Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru

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CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction
Construction is one of the significant sectors of Indian economy and is an integral part of
the development. Keeping in view the gigantic task of providing affordable shelter to masses,
adoption of a cost – effective technology assumes greater significance. The present strain on Indian
economy and the overgrowing demands for housing calls for adoptions of appropriate building
technology which could lead to economy and speed in construction. There is growing realization
today that speed of construction needs to be given greater importance especially for large housing
projects. The RC structural Wall system was developed after 2nd world war in Japan to reconstruct
cities. After the introduction Mivan slip-form by Mivan Company Ltd from Malaysia in late 1990s,
the trend of using RC structural wall in mass housing project is common in almost all developing
countries. The units were to be of cast-in-place concrete, with load bearing walls using a formwork
of aluminum panels.
The subject of earthquake resistance design of structures has a long historey. Hence, it has been
recognized that to design a safe and economic structure in seismic regions, the structural engineer
needs to use to select an appropriate structural system. In multi-storey buildings, reinforced
concrete (RC) structural walls provide an efficient bracing system against lateral forces. Buildings
with shear walls perform favorably in comparison with more flexible framed structures as far as
damage to non-structural elements is concerned.
In RC Structural wall system, the lateral and gravity load-resisting system consists of reinforced
concrete walls and reinforced concrete slabs. Now a day, many R.C. building of 12-60 stories are
being planned and executed. RC structural walls are the main vertical structural elements with a
dual role of resisting both the gravity and lateral loads. Wall thickness varies from 140 mm to 500
mm, depending on the number of stories, building age, and thermal insulation requirements. In
general, these walls are continuous throughout the building height; however, some walls are
discontinued at the street front or basement level to allow for commercial or parking spaces. In
general, the wall reinforcement consists of two layers of distributed reinforcement (horizontal and
Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 1

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vertical) throughout the wall length. In addition, vertical reinforcement bars are provided close to
the door and window openings, as well as at the wall end zones
Therefore, countries are conceived to design and built more and higher building. Due to large
population and small per capita area the need of ultra-high-rise building becomes much more
urgent. The lateral load resisting provided in most multi storey building is moment resisting frame,
with beams being eliminate in years in majority of the building to simplify and accommodate the
use of more economical formwork. In recent years R.C. tube structure and R.C. structural wall has
been introduced to provide the required stiffness.
Shear walls that are perforated with openings are called coupled walls. These walls act as isolated
cantilevered walls connected by coupling beams (also called spandrel beams or lintels) designed
for bending and shear effects. When designed in a ductile manner, these beams may act as fuses
and are used to dissipate seismic energy. In Canada, the coupling beams are designed with diagonal
reinforcement provided to ensure ductile seismic response. Reinforcement bars are joined together
by welding or lap splices.
1.2 Objective
`The objective of the project is to study and understand the structural performance of RC
structural wall system and RC Beam-column system in high rise building subjected to lateral
loads (different seismic zones) and compare the results of both the system and to find the
feasibility of using RC structural wall system for high rise structures theoretically using FEM.
The Structure will be modelled and will be analyzed in ETABS to determine parameters such as,
1) Storey Displacement.
2) Storey Drifts.
3) Storey Shear.
4) Time period and frequency.
5) Over turning moments.

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1.3 Scope
In this project, two plans of different shapes were selected and then modelled for RC Frame
system and RC structural wall system and then analyzed in finite elemental analysis software
ETABS. The total height of the building is 90m having 30 storey is analyzed in seismic zone II
and Seismic Zone V. The parameters like story displacement, story shear, story drifts, moments,
time period and frequency is studied. This project having a scope to analyze the high-rise structure
with RC structural wall system and to find its advantage over RC frame system from the structural
point of view.

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CHAPTER 2
2.1 Literature Review
Francesca Ceroni et.al. [11]

had demonstrated that building constructed with large lightly
reinforced wall characterized by adequate area respect to the floor extension could suffer lower
damage as compared to RC frame structure due to real earthquake. Researcher had focused that
new construction technology of RC wall construction with new type of integrated formwork is
helpful for insulation gives higher energetic efficiency and continuous construction speed.
Researcher had pinpointed there is lack of research work carried out in this area and experimental
information is less. Review of the Euro code regarding RC shear wall construction had carried out
in this research paper. Static and Dynamic nonlinear analysis had been carried out for a whole RC
building designed with both large lightly reinforced walls along the perimeter. Finite element
model had been developed by SAP2000 and DIANA software. The total analysis had carried out
to check seismic performance of building according to stiffness performance of building according
to stiffness.
M.G.Rajendran.[10] presents the study and comparison of the difference between the wind
behavior of building with and without shear wall using STAAD Pro. In this paper, the STAAD
model of 15 storey building considered to carry out study with and without shear wall and also 20
storey building will model same as it. Displacement of 15 storey building and 20 storey building
with shear wall is 20.18% and 14.60% less than the building without shear wall. They concluded
that building with shear wall will resist wind load effectively.
Ali Soltani et.al.[7] represents the investigation for numerical modeling of RC shear walls.
The simulation of nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete shear walls under the lateral loads had
been studied and this is important problem for community. They had carried out analysis of RC
shear walls at three level of refinement. Researcher had evaluated three different modeling
techniques of RC shear walls in to the Open SEES software (Open System for Earthquake
Engineering Simulation). Comparison of simulated responses with experimental data on one
rectangular shear wall had been carried out.
Zasiah Tafheem, A.S.M Rubaiat Nahid , Tanzeelur Rahman and Tariq Mohammad
Shamim2 they had performed a computing modeling out to understand the rigid frame structural

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behavior of eight storied commercial building due to incorporation of edge beams and shear walls
into the flat plate structure. Earthquake and wind loads were applied using ETABS software
package to the building model along both long and short direction as per Bangladesh National
Building Code 2006 (BNBC). Based on computing modeling output data, a comparative study has
been performed to understand the effect of edge beam and shear wall on the structural behavior of
flat plate buildings.
Gregory Macrae in his doctoral research study has conducted real life modelling and
analysis of squat shear wall and long walls. In this project, he tells us the failure modes in the walls
and the hinges developed in the walls has been explained in this research.
Chaitanya kumar[8] have carried out analysis of multi storey building with precast load bearing
walls. Researcher had studied G+11 storey precast load bearing wall structure for analysis. For
modeling and analysis researcher had used ETABS software.
Shirali, N. Mohammad in his doctoral research program has conducted scaled project on
seismic resistance of hybrid shear wall system and explained the behavior of spandrels nad piers
in the shear wall system.
Patil D.S.et.al.[2] has discussed comparisons of conventional formwork and aluminum

formwork on the basis of cost, time, and quality and quantity parameter. This technical paper
covers advantages of Mivan formwork. Also covers advantages of Mivan formwork over the
conventional formwork and limitation of the same.
Kaustubh Dasgupta[4] is explained the role of structural wall in tall structures and also the
wall region is decided according end condition or joint i.e. D-region (disturbed region) and B-
region (Bernoulli region).Due to the RC wall plastic hinges formation had been explained
M.A.Hube et.al.[5] have done analysis of seismic behavior of RC slender structural wall.
Researcher had mentioned effect of Chile Earthquake on RC structural walls and its damage
analysis in year 2010.The objective of this research is to understand observed damaged in slender
walls i.e. crushing of concrete, buckling and fracture of reinforcement. Recommendations had
provided to avoid the lateral displacement and effective stiffness to slender walls.

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P.P. Chndurkar[9] had presented study of G+9 building having three meters height for each storey.
The whole building design had carried out according to IS code for seismic resistant design and
the building had considered fixed at base. Structural element for design had assumed as square or
rectangular in section. They had done modeling of building using ETAB software in that four
different models were studied with different positioning of shear walls.
J kubin, Y M Fahjan and M T Tan has carried out a computation model to compare the models having shear
walls in different positions and compare their results to come to a practical solution for optimal use of shear
walls.
Ms. Patil Dhaashree Suryakant, has research journal in Emerging Trends in formwork, which talks about
the cost effectiveness of MIVAN formwork over conventional formwork”, and found out that mivan
formwork is cost effective when compared to that of conventional formwork.
Bhruguli H Gandhi, in his theisis projected has performed a computational modelling approach to study the
behavior of shear wall with openings and found out that the stresses are relatively higher in the corners of
the openings and came to a solution to provide a transverse beam to reduce the stresses near the opening.
Mr. M Ramesh has performed a computational modelling to compare the reluts obtained from analyzing a
regular and irregular configuration of multistorey building in ETABS and STAAD and came to a
conclusion that the results obtained from both the software are within the permissible limits.

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CHAPTER 3
Concepts in Earthquake Behavior of Buildings
3.1 Lateral Load-Resistant Buildings

Dynamic actions are caused on buildings by both wind and earthquakes. But, design for
wind forces and for earthquake effects are distinctly different. The intuitive philosophy of
structural design uses force as the basis, which is consistent in wind design, wherein the building
is subjected to a pressure on its exposed surface area; this is force-type loading. However, in
earthquake design, the building is subjected to random motion of the ground at its base, which
induces inertia forces in the building that in turn cause stresses; this is displacement-type loading.
Wind force on the building has a non-zero mean component superposed with a relatively
small oscillating component (Figure 3.1). Thus, under wind forces, the building may experience
small fluctuations in the stress field, but reversal of stresses occurs only when the direction of wind
reverses, which happens only over a large duration of time. On the other hand, the motion of the
ground during the earthquake is cyclic about the neutral position of the structure. Thus, the stresses
in the building due to seismic actions undergo many complete reversals and that took over the
small duration of earthquake.

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Figure 3.1: (a) Earthquake Ground Movement at base, and (b) Wind Pressure on exposed area
time time
(a) (b)
Figure 3.2: (a) Earthquake Ground Motion – zero mean, cyclic, and (b) Wind Pressure – non-zero mean,
oscillatory
3.2 Aspects of Seismic Design

The mass of the building being designed controls seismic design in addition to the building
stiffness, because earthquake induces inertia forces that are proportional to the building mass.
Designing buildings to behave elastically during earthquakes without damage may render the
project economically unviable. Therefore, the traditional earthquake-resistant design philosophy
requires that normal buildings should be able to resist.
(a) Minor earthquake shouldn’t damage the structural and non-structural elements.
(b) Moderate earthquake damaging structural elements and to non-structural elements; and
(c) Severe earthquake with damage to structural elements, but with NO collapse (to save life
and property inside/adjoining the building).
Therefore, buildings are designed only for a fraction (~8-14%) of the force that they would
experience, if they were designed to remain elastic during the expected strong ground shaking and

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thereby permitting damage. But, sufficient initial stiffness is required to be ensured to avoid
structural damage under minor shaking. Thus, seismic design balances reduced cost and acceptable
damage, to make the project viable. This careful balance is arrived based on extensive research
and detailed post-earthquake damage assessment studies. A wealth of this information is translated
into precise seismic design provisions.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 3.3: (a) Minor Shaking (b) Moderate Shaking (c) Severe Shaking
The design for only a fraction of the elastic level of seismic forces is possible, only if the
building can stably withstand large displacement demand through structural damage without
collapse and undue loss of strength. This property is called ductility (Figure 3.4). It is relatively
simple to design structures to possess certain lateral strength and initial stiffness by appropriately
proportioning the size and material of the members. But, achieving sufficient ductility is more
involved and requires extensive laboratory tests on full-scale specimen to identify preferable
methods of detailing.
In summary, the loading imposed by earthquake shaking under the building is of

displacement-type that by wind and all other hazards is of force-type. Earthquake shaking requires
buildings to be capable of resisting certain relative displacement within it due to the imposed
displacement at its base, while wind and other hazards require buildings to resist certain level of
force applied on it. While it is possible to estimate with precision the maximum force that can be
imposed on a building, the maximum displacement imposed under the building is not as precisely
known. For the same maximum displacement to be sustained by a building wind design requires
only elastic behavior in the entire range of displacement, but in earthquake design there are two
options, namely design the building to remain elastic or to undergo inelastic behavior. The latter

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option is adopted in normal buildings, and the former in special buildings, like critical buildings
of nuclear power plants.
Figure 3.4: Ductility: Buildings are designed and detailed to develop favorable failure mechanisms
that possess specified lateral strength, reasonable stiffness and, above all, good post-yield
deformability.

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Figure 3.5: Displacement Loading versus Force Loading

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3.3 The Four Virtues of Earthquake Resistant Buildings

For a building to perform satisfactorily during earthquakes, it must meet the philosophy of
earthquake-resistant design discussed in Section 3.2.
3.3.1 Characteristics of Buildings

There are four aspects of buildings that architects and design engineers work with to create
the earthquake-resistant design of a building, namely seismic structural configuration, lateral
stiffness, lateral strength and ductility, in addition to other aspects like form, aesthetics,
functionality and comfort of building. Lateral stiffness, lateral strength and ductility of buildings
can be ensured by strictly following most seismic design codes. But, good seismic structural
configuration can be ensured by following coherent architectural features that result in good
structural behavior.
(a) Seismic Structural Configuration
Seismic structural configuration entails three main aspects, namely (a) geometry, shape
and size of the building, (b) location and size of structural elements, and (c) location and size of
significant non-structural elements. Influence of the geometry of a building on its earthquake
performance is best understood from the basic geometries of convex and concave lenses from
school-day physics class The line joining any two points within area of the convex lens, lies
completely within the lens. But, the same is not true for the concave lens; a part of the line may
lie outside the area of the concave lens.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 3.6: (a) overall geometry, (b) structural elements (e.g., moment resisting frames and
structural walls), and (c) significant non-structural elements

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(b) Structural Stiffness, Strength and Ductility
The next three overall properties of a building, namely lateral stiffness, lateral strength and
ductility, are illustrated in Figure 3.7, through the lateral load – lateral deformation curve of the
building. Lateral stiffness refers to the initial stiffness of the building, even though stiffness of the
building reduces with increasing damage. Lateral strength refers to the maximum resistance that
the building offers during its entire historey of resistance to relative deformation. Ductility towards
lateral deformation refers the ratio of the maximum deformation and the idealized
Figure 3.7: Ductility towards lateral deformation yield deformation.
3.4 Earthquake Demand

The method of design of buildings should therefore take into account the deformation
demand on the building, and the deformation capacity of the building. The former depends on the
seismo-tectonic setting of the location of the building, but the latter is within the control of the
design professionals (i.e., architects and engineers). The concern is that both of these quantities
have uncertainties. On one hand, even though some understanding is available on the maximum
possible ground displacement at a location, earth scientists are not able to clearly provide the upper
bound for these numbers. Each new damaging earthquake has always provided surprises. And, on

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the other hand, analytical tools are not available to estimate precisely the overall nonlinear
behavior of an as-built structure, and its ultimate deformation capacity.
On part of the design engineer, a procedure should be employed that is known to result in
higher confidence on the structural safety of the building being designed to withstand without
collapse during expected severe earthquake shaking and render the requisite post-earthquake
performance (e.g., at least a minimum desired ultimate deformation capacity). There are many
procedures that are adopted/suggested worldwide [e.g., Goel, 2008]. One structural design
procedure includes adherence to the following sequence:
1. Arrive at a simple overall geometry of the building for the needed height. Building should be
well-proportioned in keeping with the known tenets of acceptable upper limits of overall
slenderness ratio and plan aspect ratio, and all the discussions available in earthquake design
literature on acceptable seismic structural configurations;
2. Adopt a structural system that will resist the vertical and lateral loads offering direct load paths
in both plan directions of the building. It is preferable to use structural walls in RC building
intended to resist strong earthquake shaking.
3. Determine the preliminary sizing of individual structural elements, based on acceptable
slenderness ratios and cross-sectional aspect ratios, and minimum reinforcement requirements.
4. Identify a desired collapse mechanism in which the building should deform in, under the
extreme condition of collapse, if ever, when the earthquake shaking well exceeds the design
earthquake shaking for which buildings are normally designed. Usually, in frame structures,
plastic moment hinges are desired at the ends of the beams with good rotational ductility. The
hinge forms over a small length of the beam, often termed as plastic hinge length; this length
depends on the depth, span and end connectivity of the member.
5. Prepare a basic structural analysis model of the building with the dimensions and details
obtained from preliminary design strategies. Impose a horizontal deformation on the building
corresponding to permissible inter-storey drift at all storeys, and perform an elastic analysis of
the building. Use concentrated loads at floor levels to push the building by the desired amounts.
Note that this step is not usual adopted by common designers. Instead, they apply design lateral
forces, perform structural analysis, and then design structural elements based on stress-

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resultants obtained from structural analysis. In the sequence of steps suggested in this structural
design procedure, that step appears later as Step 8 below.
6. Perform seismic design of all structural elements of the building. For instance, in a moment-
resisting frame building:
Design the slabs of the building.
Design beams first for flexure, and then for shear, adopting the capacity design method for
design of shear following the desired collapse mechanism identified.
Design all columns and structural walls, to be stronger than the connected beams, first for
flexure, and then for shear, adopting the capacity design method for design of shear and
following the desired collapse mechanism identified.
Design the beam-to-column, beam-to-wall and slab-to-wall joints.
Design the foundation(s) of the building.
Ensure that the soil underneath is capable of resisting the loads from above under strong
shaking, and that it remains intact during the said shaking.
7. Prepare the improved structural analysis model of the building with the dimensions and details
obtained from the design calculations performed above. Estimate the fundamental translational
natural period T of the building, and calculate the design seismic base shear VB on the building
8. Apply the design seismic base shear VB on the structural analysis model of the building. And,
check the adequacy of the design of all structural elements, including beam-column and beam-
wall joints.
If the desired mechanism is not achieved, make suitable changes in the design (i.e., choice of
the structural system, and/or proportioning of structural members) to achieve the same. The above
steps should be repeated for the new design chosen. If the desired mechanism is achieved, requisite
ductile detailing may be performed and the drawings prepared accordingly.
3.4 SEISMIC DESIGN FORCE

Earthquake shaking is random and time variant. But, most design codes represent the
earthquake-induced inertia forces as the net effect of such random shaking in the form of design
equivalent static lateral force. This force is called as the Seismic Design Base Shear VB and
remains the primary quantity involved in force-based earthquake-resistant design of buildings.
This force depends on the seismic hazard at the site of the building represented by the Seismic

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Zone Factor Z. Also, in keeping with the philosophy of increasing design forces to increase the
elastic range of the building and thereby reduce the damage in it, codes tend to adopt the
Importance Factor I for effecting such decisions. Further, the net shaking of a building is a
combined effect of the energy carried by the earthquake at different frequencies and the natural
periods of the building. This philosophy is introduced with the help of Response Reduction Factor
R, which is larger for ductile buildings and smaller for brittle ones. Each of these factors is
discussed in this and subsequent chapters. In view of the uncertainties involved in parameters, like
Z and Sa/g, the upper limit of the imposed deformation demand on the building is not known as a
deterministic upper bound value. Thus, design of earthquake effects is not termed as earthquake-
proof design. Instead, the earthquake demand is estimated only based on concepts of probability
of exceedance, and the design of earthquake effects is termed as earthquake-resistant design
against the probable value of the demand.
As per the Indian Seismic Code IS:1893 (Part 1) - 2007, Design Base Shear VB is given by:
where Z is the Seismic Zone Factor (Table 2.1), I the Importance Factor (Table 2.2), R the
Response Reduction Factor (Table 2.3), and Sa g the Design Acceleration Spectrum Value
(Figure 2.2) given by:
in which T is the fundamental translational natural period of the building in the considered
direction of shaking.

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Table 3.1: Importance Factor Z of buildings as per IS:1893 (Part 1) – 2007
Table 3.2: Response Reduction Factor R of buildings as per IS:1893 (Part 1) - 2007
Lateral Load Resisting System R
Building Frame Systems
Ordinary RC moment resisting frame (OMRF) 3.0
Special RC moment-resisting frame (SMRF) 5.0
Steel frame with
(a) Concentric braces 4.0
(b) Eccentric braces 5.0
Steel moment resisting frame designed as per SP 6 (6) 5.0
Buildings with Shear Walls
Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 3.0
Ductile shear walls 4.0
Buildings with Dual Systems
Ordinary shear wall with OMRF 3.0
Ordinary shear wall with SMRF 4.0
Ductile shear wall with OMRF 4.5
Ductile shear wall with SMRF 5.0

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3.5 Dynamic Characteristics of Buildings

Buildings oscillate during earthquake shaking. The oscillation causes inertia force to be
induced in the building. The intensity and duration of oscillation, and the amount of inertia force
induced in a building depend on features of buildings, called their dynamic characteristics, in
addition to the characteristics of the earthquake shaking itself. The important dynamic
characteristics of buildings are modes of oscillation and damping. A mode of oscillation of a
building is defined by associated Natural Period and Deformed Shape in which it oscillates.
3.5.1 Natural Period
Natural Period Tn of a building is the time taken by it to undergo one complete cycle of oscillation.
It is an inherent property of a building controlled by its mass m and stiffness k. These three
quantities are related by
M
T = 2π√ K
Its units are seconds (s). Thus, buildings that are heavy (with larger mass m) and flexible
(with smaller stiffness k) have larger natural period than light and stiff buildings. Buildings
oscillate by translating along X, Y or Z directions, or by rotating about X, Y or Z axes, or by a
combination of the above. When a building oscillates, there is an associated shape of oscillation.
Figure 3.8: Buildings oscillate by translating along X, Y or Z directions or/and by rotating about X,
Y or Z axes

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(a) Fundamental Natural Period

Every building has a number of natural frequencies, at which it offers minimum resistance
to shaking induced by external effects (like earthquakes and wind) and internal effects (like motors
fixed on it). Each of these natural frequencies and the associated deformation shape of a building
constitute a Natural Mode of Oscillation. The mode of oscillation with the smallest natural
frequency (and largest natural period) is called the Fundamental Mode; the associated natural
period T1 is called the Fundamental Natural Period (Figure 2.5) and the associated natural
frequency f1 the Fundamental Natural Frequency. Further, regular buildings held at their base from
translation in the three directions, have
(1) Three fundamental translational natural periods, Tx1, Ty1 and Tz1, associated with its
horizontal translational oscillation along X and Y directions, and vertical translational
oscillation along Z direction, respectively, and
(2) One fundamental rotational natural period Tθ1 associated with its rotation about an axis
parallel to Z axis.
(1) Effect of Stiffness
Increasing the column size increases both stiffness and mass of buildings. But, when the
percentage increase in stiffness as a result of increase in column size is larger than the percentage
increase in mass, the natural period reduces. Hence, the usual discussion that increase in column
size reduces the natural period of buildings does not consider the simultaneous increase in mass;
in that context, buildings are said to have shorter natural periods with increase in column size.
(2) Effect of Mass
Mass of a building that is effective in lateral oscillation during earthquake shaking is called
the seismic mass of the building. It is the sum of its seismic masses at different floor levels. Seismic
mass at each floor level is equal to full dead load plus appropriate fraction of live load. The fraction
of live load depends on the intensity of the live load and how it is connected to the floor slab.
Seismic design codes of each country/region provide fractions of live loads to be considered for
design of buildings to be built in that country/region.

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(3) Effect of Building Height
As the height of building increases, its mass increases but its overall stiffness
decreases. Hence, the natural period of a building increases with increase in height.
Buildings A, B, F and H have same plan size, but are of different heights. Taller buildings
have larger fundamental natural period than shorter ones.
(4) Effect of Column Orientation
Orientation of rectangular columns influences lateral stiffness of buildings along two

horizontal directions. Hence, changing the orientation of columns changes the translational natural
period of buildings.
(5) Effect Of Unreinforced Masonry Infill Walls In Rc Frames
In many countries, the space between the beams and columns of building are filled with
unreinforced masonry (URM) infills. These infills participate in the lateral response of buildings
and as a consequence alter the lateral stiffness of buildings. Hence, natural periods (and modes of
(b) Design Practice

Fundamental natural period is an important parameter in earthquake-resistant design.
Design horizontal acceleration Ah or design horizontal base shear coefficient VB/W of a building
is a function of its translational natural periods in the considered direction of design lateral force.
Sometimes, only the fundamental period is used in obtaining the design base shear. Design codes
give smoothened curves to estimate design base shear coefficient as a function of estimated
fundamental translational natural period of a building.

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Figure 3.9: Effect of Natural Period on design horizontal seismic force coefficient
In summary, natural periods of buildings depend on the distribution of mass and stiffness
along the building (in all directions).
1. Natural periods of buildings reduce with increase in stiffness.

2. Natural periods of buildings increase with increase in mass.
3. Taller buildings have larger fundamental translational natural periods.
4. Buildings tend to oscillate in the directions in which they are most flexible and have larger
translational natural periods.
Natural periods of buildings depend on amount and extent of spatial distribution of unreinforced
masonry infill walls.
3.5.2 MODE SHAPE

Mode shape of oscillation associated with a natural period of a building is the deformed
shape of the building when shaken at the natural period. Hence, a building has as many mode
shapes as the number of natural periods. For a building, there are infinite numbers of natural period.
But, in the mathematical modeling of building, usually the building is discretized into a number of
elements. The junctions of these elements are called nodes. Each node is free to translate in all the
three Cartesian directions and rotate about the three Cartesian axes. Hence, if the number of nodes
of discretization is N, then there would be 6N modes of oscillation, and associated with these are

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6N natural periods and mode shapes of oscillation. The deformed shape of the building associated
with oscillation at fundamental natural period is termed its first mode shape. Similarly, the
deformed shapes associated with oscillations at second, third, and other higher natural periods are
called second mode shape, third mode shape, and so on, respectively.
(A) Fundamental Mode Shape Of Oscillation
There are three basic modes of oscillation, namely, pure translational along X-direction,
pure translational along Y-direction and pure rotation about Z-axis. Regular buildings have these
pure mode shapes. Irregular buildings (i.e., buildings that have irregular geometry, non-uniform
distribution of mass and stiffness in plan and along the height) have mode shapes that are a mixture
of these pure mode shapes. Each of these mode shapes is independent, implying, it cannot be
obtained by combining any or all of the other mode shapes.
Figure 3.10: Basic modes of oscillation: Two translational and one rotational mode shapes
(B) Design Practice

Design engineers need to control both the mass and stiffness of buildings. They should use
this freedom to tune the stiffness of the building in the two plan directions X and Y in such a way
that:
(1) The fundamental modes of oscillation are the translational natural modes of oscillation, and
that too are the pure translational mode shapes and NOT diagonal or torsional oscillations.
(2) All torsional modes of oscillation and mixed (torsional-cum-translational) modes of
oscillation, if any, are pushed to possess natural periods outside the range 0.04-2.00s, by
increasing the torsional stiffness of the building through the introduction of structural walls
along the perimeter of the building.

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(3) Buildings are not made structurally bi-symmetric in the two plan directions (even though, they
may be architecturally bi-symmetric in plan) resulting in the same natural period for the two
pure horizontal translational modes of oscillation. No two natural periods of pure translational
modes of vibration should be within 15% of the larger natural period. This 15% limit is arrived
at to ensure that the width of the peak response (taken as that corresponding to 70% of peak
response as defined by half power method for estimating damping) at a certain natural period
does not overlap with that at the adjacent natural period.
3.6 DAMPING
Buildings set to oscillation by earthquake shaking eventually come back to rest with time.
This is due to dissipation of the oscillatory energy through conversion to other forms of energy,
like heat and sound. The mechanism of this conversion is called damping. In normal ambient
shaking of building, many factors impede its motion, e.g., drag from air resistance around the
building, micro-cracking of concrete in the structural members, and friction between various
interfaces in the building (like masonry infill walls and RC beams and columns). This damping is
called structural damping. But, under strong earthquake shaking, buildings are damaged. Here,
reinforcement bars and concrete of the RC buildings enter nonlinear range of material behavior.
The damping that arises from these inelastic actions is called hysteretic damping; this further
dampens oscillations of the building. Another form of damping is associated with soil. This
damping occurs when the soil strata underneath the building is flexible and absorbs energy input
to the building during earthquake shaking, and sends it to far off distances in the soil medium. This
is called radiation damping.
3.7 DUCTILITY
Ductility of a building is its capacity to accommodate large lateral deformations along the
height. It is quantified as the ratio μ of maximum deformation max that can be sustained just prior
to collapse (or failure, or significant loss of strength) to the yield deformation y. Thus, a ductile
building exhibits large inelastic deformation capacity without significant loss of strength capacity.
The state of the building prior to collapse or at failure is called the plastic condition of the building.

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CHAPTER 4
4.1 Introduction to Earthquake Resistant Design
Buildings subjected to earthquake shaking at their base oscillate back and forth in all three
directions. Under low levels of shaking, their amplitudes of shaking and directions of shaking are dependent
on how they are proportioned geometrically and in terms of stiffness throughout the building in plan and
elevation. Under strong earthquake shaking, buildings undergo damage also. Controlling the damage type
and sequence of damage in various structural elements is the main focus of earthquake-resistant design. It
is possible to get a reasonable understanding of the overall mechanism of failure of the building by suitable
nonlinear static analysis. Many deficiencies discussed in this document can be identified at the design stage
itself, and the structural configurations and design and detailing of members modified to make the building
resist the earthquake effects generated in the building during strong earthquake shaking.
Figure 4.1: Inter-relations that affect Earthquake-Resistant Design of Buildings

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Thus, in earthquake-resistant design of new buildings, design development process involves.
(1) Analyzing the building to capture desired seismic behavior, i.e., performing suitable analyses
of building to ensure the limited expected behavioral actions ALONE are realized in building
during earthquake shaking;
(2) Designing the building to reflect that all assumptions made in analysis are honored, and
thereby controlling desired seismic behavior through design of the new building; and
(3) Observing the building (during the next earthquake in the region where the building is built)
to gain confidence in the design process or understand deficiencies in it.
But, in assessment of earthquake resistance of existing buildings, safety assessment process
involves marginally separate steps (depending on whether the assessment is done after an
earthquake or before it. For the pre-earthquake assessment, the steps involved are,
Figure 4.2: Earthquake Performance Assessment of NEW Buildings

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4.2 Earthquake-Resistant Design Methods

The ideal lateral load-deformation (backbone) curve of a building under monotonic lateral
displacement loading in pushover analysis reflects three clear features, namely linear behavior,
onset of nonlinear behavior and plastic behavior (Figure 4.3). These features may be used to
identify three dominant ranges of structural behavior in the sequence in which they appear, namely
elastic behavior, early inelastic behavior and ductile inelastic behavior. An important consequence
of all these three characteristics together is inelastic energy dissipation capacity of the building.
Figure 4.3: Four broad methods available for Earthquake-Resistant Design

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4.3 Modeling the Structural System of The Building for Structural Analysis
(On A Computer)
Prepare a basic structural analysis model of the building with the dimensions and details obtained
from preliminary design strategies. The analytical model of the building should be a 3-dimensional one to
be able to study dynamic behavior, with all possible stiffness and masses of the building included in it;
two-dimensional models are unacceptable, because seismic design codes require all buildings to be
analyzed with torsional effects with at least a minimum eccentricity between mass and stiffness at each
floor level of the building; (classical literature requires that cracked moment of inertia properties be used
in modeling moment frame members.
4.3.1 Performing Seismic Design Of All Structural Elements Of The Building

(a) Design the slabs of the building.
(b) Design each beam for flexure for the governing moment demand obtained from the load
combinations. Then, design these beams for shear, by the capacity design method and in
line with the plastic hinges in the identified desired collapse mechanism.
(c) Design all columns and structural walls for flexure, for the governing axial force and
bending moment combinations specified by the seismic design code, and for the stress-
resultants arising out of an additional special load combination of the building with over
strength plastic moment hinges as per identified desirable collapse mechanism. Then,
design the columns for shear, for the shear demand from the load combinations specified
by the seismic design code and for that arising out of an additional special load combination
based on the capacity design method for design of shear considering the plastic hinges in
beams as per identified desirable collapse mechanism. RC columns and RC walls should
be designed to have all design points within the tension failure region on the P-M
interaction diagram, i.e., usually to have axial load demand to be about less than 30% of
the uniaxial compression capacity of the section. Members of RC moment-resisting frame
buildings need to have few more important features, namely:
(d) the column should be much wider than the beam (in both directions) to allow beam bars to
be passed into/through column without cranking;

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4.4 Types of Structural System

A ‘tall building’ or ‘high-rise building’ is a building whose height creates different
conditions in the design, construction and use than those that exist in common buildings of certain
region and period. The tallness of a building is a matter of a person’s or community’s perception
therefore, a particular definition of a tall building cannot be universally applied. Tall building
structures frame requires special structural arrangements, if they are subjected to appreciable
lateral loads such as high wind pressures and earthquake loadings. In modern era, tall buildings
structures are in great demands because of the following reasons which are as follows:
 Scarceness of land in urban areas
 Greater demand for business and residential space
 Economical
 Technical advancements
 Innovations in Structural Systems
 Desire for aesthetics in urban areas
 Cultural significance and prestige
 Human ambitions to build higher
Tall buildings are subjected to various types of loads during its service life time. It must be
so designed to resist the gravitational and lateral forces, both permanent and transitory, that will
be called on to sustain during its construction and subsequent service life. Major loads of which a
tall building structures are subjected to are given below:
 Gravity loads – Dead loads – Live loads
 Lateral loads – Wind loads – Seismic loads
 Special loads – Impact loads – Blasts loads

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Figure 4.4: Different structural form for different heights of structure
1. BRACED-FRAME STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
This system is used in steel construction, it is both an efficient and economical way for
improving the lateral stiffness and resistance of rigid frame system. The bracing will almost
eliminate the bending of columns and beams by resisting lateral loads primarily through axial
stress, thus allowing for slenderer elements. In braced frames, the lateral resistance of the structure
is provided by diagonal members that together with the girders, form the “web” of the vertical
truss, with the columns acting as the “chords”. A very well-known example of braced frame
structural system can be seen in the Empire State Building.
2. FRAMED TUBE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
The ‘tube’ system evolved from a quest to develop a bracing configuration that would place
as much gravity load on the exterior columns as possible to help counter the overturning effects of
lateral loads while taking advantage of exterior column’s large distance to the neutral axis to resist
bending moment. The solution was to create a system in which the exterior frames encircling the
structure would be rigid enough to behave as nearly as possible like a three-dimensional vertical

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cantilever. The “Framed Tube” structural system in tall building structures has been widely used
in resisting a wide range of lateral loads. It usually consists of closely spaced wide exterior columns
connected at each floor level with relatively deep spandrel beams through moment connections.
This tubular concept is generally economically attractive, possesses torsional rigidity, and also
provide greater flexibility in space planning since most framed columns are located at the perimeter
of the building. A well-known example of framed tube structural system is World Trade Center
which is 110 storey high structure.
3. OUTRIGGER-BRACED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Outrigger are rigid horizontal structures designed to improve building overturning stiffness
and strength by connecting the core or spine to distant columns. Outrigger systems functions by
tying together two structural systems- typically a core system and a perimeter system to yield
whole structural behaviors that are much better than those of component system. The benefits of
an outrigger system lie in the fact that building deformations resulting from the overturning
moments get reduced, on the other hand greater efficiency is achieved in resisting forces. Outrigger
engages the perimeter columns in lateral load resisting action which would otherwise acts as a
gravity load resisting elements. Outrigger system performance is affected by outrigger locations
through the height of the building, the number of levels of outrigger provided, their plan locations,
outrigger truss depths and the primary structural materials used.
4. SHEAR WALL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Concrete or masonry continuous vertical walls may serve both architecturally as partitions
and structurally to carry gravity and lateral loading. Their very high in plane stiffness and strength
makes them ideally suited for bracing tall building structures. Because of their stiffness, shear wall
structural system can be economical up to 35 stories building structure. It is especially important
in shear wall system to try to plan the wall layout so that the lateral load tensile stresses are
suppressed by the gravity load stresses. Shear walls are usually provided along both length and
width of buildings. Shear walls are like vertically-oriented wide beams that carry earthquake loads
downwards to the foundation. Such wall acts as a beam cantilevered out of the foundation and just
as with a beam, part of its strength derives from its depth.

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CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
In the present study, Reinforced Concrete (RC) walled structure has been modeled and then
analyzed using ETABS software package. The total height of the building considered for the study
is 90 m. The height of each storey is3m (30 storey) and all the floors are considered as typical
floors. Two plans of different shape have been modelled. In order to know the response of the
structures to dynamic loading, the modal analysis is carried for the structures. In modal analysis,
we decompose the response of the structure into several vibration modes. A mode is defined by its
frequency and shape. The mode with the shortest frequency or the longest period is the
fundamental mode. The structure will be modelled for RC wall system and also for the regular
framed structure. The results are then tabulated and then the results are compared to understand
the performance of both the structure.
Analysis and design of both systems are carried in ETABS for various loading. Following
assumptions are made during design and analysis.
1. The material is homogeneous, isotropic.

2.All columns support is considered as fixed at the foundation.
3.All RC structural wall supports are considered as fixed at the foundation.
5.1 LOADS CONSIDERED
Loads are primary consideration in any buildings design because they define the nature and
magnitude of hazards or external forces that a building must resist to provide reasonable
performance (i.e.; safety and serviceability) throughout the structure’s useful life.
The anticipated loads are influenced by a building’s intended use (occupancy and function),
configuration (shape and size) and location (climate and site conditions). Ultimately, the type and
magnitude of the design loads affect critical decisions such has the Material selection, construction
details, and architectural configuration. Thus, to optimize the value (i.e. performance versus

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economy) of the finished product, it is essential to apply design loads realistically. While the
building consider in this guide are primary single-family detached and attached dwellings, the
principles and concepts related to building loads also apply to other similar types of construction,
such as low-rise apartment’s buildings.
In general, the design loads recommended in this guide are based on:
1. Dead load
2. Live load
3. Imposed loads
4. Wind loads
5. Earth Quake load
5.1.1 DEAD LOADS:
This is the permanent of the stationary load like self-weight of the structural elements.
This include the following
a) Self-weight
b) Weight of the finished structure part.
c) Weight of partition walls etc.
Dead loads are based upon the unit weights of elements, which are established taking in
account materials specified for construction, given IS 1911-1967 Dead loads consists of the
permanent construction material loads compressing the roof, floor, wall, and foundation system,
including claddings finishes and fixed equipment. Dead load is the total load of all of the
components of the building that generally do not change over time, such as the steel columns,
concrete floors, bricks, roofing material etc.
5.1.2 LIVE LOADS:
These loads are not permanent or moving loads. The following loads includes in this type
of loading: imposed loads (fixed) weight of the fixed seating in auditoriums, fixed machinery,

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partition walls these loads through fixed in positions cannot be relieved upon to act permanently
throughout the life of the structure.
Imposed loads (not fixed) these loads change either in magnitude or position very often such as
the traffic loads, weight of the furniture etc. Live loads are produced by the use occupancy of the
building. Loads include those from human occupants, furnishings, no fixed equipment, storage,
and constriction and maintenance activities. As required to adequately define the loading
condition, loads are presented in terms of uniform are loads, concentrated loads, and uniform line
loads.
5.1.3 IMPOSED LOADS:
Loads produced by intended use occupancy of a building including the weight movable
portions distributed concentrated loads and loads that vibration and impact called imposed loads
estimated by IS 456-2000.
5.1.4 WIND LOADS:
The effects of wind on structures are still not perfectly understood and our knowledge in
this area is constantly improving with the periodic revisions of the applicable wind code
provisions. High winds can cause four types of structural damages which are stated as
1. Collapse
2. Partial collapse
3. over damage
4. Sliding Often partial damage occurs most frequently.
Wind forces are applied perpendicular to all roofs and walls and both internal and external
wind pressures are considered. Wind is not constant with height or with time, is not uniform over
the side of the structure and does not always cause positive pressure. Both the wind pressure and
the wind suction must be taken into account during the structural analysis. Pressure coefficients
used in the practice have usually been obtained experimentally by testing models of different types
of structures in wind tunnels. When wind interacts with a structure, both positive and negative
pressures occur simultaneously.

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5.1.5 EARTH QUAKE LOAD:
Seismic motions consist of horizontal and vertical ground motions, with the vertical motion
usually having a much smaller magnitude. The factor of safety provided against gravity loads
usually can accommodate additional forces due to vertical acceleration due to earthquakes. So, the
horizontal motion of the ground causes the most significant effect on the structure by shaking the
foundation back and forth. However in practice all structures are flexible to some degree but a very
flexible structure will be subjected to a much longer force under repetitive ground motion. This
shows the magnitude of the lateral force on a structure is not only dependent on the acceleration
of the ground but it will also depend on the type of structure (F=Ma). In the earthquake resistant
design focus is on the ductility and energy absorption by the material used (steel) for construction.
It was shown repeatedly that no static analysis can assure a good dissipation of energy and
favorable distribution of damage in irregular structures and in general the more slender a structure,
the worse the overturning effect of an earthquake Seismic load can be calculated taking the view
of acceleration response of the ground to the super structure. According to the severity of
earthquake intensity they are divided into 4 zones.
1. Zone II.
2. Zone III.
3. Zone IV.
4. Zone V
5.1.6 LOAD COMBINTION:
For seismic load analysis of a building the code refers following load combination.
1. 1.5(DL + IL)
2. 1.2(DL + IL ± EL)
3. 1.5(DL ± EL)
4. 0.9 DL ± 1.5 EL
For wind load analysis of a building the code refers following load combination.
1. DL +LL
2. DL+WL
3. DL+0.8LL+0.8WL

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Both WL and EL are applied in X and Z direction. These loads are also applied further in
negative X and Z direction. So for Seismic analysis there are 18 load combinations and for Wind
load analysis there are 11 load combinations.
The modeling for RC structural wall system is done in ETABS nonlinear v16.0.2 as follows.
1. Centerline plan of both shapes is drawn in auto cad and imported to ETABS.
2. Boundary conditions are assigned to the nodes wherever it is required. Boundary
conditions are assigned to the bottom of the wall i.e. at the ground level where restraints
should be against all movement to imitate the behavior of structural wall.
3. Define materials to be used, here we will define concrete, steel material using define
section properties menu.
4. The geometric properties of the elements are dimensions for the wall is defined first
and then assigned in the grid. Wall is considered as pier and spandrel
5. Wind loading and seismic parameters are defined for structure as per the preliminary
data.
6. Response spectrum functions are defined as per the seismic consideration and also
diaphragms.
7. Static load cases and load combinations are defined and loads are assigning to the joint
as they will be applied in the real structure.
8. The model is analyzed and results (Forces, stresses and displacement) are shown in
figure.

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5.2 PLAN
Figure 5.1: Rectangular plan and C shape plan with courtyard modelled in AUTOCAD

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Figure 5.2: ETABS model showing the Column and beam position in both the plans.

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Figure 5.3: ETABS model showing the RC Structural wall position in both the plans.

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Table 5.1 Structural Data and Material Properties
Sr.No. Structural Data Property
1 Concrete Grade M30
2 Type of material Isotropic
3 Modulus of Elasticity 27 KN//mm2
4 Poisson’s Ratio 0.2
5 Concrete Strength 30 MPa
6 Wall Thickness 180mm
7 Slab Thickness 125mm
8 Tensile Reinforcement Fe 500
9 Shear Reinforcement Fe 415
10 Number of Stories 30
11 Storey Height 3m
12 Beam size in conventional beam column system 300mm x 300mm
13 Column sizes- exterior columns on Ground Floor 300mm x 900mm
14 Column size: interior columns 300mm x 450mm

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Table 5.2 Seismic, Wind, Dead, Live Loading Parameters
Sr.No. Parameter Value
1 Seismic coefficient as per IS:1893-2000
Seismic Zone Factor 0.1 (II) & 0.36 (V)
Soil Type III(Soft)
Importance Factor(I) 1
Response Reduction Factor(R) 5
2 Wind Coefficient as per IS:875
Risk Coefficient(K1) 1
Terrain Category, Height, structure Size Factor (K2) 1.02
Topography Factor (K3) 1

33 m/s Mysuru
Basic Wind Speed
50m/s Guwahati
3 Dead load
Self-weight
Floor finished load 1 KN/m2
Unknown partition wall 1 KN/m2
4 Live Load
For Houses 2 KN/m2
For passage and corridors 3 KN/m2

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CHAPTER 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 Modal Analysis Results

Mode of structure is nothing but in which all points of structure moves harmonically at the
same frequency to reach their individual maximum response. Modal analysis is a simple way to
calculate the natural frequencies of the system to know the frequencies can be destructive and
dangerous for the structure. It mainly tells us the “Resonance Frequency” of the geometry. It isn’t
related to a loading at this stage, only to the geometry. Resonance frequencies change due to the
shape of the model and the way it is constrained.
The number of modes to be used in analysis should be such that the sum total of modal masses of
all modes considered is at least 90% of total seismic mass and missing mass correction beyond 33
%. According to this requirement of IS 1893:2002 (part 1) we had considered 12 modes. Generally,
first three modes are considered to be very important for a structure. The modal periods and
frequency are listed in the table 6.1.
Figure 6.1: Modal Periods

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Figure 6.2: Modal Frequency
The first 3 modes are considered to be critical in a structure, the fundamental natural period of the
structure will be period at which the first mode vibrates.
From the graph, we can clearly understand that the periods are higher and frequencies are lower
for the RC Walled Structure compared to Framed structure, this is because of the period and
frequency depends on the number of factors like mass and stiffness of the structure. As the stiffness
increases the frequency will be higher. The stiffness of the both the models has been explained in
the subsequent graphs.
Period and frequency will remain the same for a structure in all zones as it is independent of loading
conditions and seismic zone factor.

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Table 6.1 Modal period and frequencies for both the structures.
Modes Period Frequency
Rectangular Shape C shape Rectangular Shape C shape
RC RC RC RC RC Frame RC RC RC
Frame walled Frame Walled walled Frame Walled
1
4.303 1.194 6.023 0.827 0.232 0.838 0.166 1.208
2
2.878 1.071 5.84 0.817 0.348 0.934 0.171 1.224
3
2.774 0.487 5.349 0.415 0.36 2.055 0.187 2.411
4
1.209 0.247 1.834 0.21 0.827 4.048 0.545 4.768
5
0.903 0.244 1.808 0.207 1.107 4.104 0.553 4.833
6
0.74 0.153 1.675 0.13 1.352 6.52 0.597 7.673
7
0.597 0.113 1.022 0.1 1.676 8.869 0.978 9.969
8
0.522 0.107 1.012 0.099 1.915 9.359 0.988 10.065
9
0.367 0.084 0.964 0.071 2.725 11.882 1.037 14.175
10
0.362 0.071 0.711 0.066 2.764 14.091 1.406 15.236
11
0.34 0.066 0.685 0.064 2.942 15.178 1.46 15.552
12
0.274 0.057 0.666 0.049 3.655 17.522 1.502 20.331

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6.2 Stiffness
Stiffness is the ability of a material to maintain its shape when acted upon by load. Reasons
concerned with deflections, absorption of energy and failure by instability has much greater
importance of stiffness. The stiffness of the structures is shown in figure 6.3.
Storey Stiffness
31
Rectangular RC Framed
26 Structure
Rectangular RC walled
Structure
21
Storey Number
C shape RC framed
Structure
16 C shape RC walled
Structure
11
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
STIFFNESS (x10^6 kN/m)
Figure 6.3: Storey Stiffness

Stiffness will remain same for both the zones considered in this project, as it only depends
on the geometry and material property of the structure. From the graph, we can clearly observe
that the stiffness of the RC framed Structures is relatively very low compared to that of RC walled
Structures. This tells us that that RC walled structure shows greater resistance to deformation under
applied loads. The stiffness of the C shape RC walled structure is relatively higher than the
Rectangular RC walled structure, this indicated us that C shape RC walled structure will attract
more loads and susceptible for failure. The designer has to balance the design between the stiffness
and flexibility in the structure.

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6.3 Storey Displacement

Storey displacement or drift of a reinforced concrete frame building under earthquake
loading is a critical parameter for structural evaluation or design. Storey displacement means the
displacement which occurred at each storey level because of various loading pattern. Generally,
storey displacement maximum limit is nothing but maximum storey displacement. In multistoried
building, maximum storey displacement will be observed at top stories. The storey displacement for
the structures is shown in figure 6.4.
Storey displacement (Mysore)

31
29
27
25
23
Storey Number
21
19
17 Rectangular RC Framed
15 Structure
13 Rectangular RC walled
11 Structure
9 C shape RC Frame
7
5 C shape RC walled
3
Structure
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Displacement x-direction (mm)
Storey displacement (Guwahati)

31
29
27
25
23
Storey Number
19
17 Structure
13 Structure
11 C shape RC Framed
9
7 Structure
5 C shape RC walled
3 Structure
1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Displacement (mm)
Figure 6.4: Storey Displacement graphs for Mysore and Guwahati

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Top Storey 450

Top Storey Displacement
70 Displacement 381.401
400
60 Rectangular RC 65.583
350
WalledStructure
50 300
C Shape Walled
49.133
structure 250
40
200
30 165.224
150
20 106.903
100
18.069
10 44.495
12.86 50
0 Rectanglar RC Framed structure

0
Mysore Guhawatui Mysore Guhawatui
C shape RC framed Structure
Figure 6.5: 30th storey displacement for both the system in both the seismic zone considered.
The above figure shows the storey displacement of RC walled and RC framed structure
of both the shapes considered under different seismic loads. From the graph, we can clearly
observe that storey displacement is relatively higher in RC framed Structure when compared to
that of RC walled structure, this is because of stiffness effect of the RC walled structure.
The storey displacement is C shape RC walled structure in the x direction is comparatively lower
when compared to Rectangular RC walled structure but the displacement in y direction for the
same load combination is higher in C shape RC walled structure. This is due to irregularity in
shape and effect of torsion.

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5.4 Storey Drift

Lateral Drift is the amount of side sway between two adjacent stories of a building caused
by lateral loads. For beam column system storey drift is greater than the RC structural wall system.
As per the IS1893-2002 storey drift is 0.004 times the storey height. Maximum storey drift will
occur near the lower third of the building height.
The greater the drift, the greater the likelihood of damage. Peak inters tory drift values
larger than 0.06 indicate severe damage, while values larger than 0.025 indicate that the damage
could be serious enough to pose a serious threat to human safety. Values in excess of 0.10 indicate
probable building collapse.
Storey Drifts (Mysore)
29 Structure
25 Structure
23 C shape RC framed
21 Structure
Storey Number
19
17
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016
Storey Drift (unitless)
Figure 6.6: Storey Drift graphs for Mysore

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31
Storey Drifts(Guwahati)
Rectangular RC Framed
29
Structure
27
23 Structure
21 C shape RC Framed
Storey Number
19 Structure
17 C shape RC walled
15 Structure
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
Drift (unitless)
Figure 6.7: Storey Drift graphs for Guwahati
10th Storey Drift 10th Storey Drift

0.006 0.0008
Rectangular RC
0.005 Rectanglar RC WalledStructure
Framed structure 0.0006
0.004 C Shape Walled
C shape RC structure
0.003 framed Structure 0.0004
0.002
0.0002
0.001
0 0
Mysore Guwahati Mysore Guwahati
Figure 6.8: Difference in storey drifts between framed and RC walled structure in different shapes

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10th Storey Drift 10th Storey Drift

0.0025 Rectanglar RC Framed 0.006
structure C shape RC framed
0.005 Structure
0.002
Rectangular RC
WalledStructure 0.004 C Shape Walled
0.0015 structure
0.003
0.001
0.002
0.0005
0.001
0 0
Figure 6.9: Difference in storey drifts between framed and RC walled structure for the same plans.
From the above graphs, we can clearly observe that Storey Drifts is relatively lower in the
in RC walled structure when compared with RC framed Structure. This is due to higher stiffness
in the RC walled structure.
When Storey Drifts are compared for RC framed structure in different plans (Rectangular
and C shape), the C shape with RC frame has higher Storey drifts in both the zones considered.
But when the Storey Drifts are compared for RC walled structure in both the plans C shape RC
walled structure has lower storey drifts, this due to irregularity in plan in C shape structure.
As mentioned above, all the storey drifts are lesser than 0.1, which indicates us that all building
are earthquake resistant in both the zones.

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5.5 Storey Shear

In the case of any seismic analysis of any building response is majorly represented by
using this storey shear parameter. Storey shear is sum total of all design lateral forces above the
storey level under consideration. Storey shear is one of the very important parameter which
represents total storey shear load carrying capacity.
Storey Shear(Mysore) Rectangular RC Framed Structure

31
Rectangular RC walled Structure
26
C shape RC framed Structure
Storey Number
21
C shape RC walled Structure
16
11
1
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Storey Shear (kN)
31 Storey Shear(Guwahati) Rectangular RC Framed

29 Structure
25 Structure
23
21 C shape RC Framed Structure
Stear Shear
19
17 C shape RC walled Structure
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
Shear (kN)
Figure 6.10: Storey Shear graphs for Mysore and Guwahati

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Base shear Base shear

14000 11852.385 40000 34148.40
6 31
12000 35000
10000 30000
Shear Force kN
Shear Force kN
25000
8000
6273.7096 20000
6000 9660.496 10604.90
15000 67
4000 3292.2443 4
10000
1740.9343
2000 5000 2947.198
0 0
Rectanglar RC Framed structure C shape RC framed Structure

Rectangular RC WalledStructure C Shape RCWalled structure
Base shear Base shear

10604.906
34148.403 12000
40000 7
1
35000 10000
30000
Shear Force kN
Shear Force kN
8000
25000 6273.7096
20000 11852.385 6000
15000 6 2947.198
9660.4964 4000
10000 1740.9343
3292.2443 2000
5000
0 0
Rectangular RC WalledStructure Rectanglar RC Framed structure

C Shape RCWalled structure C shape RC framed Structure
Figure 6.11: Storey Shear at base for Mysore and Guwahati
From the graph, we can clearly observe that the RC walled structures has higher base
shear than that of the framed structure. This is because of RC walled structure will be subjected
to higher seismic forces.

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6.6 Over Turning Moments

In simple words, the overturning moment is the moment of the external forces tending to
overturn a structure. These moments are very important for the design of sub structure
(Foundations) for a structure. The following graphs (Figure 6.12) shows the overturning moment
in RC walled and RC framed structure having different shapes in plan.
Overturning Moments(Mysore)
31
Rectangular RC 29
Framed Structure
Rectangular RC walled 27
Structure 25
C shape RC framed 23
Structure 21
C shape RC walled
Storey Number
19
Structure 17
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
-450 -400 -350 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0
Over turning momemt (x10^3 kN-m)
Over Turning Moment( Guwahati) 31

Rectangular RC Framed Structure 29
27
Rectangular RC walled Structure 25
23
C shape RC Framed Structure 21
Stear Shear
19
C shape RC walled Structure 17
15
13
11
9
7
5
3
1
-1600 -1400 -1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0
Moment (X10^3 kN-m)
Figure 6.12: Over turning moments Mysore and Guwahati

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6.7 Steel and Concrete Quantity
Table 6.2: quantity of steel in both the shapes in zone V
Storey Steel Quantity (Kg)

Rectangular Shape C shape
ramed
f Rc walled Framed Rc walled
15 3194.36 2345.50 4224.56 3225.56
14 3194.36 2345.50 4224.56 3225.56
13 3194.36 2345.50 4224.56 3225.56
12 3194.36 2345.50 4224.56 3225.56
11 3194.36 2345.50 4224.56 3225.56
10 3194.36 2345.50 4364.36 3225.56
9 4234.32 2345.50 4864.25 4486.36
8 6160.27 2345.50 6196.44 4676.24
7 7771.81 2345.50 7761.36 4676.24
6 7771.81 2345.50 7769.36 4676.24
5 7183.98 2345.50 7961.38 4676.24
4 7183.98 2345.50 8002.36 4676.24
3 11669.42 2345.50 10168.45 4676.24
2 11705.89 2345.50 11662.79 5100.59
1 11908.58 2345.50 12200.25 5100.59
Table 6.3: cost of steel
Sr.No Total Cost (Rs)

Rectangular RC
Rectangular Framed C shape C Shape RC Structural
Structural Wall
Structure Framed structure Wall System
System
Total Steel
Quantity(M 97.52 37.52 102.07 62.09
T)
Rate Per
30000 30000 30000 30000
MT
Steel Cost 2925600 1125600 3062100 1862700
In the general consideration, major cost of any construction project is mainly consisting
the cost of reinforced concrete framework i.e. cost of concrete and cost of steel. From quantity of
steel and concrete we can able to calculate framework costing. In this contexts cost of steel is
greater in case of Regular RC framed structure when compared to that of RC walled structure in
both the shapes considered. The quantity of steel is relatively higher in structures having
rectangular shape in plan when considered to structures having c shape in plan. This is due to the

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addition steel provided to tackle the effect of torsion in the C shaped structures. Total cost of
framing system is greater for beam column system is greater than RC structural wall system.
6.8 Conclusion
• The RC walled system can be used as an alternative from the economical and the structural
point of view from the conventional RC framed System in all seismic zones.
• As the RC walled structure is stiffer, the performance is better in all seismic zones than
the conventional RC framed structure.
• It is evident from the present study that RC walled structure having rectangular shape in
plan performs better than the RC walled structure having C- Shape in plan.
• The RC structural wall system having Rectangular plan in shape is more feasible than any
other buildings considered in the study in all the seismic zones.

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6.10 REFERENCE
1) Ramesh Kannan, Helen Santhi, “Constructability Assessment of Climbing Formwork Systems
Using Building Information Modeling”, International Conference on Design and
Manufacturing, IConDM 2013.
2) Desai D.B. “Emerging Trends in Formwork - Cost Analysis & Effectiveness of Mivan Formwork
over the Conventional Formwork” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-
JMCE) ISSN: 2278-1684, PP: 27-30.
3) O. Esmaili1 S. Epackachi M. Samadzad and S.R. Mirghaderi, “Study of Structural RC Shear Wall
System in a 56-Storey RC Tall Building” ,The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China.
4) Kaustubh Dasgupta“Seismic Design of slender Reinforced Concrete Structural Wall”
5) M.A.Hube, A.Marihuen, J.C.de la Llera, B.Stojiadinovic, “Seismic Behavior of Slender Reinforced

Concrete Walls”, Engineering Structures 80(2014) 377-388,Sep.2014.
6) David Spires, J.S.Arora, “Optimal Design of Tall RC framed Tube Building”, Journals of
structural Engineering, 1990.116:877-897, 1990.
7) Ali Soltani, Farhad Behnamfar, Kiachehr Behfarnia, Farshad Berahman , “Numerical tools for
modeling of RC shear walls”,
8) Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011

Leuven, Belgium, 4-6 July 2011, ISBN 978-90-760-1931-4.
9) Chaitanya Kumar J.D., Lute Venkat, “Analysis of multi storey building with precast load bearing
walls”, International Journals of Civil and Structural Engineering, Volume4,No2,2013.
10) P. P. Chandurkar, Dr. P. S. Pajgade, “Seismic Analysis of RCC Building with and Without Shear
Wall”, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) Vol. 3, Issue. 3, May - June
2013 pp-1805-1810 ISSN: 2249-6645.

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11) Alfa Rasikan, M.G.Rajendran, “Wind Behavior of Building with and without Shear Wall”,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol.3, Issue 2,
March- April 2013, PP.480-485.
12) Marisa Pecce, Francesca Ceroni, Fabio A. Bibbo,Alessandra De Angelis, “Behavior of RC

Building with large lightly reinforced walls along the perimeter”, Engineering Structures
73(2014) 39-53, April 2014.
13) M.S.Medhekar, S.K.Jain, “Seismic behavior, design & detailing of RC shear walls, Part-II:
Design and detailing”, The Indian concrete Journals, Sep.1993.
14) H.Q.Luu, I.Ghorbanirenani, P.Léger, R.Tremblay, “Structural dynamics of slender ductile

reinforced concrete shear walls”,
15) Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011
Leuven, Belgium, 4-6 July 2011, ISBN 978-90-760-1931-4.
16) IS: 456-2000 Indian Standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
17) IS: 1893:-2002 Indian Standard Code of practice for criteria for Earthquake resistant design
of Structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
18) IS: 875-Code of Practice for Design loads (Part 1to 3) (other than Earthquake) for Building and
Structures.
19) IS 13920: 1993- Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structure subjected to Seismic Forces-
Code of Practice

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CONTENTS
Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objective ............................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Scope ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Literature Review................................................................................................................................ 4
Chapter 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Concepts in Earthquake Behavior of Buildings ........................................................................................ 7
3.1 Lateral load-Resistant Buildings ......................................................................................................... 7
3.2 Aspects of Seismic Design.................................................................................................................. 8
3.3 the four virtues of earthquake resistant buildings ............................................................................. 12
3.4 Earthquake Demand .......................................................................................................................... 13
3.4 SEISMIC DESIGN FORCE ............................................................................................................. 15
3.5 Dynamic Characteristics of Buildings .............................................................................................. 18
3.5.1 Natural Period ................................................................................................................................ 18
3.5.2 MODE SHAPE .......................................................................................................................... 21
3.6 DAMPING .................................................................................................................................... 23
3.7 DUCTILITY ................................................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
4.1 Introduction to Earthquake Resistant Design .................................................................................... 24
4.2 Earthquake-Resistant Design Methods ............................................................................................. 26
4.3 Modeling the Structural System of The Building for Structural Analysis (On A Computer)........... 27
4.3.1 Performing Seismic Design Of All Structural Elements Of The Building .................................... 27
4.4 Types of Structural System ............................................................................................................... 28
1. braced-frame structural system ....................................................................................................... 29
3. Outrigger-Braced Structural System ............................................................................................... 30
4. Shear Wall Structural System ........................................................................................................ 30
Chapter 5 ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 31
5.1 Loads Considered.............................................................................................................................. 31
5.1.1 DEAD LOADS: ......................................................................................................................... 32
5.1.2 LIVE LOADS: ........................................................................................................................... 32

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5.1.3 IMPOSED LOADS: ................................................................................................................... 33

5.1.4 WIND LOADS: ......................................................................................................................... 33
5.1.5 EARTH QUAKE LOAD: .......................................................................................................... 34
5.1.6 LOAD COMBINTION: ............................................................................................................. 34
Chapter 6 ..................................................................................................................................................... 41
Results and Discussions .............................................................................................................................. 41
6.1 Modal Analysis Results .................................................................................................................... 41
6.2 Stiffness............................................................................................................................................. 44
6.3 Storey Displacement ......................................................................................................................... 45
5.4 Storey Drift ....................................................................................................................................... 47
5.5 Storey Shear ...................................................................................................................................... 50
6.6 Over Turning Moments..................................................................................................................... 52
6.7 Steel and Concrete Quantity ............................................................................................................. 53
6.8 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 54
6.10 Reference ........................................................................................................................................ 55

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru

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Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 1

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 2

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 3

Francesca Ceroni et.al. [11]

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 4

Patil D.S.et.al.[2] has discussed comparisons of conventional formwork and aluminum

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 5

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 6

Concepts in Earthquake Behavior of Buildings

3.1 Lateral Load-Resistant Buildings

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 7

3.2 Aspects of Seismic Design

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 8

(a) (b) (c)

In summary, the loading imposed by earthquake shaking under the building is of

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 9

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 10

Figure 3.5: Displacement Loading versus Force Loading

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 11

3.3 The Four Virtues of Earthquake Resistant Buildings

3.3.1 Characteristics of Buildings

(a) Seismic Structural Configuration

(a) (b) (c)

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 12

(b) Structural Stiffness, Strength and Ductility

Figure 3.7: Ductility towards lateral deformation yield deformation.

3.4 Earthquake Demand

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 13

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 14

3.4 SEISMIC DESIGN FORCE

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 15

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 16

Table 3.1: Importance Factor Z of buildings as per IS:1893 (Part 1) – 2007

Lateral Load Resisting System R

Building Frame Systems

Ordinary RC moment resisting frame (OMRF) 3.0

Special RC moment-resisting frame (SMRF) 5.0

Steel frame with

(a) Concentric braces 4.0

(b) Eccentric braces 5.0

Steel moment resisting frame designed as per SP 6 (6) 5.0

Buildings with Shear Walls

Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls 3.0

Ductile shear walls 4.0

Buildings with Dual Systems

Ordinary shear wall with OMRF 3.0

Ordinary shear wall with SMRF 4.0

Ductile shear wall with OMRF 4.5

Ductile shear wall with SMRF 5.0

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 17

3.5 Dynamic Characteristics of Buildings

3.5.1 Natural Period

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 18

(a) Fundamental Natural Period

(1) Effect of Stiffness

(2) Effect of Mass

Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysuru Page 19

(3) Effect of Building Height

(4) Effect of Column Orientation

Orientation of rectangular columns influences lateral stiffness of buildings along two

(5) Effect Of Unreinforced Masonry Infill Walls In Rc Frames

(b) Design Practice