motion” exceeded that for “more” only at
thermal sensations of −2 (cool) or colder. These results raise questions
about the consequences of the ASHRAE and ISO standards’
restrictions on air movement, especially for neutral and warm
conditions.

5 A simple design tool for the thermal study of an office building

ElisabethGratia ,AndreDe Herde
The objective of the OPTI program (the office building module) is to help
architects, engineers and design departments to take into account the impact of
design choices on energy consumption designing a project.
In order to do so, the program must:

be highly user-friendly (language based on drawings);

need a minimum of data;

be very fast.
 The computation of energy needs and overheating estimation require
dynamic thermal programs. These are often slow and need a large amount
of data.

 The use of many parametric studies realized with a dynamic thermal

program along with the application of a method used in experimental
research (method of experimental design) allowed us to create software
providing the user instantaneously with results from a dynamic thermal
program without subjecting architects to the disadvantages of this type of
program.

 Indeed, the program provides annual thermal needs and thermal comfort
(winter and summer) in relation with orientation, building footprint,
window area and type, internal gains, presence of external or internal
shading devices, ventilation strategy applied and thermal mass.

 This design tool is based on Belgian climatic weather data but the same
step could be transposed to other climatic data.
CHAPTER 2

Methodology
 CHAPTER 3

OFFICE BUILDING DETAILS

 Foundation Isolated Spread Footing

 Construction RCC

Height 17.6784 m

Concrete M 20

Steel Fe415

Location Samayapuram, trichy

Purpose primary purpose of an office building is

to provide a workplace and working
environment primarily for administrative
and managerial workers.

SBC 200 N/M2

PLAN
SECTION
DESIGN OF SLAB
 CHAPTER – 4

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBER

4.1.Design of Two Way Slab

Slab Condition: One long edge is discontinuous

Data’s

Clear dimension = 4.57m x 3.5m

Support width = 300mm

Live load = 4 kN /m2

Floor finish load = 1 kN /m2

fck = 415 N /mm2

fy = 20 N /mm2

Depth required for stiffness

d = Span / (B.V x M.F)

B.V = 26(for continuous)

M.F = 1.0 d = 3660/ (26 x 1.0)

= 125.00mm

dreq(dx) = 160.00mm

dreq (dy) = dx- Ф

= 160-10

= 150

dreq(dy) = 150mm

Assume effective cover = 20mm

Overall depth cover ‘D’ = 160 + 20

= 180mm

dx = 160mm

dy = 150mm

D = 180mm

Load calculation

Consider 1m length of slab

Self Wt. of slab (1 x 0.18 x 25) = 4.5 kN /m

Assume Floor finish load (1 kN /m2 )

Floor finish load (1x1) = 1.0 kN /m

Take Live load is 4 kN /m2

Live load (4x1) = 4.0 kN /m

= 9.5kN /m

Factored load (1.5 x 30) = 14.25 kN /m

Effective length

Effective length of shorter direction (Lx)

Lx = 3.43m

Effective length of longer direction (Ly)

Ly = 5.25m

Factored Bending Moment

Lx / Ly = 4.57 / 3.5

= 1.55 < 2

hence two way slab

B.M along shorter span (+ ve) = 4.69 kNm

B.M along longer span (+ ve) = 6.20kN.m

‘d’ required as per design B.M

d = √ (Mu) / (Q x b)

drequired = 47.39

= 47.39< 160mm

Hence safe

Reinforcement along Middle strip

Ast along shorter span (Astx)

Mux = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x [1-(fy x Ast) / (fck x bx d)]

6.20x 106 = 54157.5 Ast – 7.49Ast2

Ast = 116.35mm2

Astx < Astmin

Take minimum Ast = 216mm2

Provide 10mm Ф bars @ 300 mm c/c.

Ast along longer span (Asty)

6.20x 106 = 54157.5 Ast – 7.49 Ast2

Asty = 116.35mm2

Take minimum Ast = 216mm2

Provide 10mm Ф bars @ 300 mm c/c.

Edge strip &middle strip

Shorter span = 0.656m

Longer span = 0.428m

Minimum area of steel = 0.12% of Ag = = 216mm2

Provided 10mm Ф bars

Torsion Reinforcement

Torsion reinforcement is provided @ the corners where the one long edge is
discontinuous

The area of torsion reinforcement = (3/4) of max +ve Ast

= 173.50mm2

Provide 10mm Ф bars @ 270mm c/c

Say number of bars = 4

Check for shear stress

Considering the short span and unit width of slab

τv = (Vu /b d )

Vu = WL /2

= 14.25 x 3.43/ 2

= 24.43 Kn

τv = 24.43 x 103 / (1000 x 160 )

τv = 0.152 N/mm2

k = 1.30 from Is 456:2000

τc = 0.144 N/mm2

kτc = 0.187 N/mm2

τc max = 1.4 N/mm2

τv < k τc < τc max

Hence safe against shear stress

Check for Deflection

Consider only shorter span

Modification factor = 1.72

‘d’ required for stuffiness = span / (B.V x M.F)

= 3430/ (26 x 1.72)

= 76.69< 160mm

Hence safe in deflection

SLAB REINFORCEMENT
DESIGN OF BEAM
 4.2.DESIGN OF BEAM

L-Beam

For x- direction

Clear span L = 4.57m

Thickness of flange (D) = 210mm

Live load = 4 kN/m2

Spacing of beams = 300mm

fck = 20N/mm2

fy = 415N/mm2

Width of column =500 mm

d = 410mm

D = 450mm

bw = 500mm

Leff. = 5.28m

Load calculation

Design load of slab = 14.25kN/m

Self-weight of rib = 1.600kN/m

Design load = 23.775kN/m

Effective Flange Width

bf = 1577.5mm

Ultimate bending moment and shear force

Mu = 133.27kNm

Vu = 109KN
At centre of span section Mu = 34.97kN.m

Torsional moment @ support section

Ultimate torsional moment

Tu = 58.64kN.m

Equalent bending moment and shear force

Me1 = (Mu+Mt)

Mt = Tu(1+(D/b))/1.7

= 65.53kN.m

Me1 = 200kN.m

Ve = 304.84kN

Main longitudinal reinforcement

Me1 > Mulimit

200 kN.m > 279 kN.m

Under reinforced section

Me1 = 200kN.m

Ast = 1612mm2

Provide 4 nos of 20mmdia bars (Ast=1963.4mm2 )

Moment at mid span = WL2 /24

= 34.97kN.m

Minimum Ast at mid span = 419 mm2

Provide 2 bars of 20 mm dia (Ast=628 mm2 )

Shear reinforcement

τve = (Ve /bwd)

τve = 1.48N/mm2

pt = 0.95

τc = 0.62N/mm2

τc < τve

Hence shear reinforcement are required using 10mm dia two legged stirrups with side
covers of 25mm and bottom covers of 50mm, we have

b1 = 450mm

d1 = 350mm

Asv = 157mm2

Sv = 0.87 fy Asv

(Tu/b1) + (Vu/2.5)

Sv = 110mm

Check for deflection control

Pt = 0.957

Pc = 0.306

FS = 197.6

(L/d)dev = {(L/d) ktkckp}

= 16.89

(L/d)max = effective span/0.350

= 10.74

Hence deflection control is satisfied

BEAM REINFORCEMENT
 4.3 COLUMN

Given data :-

Ultimate load of beam = 23.775 KN/m2

Assume column size (0.45 x 0.45)

Self-weight of column = b x d x unit weight of concrete

= 0.45 x 0.45 x 25 = 5.0625

Ground floor + 2 = 1000KN

Shear force = 500KN

Axial load ‘P ’ = Sw of column + wt. of GF + SF

= 5.0625 + 1000 +500

= 1605.06KN

Factor of safety = 1.5 x 1605.06

Total load = 23.775 + 2257.59

Pu = 2281.365 KN/m2

Material Properties

Fy = 415N/m2

Fck = 25N/mm2

LONGITUTDINAL REINFORCEMENT

Asc = 2% Ag

Asc = 0.02 Ag

Ac = Ag – Asc

= Ag-0.02Ag
Ac = 0.98Ag

Pu = (0.4 x fck x Ac) + (0.67 x fy x Asc)

Pu = (0.4 x fck x 0.98Ag) + (0.67 x Fy x 0.02Ag)

2281.365 X 103 = (0.4 x25 x0.98Ag) +((0.67 x 415) x 0.02Ag)

Ag = 148516.69mm2

Assuming square column

B=D

Ag = B x D

Ag = D xD

148516.69 = D2

D2 = 148516.69

D = √148516.69

D = 400mm

B = 400mm

Ag = B x D = 400 x 400

Ag = 160000mm2

TO FIND ASC

Pu = (0.4 x fck x Ac) + (0.67 x fy x Asc)

Where, Ac = Ag – Asc = (160000 - Asc)

2281.365 X 103 = 0.4 X 25 x (160000 – Asc) + (278.05Asc)

2281.365 X 103 = 10 x (160000-Asc) + 278.05Asc

2281.365 X 103 = 1600000 + 268.05 Asc

268.05 Asc = 2281.365 X 103 – 1600000

268.05 Asc = 681365

Asc = 681365/268.05

Asc = 2541.93mm2

Assume, 20mm dia

No.of bar = 2541.93/((/(( x d2 )

= 2541.93/(/(( x 252 )

= 6No’s

Provide 25 mm dia bar @ 6No’s

CHECK FOR Asc:-

Actual Asc = 6 x (( x d2 )

= 6 x (( x 252 )

= 6 x 490.87

Actual Asc = 2945.24

Min Asc = 0.8%Ag

= (0.8/100) x (( x 4502 )

Min Asc = 1272.34mm2

Max Asc = 4%Ag

= (4/100) x (( x 4502 )

Max Asc = 63617.25mm2

Actual Asc < Max Asc

Actual Asc > Min Asc

Hence ok

LATERAL TIES:-
 Diameter:-
a. Minimum diameter is the greater of 6mm
b. ¼ x lateral longitudinal bar dia

= ¼ x 25

= 6.25 say 8mm

Provide 8mm dia lateral ties

PITCH:-
a. The least lateral diameter = 170mm
b. b. 16 x smallest longitudinal bar = 16 x 25 =400mm
c. c. 300mm
Provide 8 mm dia lateral ties @ 170mm cc

RESULT:-

Longitudinal reinforcement
Provide 6 No’s of 25 mm dia

Lateral ties
Provide 8mm dia 170mm /c
COLUMN REINFORCEMENT
DESIGN OF FOOTING
 4.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING

Size of column = 450 x 450

Soil bearing capacity = 350 KN/m2

Total load on column = 2281.365 KN

SIZE OF FOOTING:-

Column load = 2281.365 KN

Self weight of footing = 10% of column load

10% of column load = 2281.365 x (10/100)

= 228.13 KN

Total load = 228.13 +2281.365

P = 2509.495 KN

APPROXIMATE AREA OF FOOTING

Area of footing = Total load / SBC

= 2509.495/350

= 7.3m2

Square footing = 2.7m

NET UPWARD DESIGN PRESSURE:-

qo = Column load / Area of footing

= 2509.495/(2.7)2

= 344 KN/m2

DESIGN OF BENDING MOMENT

Mu = W x L x (Lx 2 /2).
L = 2.7

B = 0.45

Lx = (L/2)-(b/2)

= (2.7-0.45)/2

= 1.125m

Mu = 344 x 2.7 x (1.1252 /2)

Mu = 587.75K N.m

DEPTH OF FOOTING REQUIRED:-

For M20 grade steel FE 415

Mu = 0.138 x fck x bd2

587.75 x 106 = 0.138 x 2700 x 25 x d2

d 2 = 587.75 x 106 /9315

= √63097.15

d = 251 mm say 260mm

Assume 12mm dia bar & 50 mm nominal cover

D = d + cover +dia/2

Over all depth of footing = 260 + 50+12/2

D = 316mm say 320mm

To be safe in shear adopt on over all depth

D = 2 x 320

D = 640mm

Effective depth of top layer = 640-50-12/2

= 585mm
TENSION REINFORCEMENT:-

Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d (1- fy x Ast / bd x fck )

587.75 x 106 = = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 585 (1 211214..25 Ast (1-1.05x 10-5Ast))

598.01 x 106 = 232877.25Ast-0.99Ast2

=0.99Ast2 -232877.25Ast+598.01 x 106

= 2596.58mm2

Ast = 2596.58mm2

Assume 10mm dia rod

Spacing for 20mm dia bar = (ast / Ast) x 1000

ast = (( П/4 x d2 )

= ((П/4 x 202 )/2596.58) x 1000

= (314.15/2596.58) x 1000

Sv = 120mm c/c

Hence provide 20 mm dia @ 110mm c/c distance

CHECK FOR TRANSVER SHEAR:-

τv = Vu/bd

Vu = W x area

= 344 x (1.125-0.45) = 232.2KN

τv = 232.2x103 /(2700x 585) = 0.14N/mm2

τv = 0.14N/mm2

Permissible shear stress

pt = 100Ast/bd

= (100x(20 x 314.15)/(2700x585)
pt = 0.39

τc for 0.25 = 0.36N/mm2 ( by using table 19 IS456 :2000)

K value = 1 (as per clause 40.2.1)

K τc = 0.36 x 1

K τc = 0.36 N/mm2

τv < Kτc

Hence Ok

RESULT

(i) Square footing = 2.7 m x 2.7 m

(ii) (ii) provide 20 mm dia @110 mm c/c
(iii) (iii) Reinforcement provide 9 nos of 20mm dia bars on either side 20mm C/C
FOOTING REINFORCEMENT
 4.5 DESIGN OF STAIR CASE

Clear Dimension of Stair case 1m x 6 m floor to floor Height 3.6 m

Clear width of Step = 1 m
Assume rise 150mm and Tread 300mm
No. of rise = 3600 / 150
= 24 Nos.
No. of rise in each flight = 24/2
Going of each flight = 12 x 300
= 3600 mm
Width of landing = 6000 – 3600 / 2
= 1200 mm
Eff. Width of landing = 1200 + 100
= 1300mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN:
C/C of support = 6 + 0.2
= 6.2 m
Loads on the Stair
DEAD LOAD:
Thickness of waist slab = 6.2 x 48
= 297.6mm
(D1) = 298mm
b = (T2 + R2 ) 1/2
b = (3002 + 1502 ) ½
b = 320 mm
D = (D1+ (T x R) / b)
= (268 + (300 x 150) / 323)
D = 410mm
Depth (D/2) = 410/2
= 205mm
DEAD LOAD ON LANDING:
Thickness of landing = 298mm
Self weight of waist slab = 0.298 x 1 x 1 x 25
= 7.45 kn/m2
Weight of finishing = 1.5 kn/m2
Total Load = 7.45 + 1.5
= 8.95 kn/m2
1m width of Step:
Total Load for all step = 8.95 x 1
= 8.95kn/m
DEAD LOAD OF GOING
Wu = (0.298 x 1 x 1 x 24 ) x ( R2 + T2 ) ½ / T
= 7.45 x 1.07
= 8.02 kn/m2
Assume weight of finishing 1.5 kn/m2
Self-weight of steps = 1.58kn/ m2
No. of Steps of Tread 300 mm per m
= 1000/300
= 3.3 Nos.
Self-weight of steps = 1.58 x 3.3
= 5.21 kn/m2
Total Load = 8.02 + 1.5 + 5.21
= 14.73 kn/m2
Total Load for all steps = 14.73kn/m2
Live load = 3 kn/m2
= 3x 1
= 3 kn/m2
Total Characteristic Load = 3+ 14.73 + 8.95
= 26.68 kn/m
Design Load = 26.68 x 1.5
= 40.02 kn/m
Design Bending moment and Shear force
Design Shear Force = WL/2
= 6.2 x 40.02 / 2
= 124 KN
Design Bending Moment = WL2 /8
= 6.22 x 40.02 / 8
= 192.29 KN/M
EFFECTIVE DEPTH REQUIRED
Moment of Resistance = 2.07 bd2
= 277 mm
= 277+20
Over all depth D1 = 300 mm
Assume effective cover = 20 mm
d = 300 – 20
d = 280 mm
d Prov > dreq
Hence OK.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d x ( 1- Ast x fy / bd x fck)
192.29 x 106 = 0.87x415xAstx278(1-(Astx415/1000x15x278)
Ast = 2563.85 mm2
Provide 13 Nos. of 16mm φ bar,
Ast = 2613 mm2
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT
Ast req = 0.12 % of Total Area
= 0.12 / (100 x 1000x 298)
= 357.6mm2
Assume 10mm dia bar
Spacing of bar = ast / Ast x 1000
= 78 / (357.6 x 1000)
= 218.2 mm
10mm φ bar distributor @ 220mm C/C
STAIRCASE REINFORCEMENT
CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION
We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical

work done. As the scope of understanding will be much more when practical

work is done. As we get more knowledge in such a situation where we have great

experience doing the practical work.

Knowing the loads we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of

longer to shorter span of panel. In this project we have designed slabs as two way

slabs depending upon the end condition, corresponding bending moment. The

coefficients have been calculated as per I.S. code methods for corresponding

lx/ly ratio. The calculations have been done for loads on beams and columns and

designed frame analysis by moment distribution method. Here we have a very

low bearing capacity, hard soil and isolated footing done.