~wf1

6.24.
6.~~
~
6.27 .
6.28 .
6.29.
6.30.
6.31

•••
7. t no Arrays ....... .... ....... ....... .... .... .... ....
~7 · Introduction (Antenna Arr .... ...... .... ... ......... ......... .... ........... 601 -6
7.2 . Various Forms of Antenna
ays or Array of Antenna)
........................ .......... ...........
Array ................................... .
83
.......... ................................... .................... ..................... ... 601
..... .................... ...

7.J.

7.4 .
t~.t ~~i~llS}i~~}}\...\t\)}\\\{·}{\\.\\\\\:}\\\······: :••····••i i
7.3 .1.
of
Arrays of two point source
Non-.ls~tro~ic but similar
s ........................................ .....
..................................................
60 2

point sources .................... .. .' ...... ..........

7.5. Mult1phcat1on of Pattern ..................................................
.................................................. ............................ .':::::::::::: 606
7.5.1. Rad'.at~on Patter .................................................. 611
n of ~sotrop'.c .ele{Tlents ............................. -
I 7_- 5.2. Rad1~t1on patter fed inphase, spaced "A./2
7.6. n. of ~sotrop1c element~ apart. .......................:::::::::: 611
Lmear Array with n l~~trop fed in phase, spaced "A./2
1c Pomt sources of equal apart ................................. 612
7.6.1 . Vector ~dd1t1on (an alterna amplitude and spacing .....
7.7. tive) method .................... .............................. ...... .... 613
Array of n Isotropic source ..... ..... .......... .......... ......................................... 614
s of equal amplitude and
7. 7 .1 . Directions of Rattern ma spacing (Broadside Case)
xima ........................................ ......................... ............ .... 616
7.7.2. Direction of pattern minim .................................................. 617
7. 7 .3. a........................................... .. 6l 7
Beam width of Major lob .................................................
7.8. Array of n sources of equ e .............................. ............... .. 61B
al amplitude and, spacing ..................................................
7 .8.1. (End-Fire Case) .................... ............ .......... 6 l9
Direction of Pattern Ma .......................................... 620
7.8.2. xim a ..... ..... .......... .......................................................
Directions of Pattern Mi ..................................... . 620
7.8.3. nima ........................................
Beam width of Major lob ........................................ ............
7.9. Array of n Isotropic source es .................................................. ..... ...... ...... .. 621
s of equal amplitude and .....................................................
Directivity.............................. spacing End Fire-Array wit ............ 622
7 .10. ................................................. h increased
Phased Arrays or Scanning .............................................
7.11. Arrays ................................... ..................................... 623
n-Element linear Array and ..................................................
Directivity .............................. .............................. ...... 626
7.11 .1 . Broad-side Arr
ay ............... ......................... ..................................................
.................................................. .................... .............. 627
7 .11.2. Ordinary End-f .................... ...... .......... ...... ... 62
ire array .............................. 7
7 .11.3. Directivity of ..................................................
Increased End-fire array or ............... .................... ...... .. 630
~·.~ ;: 1~~;~~~ ~rr~;:a.:.~..::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Hansen-Woodyard End-fir
e Array .................... ......... 632

!~~
7 .1 3 .1 . Disadvantages :::::::::::::·.::::::::::·.-.:::::·.::::·.::::·.:::::::::·.:::::.....
of bionomial arrays .......... ............... ............... ................. ......
7 . 14 .................................................. .....
. Do lph Tcheb ysc hef
7 14 1- T h b fh Orff Chebyshev Arrays ..................... ..................... 63 7
. . . c e ysc e P I · I · .............................. ............... ............... ........... .....
....................·.:.................... ...... 63 7
7.14.2. Dolph Pattern o ynC' 1a .................................................. ..... .... . .......... ..... .................... ...... .
7 .14.3. Steps to. be fol
Methods of obtaining Op
timum Pattern usmg Tc~eby ·a1 638
lowed while calculating Do sch~ff .Pol~nomi ...... 640
ph-
Dolph-Tchebyscheff Distrib Tchebyscheff Amplitude Di 5lnbution ..... .......... 642
7 .14.4. Advantages of
7.14.5. Beam width be ution ........................................
tween first nulls of Cheby ..... ................................. 644
7.14 .6. Half power bea shev polynomials patterns
m width (HPBW) -and mi ............... ............:.............. 644
nor lobes maxima of Chehy ·
7.l 5. shev polynomials
Continuo~:t~~~:;~...'.'.'.:·.::·. 645
:::·.:·.::·.·.
7.16. Stacked or Rectangular Ar :·.::::·.::·::.:::::·.:::::::·.:·.::::::::::::::.......... ........................................
Supergain or Superdirect rays........................................................................................ ..... ..... .......:::::::::::·.::·.: :~~
.....
7.1 7. ive Array or Superdirect ...... ... .......
•• ~:!;~~.'.~0;.~:~~'.~i::::::::::::=:::: : : : ::::::::::::: : :::· ::::: :·: .·. .. . ...... . ....:
1
ivity ......................... ...............
........... ................. ......... 653
652

• :: ::~~
 t • . ("

t
,·

..... l'
.- ~ rl l, ~ 1.\1 fj lti 'i 1
I

" ~
._I
' I
•
bl'.\ j
A . -M'·" ·
'· •
,•

•I ,

8. Practical Antennas (Port~! VLF, LF,-M·F, HF, Antennas and 1

--
:~(~dlo 1i?it:l~ti~,\1. ..~~
-~.~~rs) ... . ......................... . ... . . . ............ ... ...... . ...... ......684 -771
ti.1. VI t .111d l r Tt,111smit;1;·--·~,;;·;~:;;;;·:;~·: .......... ........................... .......................... .............
1 ............. .. ....................... ..... 6b,(
:I .~. I tt-,1 • .111d i\l,H\.'t.ml An!nn is .............................................................................. ....... ..........................
......... 684
tl ..l . fff,•I'." 11f \l l'\ll1111h i l) II 1\1:l l'l~·;;:;~"l::;:;:i~il;·;;;;;; ~............... ............. .. .. ..........................
........................... j............. 689
t\ •.1 . I. Ut11tl'\iu111-kd 1\ntr 11nu~ (C1ou11d
·;c. .t.~;~·)........................I. ...........689
., ~s11n;~ii·;~. b~. .;.ll· ~:;i~. ~;··;:~;-d. L
:I J .J . C~t\ lll llLlt•d Atlll'lll,I\S
'" · ......... .... .. ................... .. 689
:1.• . ~ ,l\
1
utld Sy;~•~:'\ .,,,d A11tc1 111t,~ L~;~~~·~·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~:~
8:~:~: ~::. -~~:~:~~ ~ll~:~l~:~"~~~~~I~ ci;;~·;;;;;i. s·. ~·;;:;;;..................................................... . ... . .............. . ..... 69 1
ti .~. rff,,cts of Anttnn.1 I h-liiht .............. ...... ............. ............
: .'.......... ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :;~
tl.5.1. An~nn.1 Top Lcwlln!l ,111d 1\mln tt .............. .............
............. ............. ............................, .............. ....... 691
8.S.2. Ph~ lc.,I Hdp.ht .111d tftcr tlv(• I ldttht of .m ;\ntc11n
,1........................... ............................................ 69 2
t\,6, Efndt'nq • of Elect1ic,1lly Short Anh-1111.1~ .............. ............. ..............
......... ........... .................................................. 69 3
tl.1. St>vtr,1gr or W,wt Antc1111., ....................................... ...........
.... .............. ....................... .. ......... ............. ... .............. 693
tl.:l. Me<ill1m Frequency A11ten11,1s : Genem l Chnrncterls
tics ...................................................... .. .. ............. .......... 69
8.S. I . Towt>-r Radillttn or Antenn n .................................................... 5
.......................... ................... ........ .......... 69 5
8.8.2. ( ('1 11structlo11 .......................... .....................................................
......... .......................... ....... .............. ....... 695
8.8.J . Mt>thods of Excl1.,t1011 or Feed ........................... .............
.................................................... ...... ............ 696
8.8.4. Ground S,rstem ...................................................... ,.............
.......................... ....................... :.................. 698
8.8.S. Field Distribution ........................... .............. .......... ........ ..
.............. .......................... ........................... ...... 698
8.8.6. Fl'Cding of Tower Antenn,1 .....................................................
........ ........ .................... .......................... 699
8.8,7. A11tennn Arrays in M.F. B,md ............. ...........................
.................... .......................... ............... :.......... 699
8.9. High Frequency Antt.>11n as .............. .............. ........ .,... ,.............
.......................... ............................... ..... ,.............. ... 699
8.9.1. Rt!son11 nt Antenn as ......................................... .............. .............
............................ .... ... .............. .......... ... 700
S.9.2. Non-reson,mt or tr,welling wave or Aperiod ic Antenna
s ................................ ............. .............. .... 700
8.10. The Fund,1m ental or H.-11f w.we dipole or dipole Antenn
a ............................................ .............. ... ................ 700
8.10.1. 75 0 two wire linl) .............. .............. ..............
.......................... ............. ............. .... .............................. 70
8.10.2. Two or more A./2 a11te11n,1s ....... ........................... 2
........................................ ............. ............................. 702
8.10 .3. Delta ,natching ......................................................
...................................... ...... .... ................................ .... 703
8.10.4 . Off Centre fed or Wyndom An tenna ..............
..................................................... .............. ................ 703
8.10 .5. Inverted L type ........................................ ..............
.. ........................................ ........................................ :. 704
8.11 . Long Wire or Harmonic Antenn a ............. ............. ..............
.................. ................... ............. ................................ 704
8.12. The V Antenna .......................... ....................... .............. .............
............. .............. ............. ........................................ 707
8.13. The Inverted V Antenna .............. .........................................
........................................ ................... ......................... 709
8.14. Rhomb ic Antenn a .............. .............. ............................ .............
............................ ............. ............. ........................... 710
8.14.1. Design of Rhombic Antenn ,1.............. .............
.... ................................................................... ............... 712
8.14.2. Maxi mum output or Maximum E design ..............
........................... ............. .............. .............. ......... 71 3
8.14.3. Alignm ent Design .................... ,.............. ..............
............. .................................................................. .... 71 4
8.14.4.. Advant ages of Rhomb ic Antenna ...........................
........................... .................................................. 714
8.14.5. Disadvant,1ges ......................................................
....................................... .............. ................................ 715
8.14.6, Arrays of Rhombic Antenna s or Rhombi c
Arr,1ys ............................................................................ 71
i .14. 7. Rhombic Arrays for "Multiple Unit Steerab 5
le An tenna· (MUSA) .............. .............. .................... 715
8.15. Tr,welling Wave Antennas ..............................,..............
.......................................................................................... 716
8.16. Radio Direction Finding, (RDF) .........................................
............. .............. ...................................................... .... 717
8.17. Loop Antenna ........................... ............................ ..............
............. ......................................... .. ........................... ...... 718
8.17.1. EMF Equation of Loop Antenna ............................
........................................ .............. .............. ............ 720
8.17.2. Direction Finding by Rotatin g Loop ..............
................ ........................... ........................................... 723
8.17.3. Determination of Sense .............. ...........................
.............. ............................ .............. ........................ 724
8.17.4. Errors in Loop Direction Finding ...........................
.............................................................................. 725
8.1 7.5. Antenna effect or vertical effects ............. ..............
.............. ............................ ............. ............. .......... 72 5
8.1 7.6. Night Errors .............. ............. ............................
............. ............. ............. .............. .............. ..................... 726
8. 17.7. Disadvantages of Loup Direction Finders .............
............................................................................. 7 27
8.18. A Transmitting Loop Antenna .............. ....................... .'..
................................. .............. .............. ............................ 727
8.19. Equivalence to a ~oop (Short Magnetic Dipole) ..............
.............. ........... ............. ........................... .............. .... 729
8.20. Far Fields of the short Magnetic Dipole ...........................
........................................ ........................... ................. 730
8 .2 1. The Loop Antenna , In General ............................ ..............
.......................... ...... ......................................... ............ 731
8.22. R.1diation Rt:sistance of Loop Antenn as ............................
......................................:.............. ........................... ... 736
8.23. Directivity of Loop Antennas .............. ... ...........................
.............. .............. .............. ............. ................................ 740
r 8 .2 4 .
8 .25 .
8 .26 .
8 .27.
Adcock A nt ennas and Adcock Direction Finder ................ .... ............. ........... ............ .........~~················
Compariso n Be twee n. Loop .and Adc~ck Direc tion Finders ........ .......................................:::::::··--·················· 7
Crossed Loop o~ Bellini ~~s1 or. Gornoi:nete~ Ty pe of Direction Finde r .... ........................... ······················ 74
8 . ..
~~rri t~-Rod-A nt e nn a ... ........... ... .. .. .... .. ... .... ........... ...... .. ,, .......... ....... ............... ........... ...
........
7

8 .2~. 1. Analysis of Bellini Tosi Direction Finder ............................................ .......................... :······················ 74~
4
~
:2

~ ::: : :
8 .28 .

9.
•
•
8. 2'9.
8.30 .

~ ff!;~i!~l~~\::~{E)! I:ii !!Ii!! :: \

Practical Antennas-Part II
!!! \/) iii

VHF, UHF, SH F Antennas and Antenna Measurement ........................ ......

9 .1.
9 .2.

9. 2. 3.
9.3.

9 .3 .3 . V oltage and current relations in Parasitic Antennas .................................................................. ~ .... 77 9

9 .3 .4 . Adj ustments ........................... ........ ..... ................ .. .... ............................ ..................................................... 781
9.4. Biconic al A ntenn a ... ................................................................... .................................................. .............................. 781
9 .4 . 1 . Radia ted Fields and characteristic impedance of the infinite Biconical Antenna .................... 783
9 .5 . Corn er Re fl ector Antenn a ............... .................. ............................ ..................... .................................................... 786
9. 5 . l . D e si gn Considerations .................................................................... ....................................................... 790
9 .5 .2. Use s .............. ... ................. .... .......... ............................ ..........: ............................. ......................................... 791
9.6 . Helical A ntenn a ................................... ................................................................................................... ............... 791
9 .6 . 1. N ormal Mode of r,rl ' .. ...,,, ....................................................... ...... ........................................................ 792
9 .6 .2 . A xial or Beam mode o f radiation ....... .................................................................................................. 794
9 .6 .3 . U ses .................................. ............................... ..... ....................................................................................... 796
9 .7 .
~ .; ~~. Ant~s:: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.· ::::::::··:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ;:;
9.8. Ba bi n e t' s Principle and Complementary Antennas ........................................................................................... 799
9.9.

9 . 10.
9 . 11.

9.12 .

•
I 9 . 13.
9.14 .

9.1 5 .
9.15 . 1 .
C:mdition For Fre q uency lnde~endence •······· ······················ ······························ ......... . •······· .. : 818
9. 1 5.2 .
General analysis of frequency independent anten na ············ ································ ············ 818
9. 1 5. 3 .
Frequency independent planar equiangular spiral an tennas ·····:::::.............................................. 82 1
9. 1 5 .4 .
Planar spiral························ ······················································· ·············· ..............·................................. 822
9 .15.5. Frequency independent con ical · spiral antenna ···········.. ················::............................................... a2sl
9 .16. Frequency Ind ependent - of Peri odic (Dipole Arra y) An tennas ·················· ·· ·············································· azi
!:~ ::~: 1
g:~i;~a o(~~~a~; r: ~~i~s Di~~j~··A·;~~~·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::..: :::::::::::::::::·.:::::::::::::::::::·.·.: !;1'
9. 16.3. Practical Log Periodic Struct u res········································ ············· ········ ······································· 828 .

9 .1 7.
9 . 18 .
~i~:~~::t~~;i~~:L;;~~~~;;~; : : : : :: : : : : : .,, .
 An te nn a Arrays

I 7 .1. INTR ODUC TION (Ante nna Arrays or Array of Ante nna)
l
ly
he field radia ted by any small linea r anten na is un-un iforrn
T distri buted in the plane perpe ndicu lar to the axis of the
For exam ple, the radia tion patte rn of an elem entar y dipol e in
anten na.
whic h
to the axis and the
maxi mum radia tion takes place at right angle
rds
decre ases slowl y to minim um, as the polar angle decre ases towa
of ,radia tion patte rn may
the axis of dipol e. Thus a non-u nifor m type
able fqr
be prefe rred in many b.road-castservices but not at all desir
ces i.e.
point to point c<;>rnrnunication and prefe rred- cover age servi
y in one
servi ces in whic h it is desir ed to radia te most of the energ
gth
parti cular direc tion like highl y popu lated area etc. The field stren
exciti ng Grou p
can-be incre ased in prefe rred directions by prope r! y
n as
or array of anten nas simu ltane ously in an arran geme nt know
of anten nas in an
array of anten nas or simp ly anten na arrays. Array
phase d
arran geme nt, of sever al indiv idual anten nas so space d and
tion
that their indiv idual contr ibutio ns corning in one prefe rred direc
gain or '
and cance l in all other directions, to get great er direc tive
direc tivity . Thus, an antenna array is a system of similar anten
nas
oriented similarly to get greater directivity in a desired direction.
It may also be defined as, "A radiating system consisting of
several
spaced and properly phased radiators".
e~~~ati 9,11![rom~a gr.oup ~~1' ,!!_f
. . Antenna array is 011td?J the_common method~of ~01?-11'.i.':f' ¥.~
surular antennas in which the benomena f ~ ave-mterfe 1s mvolved. The total field (not power)
sum of the fields produced
procfu y an antenna array sy stem at a grear 1staiice (iomli, isinev'&tor"'
of individual field components depend
by the individual antennas of the array system . The relative phases
array and, in tum, depend on the
on the relative distance of the individual antennas of the antenna
direction.
· i be linear, if t in · ·du . ten the a _ar.e.suallJ,.$JJ~ed
F~
as ELEMENTS . Thus,
~o~ ine. Individual antennas o an antenna array system is also termed
JJflJ!115ar:,pr'.f9_ is ~~1~ which the
h_rrear antenna arra,'\ s a system of equally spaced elements. Also, a uni[o
si ve phase shift alongJl.ieJine. It may,
elements are fed with.a current pf.equal magnitude witJ~,_t!_~if~progres
 WA VE
A N TE N N A & ~O p. \
9-4
ra ys an d or di na ry circuit has rne an i11 •
80 2
se" in an antenn
a ar
maximum val ue sarne r'-t
at th e te nn "p ha ey re ac h th ei r s, flow·
however, be nored
th
sa id to be in ph ase if th ing iQ 1~
two elements ar e . . .
two currents in • . les .
th e sa m e mstan _t . .
e. g. m straight es, circ
hn
same dire ctio n at
t m vanous config
ur au ,o ns ~ le s, _r et ~ 0,._
tenn as m ay be pu ur at io ns . H ow ev er, experience sh WSlJiat ~ ~ ticc
Since an m be r of possible co'cnf
ig Ill
e ar e la rg e nu f acu use. a)
etc. and hence ther .
a arrays are o pr the Jen
limite d nu m be r of an te nn
ge~e i:a11 Y_ a A /2 ~pole antenna, / ~th ?f "'hie1i
on ly ment array is th from A 2
Further, the elem
ent in a multi~le ow ev er , va na tm n m electncal leng is Within 5%
lf w av elength . H
elec tr ic al ha ct ed .
is not necessarily ent is not affe
e ra di at in g pr op erties o f the elem
and hence th
7.2. v;r.o S FORMS O F A
V · us antenna
arrays used in prac
tice are
AYS
N T E N N A ARR the following :

(AMIETE, Nov
. 1968, 69, 70, 71
on
, 77, 78 D
e in whi~h cc. )
1981
Arr ay id e ar ra y is
7. .1. Broadside actice. Broad-s e axes as ahnwn ~
po rtan t an te nn a arrays used in pr di cu la r to their respectiv
on e of th e im draw n pe rp en lin s own m
This is t up along a line ly .spaced along a
fid ~
an te nn as ar e se eJ t
J,. s) are_ e; qu al 30
el elem so, this arrangem:n rres iIJ
o f identical paraJi ar ra y, in d. iv id ~al ~ te nn as (~r as e. B y do ing 1

Fig 7.1. In the br

oad-side ,_al_l in the same ph
rr en t o f eq ua l m_ag_ni_ tude
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ .: -
cu _
element is fed with
_
MAXIMUM RADIATION
DIRECTION OF d
d d d
d
TENNA
ARRAY

ANT. ANT.
ANT. ANT. ANT. NO. 7
ANT. ANT. . 5 NO . 6
N 0. 3 NQ. 4 NO ATION
N0. 1 N 0. 2 MAXIMUM RADI
♦ DIRECTION OF
y arrangement.
(a) Broadside arra

1
o=:-o-.. "':. ,~~
., . d ., ._ d .j
d

<P O: ANT.
AXIS
ANT. ANT.
ANT. ANT. ANT. ANT. NO. 6 NO. 7
N 0. 2 N 0. 3 NO. 4 NO. 5
N0. 1 ION
JDIRECTION OF MAXIMUM RADIAT
lhe array.
{b) Front view o/
ATION
MAXIMUM RADI
DIRECTION OF

MAXIMUM RADIATION
DIRECTION OF
ide array.
(c ) Top view()/lhe Broads
Fig. 7.1.
 so3 1
, ffer 'ENNA ARR AYS
ti . . . .
r to Lhe line of arra y axis ) whe re icre arc m,tx1mum. rad1 at1ons and
i__.:.:=.-

broad-side dire ctio ns (i· .e. per pe ndi cula • . .d . . rec uon. al
· d. · th hen ce Lhe radi atio n pall b .. d y is b1d1
.
ly a IJLLl e ra tall ons mo e r d1r cctt
.
ons and . ern roa s1 c arra . .· . ·
rcla uve . . . . . equ ally well in., cilh cr di·rect·ion o f max nnu m rad1auons.
y 1s b1d irec tton al whi ch radi ates
The bro ads ide arra ., the
.
defined as An arr ang eme m in whi ch
The refore, bro ads zde arr ay may be and ....aJ.sD to the
aicui a"f)o the array axis
principal dire c!.!!!,n__rad iati on is per pen
plan <;_ co ntaini'!.CJ} !f!...E!!.EY. elew ent -:
'
c4cJ
bid irec tion al pa Hern of a bro ads ide
It may , how eve r, be not ed that the arra y
ctio nal by inst alli ng an iden tida l
array can be con ver ted into uni dire in pha se
and exc itin g it by cur ren t lead ing
behind Lhis arra y at dist anc e A./ 4 nge d in
bro ads ide arra ys may also be arra •
by 90· or 1t/ 2 rad ian. Fur ther , the Fig . 7 .1 I
patt ern wou ld be hor izon tal. In
vertical in whi ch cas e the rad iati on mal to ~
its rad iati on patt ern is ver tica l nor ii
elements are arra nge d hor izon tal and
of
the plane e le me nt as in Fig . 7.2
Las tly a broad-side cou
in pha se ther eby they
ple
rein
t
forc
is said
e eac
to
h
form
oth er '
Fig. 7.2. Rad iaJ, onp atte rn of
Bro adsi de arra y.
if rwo isot rop ic rad iato rs ope rate them .
mos t stro ngl y in the e righ t ang les to the line join ing
(AM IET E. Nov . 1969, 70, 77, 78)
o ftlnry except chal h1tttivitltrat--'t1e
ments""a.r~ fed in, out of
Th d-fi re array is noJ.bin g hut hwa dsi1 alon g a
y, a num ber of iden tica l ant enn as are spa ced equ ally
~~u~~ 180° ). Thu s in the end -fir e arra
r pha ses var ies pro gre ssiv ely
are fed with cur ren ts of equ al mag nitu de but thei
line and ind ivid ual~ lem ents ctio nal. In oth erw ord s,
way as to mak e the enti re arra nge men t sub stan tial ly uni dire
alon g the line in suc h a nt elem ent s
in suc h a man ner that a pro gre ssiv e pha se diff ere nce bet wee n adj ace
indi victual elem ent s are exc ited
cing (in wav elen gth )
(in cyc les) bec om es equ al to the spa
end fire arra y may be
between the elem ents . The refo re,
ch the rinci al dire c~
defi ned as "The arr ang eme nt in whi arra y.
tion of radictrtmr:I! es t t e irec tion of the arr ay Fig. 7.3. Fro n/ view of an endfire

axrs'': This is mba ~ in F~ --~ ·

. One suc h exa mp le is a two
be not ed, how eve r, that an er.d fi.r e.~ ay may be bid irec tion al also
It may
ren t, 180• out of pha se.
elem ents arra y, fed with equ al cur se qua dra ture at a
e cou ple t is said to form , if two equ al rad iato rs are ope rate d in pha
Las tly an end -fir
distanc of 11./4 apa rt.
e (AM IET E, Nov . 196 9)
7.2. 3. Col line ar Arr ays
mo unt ed end to end in a sing le
coll inea r arra y, the ante nna s are arra nge d co-a xiaJ ly i.e. ante nna s are
In wn in Fig . 7.4 and 7.5.
slac ked ove r ano ther ante nna as sho DIRECTION OF
line . In oth erw ord s, one ant enn a is
~ >- t.lAX RADIATION
4 ~ ,c

~ m t;~ ! 3
DIRE CTIO N
I 2 f ~
- - ~ - ~ - e : J - -AXIS
3 4

OIRE CT IO-N . ~
OF MAX .
,m ~.g
RAD IATIO N
~ z :;
~ OFM AX .
RAD IATIO N 7 - ., __. OF
ARR AY

DIRE CTIO N OF
AXIS OF MAX IM'U M
ARR AY nge d co/l inea rly.
nge d colli'ne.arly. Fig. 7.5. 4 hori zont al ante nna s arra
Fig . 7.4 . 4 ante nna s (ver tica l) arra the bro ad side arr ays .
ent s are fed with equal..in pha se cur ren ts as is the cas e in
The ind ivid ual elem is per pen dic ula r to
ad- side rad iato rs ...in whi ch the direction of max imu m radiation·
A C.allinear arr ay is a bro jor axi s,
ch, whe n vie.wed thro ugh the ma
the line of ant enn a. Thi s arra nge men t giv es rad iati on patt ern whi n patt ern of a col line ar arra y
n patt ern of a bro ads ide arra y. But the_radi ~tio
closely rese mbl es with the- radi atio cipa l axis . Tha t is why a
met ry with its mai n lob e eve ryw her e per pen dicu lar to the prin '
has circ ular sym cas t or omn idir ecti ona l arr ays.
som etim es call ed as bro ad
collinear arr ay is also of ord er of
r arm s is max imu m whe n the s acin betw een elem ent s is
The gain of coll inea
 ANT ICNJVA &, WI\Vf~ ,.,
r604
---
• rU(JJ'A(JA•r,
0
of cJcmcu.ltJ inlloduc~ COJli lluc••·"~ . ~ "
!
0.3 A to 0.5_.1,.but lllis muc h space II'hc1w cc11 cn,1 lO end ~ ~ I Wt1
tl);, ing
. ~_Hence, t11c cIcfmc,1t~ 111 . co mcar ~rr::iy s arc opcru"':c.. wed, 1~ c,r ends very clw,e t.o cact'1CJ
'tJ h ·
p r. flw::
1 p1c, urc JOtn • R1mply by in~ulot.or. 'In •
cnas or wire antennas o co 11meur arrays, or cxam
n of numb~r of collinear clcmcnlJI u~ .~wc~ ~Jln
iii
collinear _arrays d~s not increase in direct proportio
arc rcspcc1.1vcly, 1.9 db, 3.2 db and 4.3 db. : example,
power gam for coll'.nca~ array o~ 2, 3 and 4 cJcmcnis ~nee more
than four clements m tlus array ts generally not used ns more gum can be obwlncd by ROmc 01-11e ,l.
•
II' . JI lbccuusc 1t · multi band opcratilJn . Twoclc • 1sc <1e. v!Ct
· helps m rw
buuwocIemcntsco meararnty 1s usua y uscc
7.6). mcntBcoll,nc11r
array is also known as "Two half-waves in phase" (Fig.
. ,
direc tivity. If 3 or 4 clements co
Increase in the length of collinear arrays increases the 11 mcar arrayH

OPEN WIRE
TUNED LINE FEED POINT
Radia tion Palle rnp/T wo tltme nt Collin ear Array
(a) (b)
Fig . 7.6. Two t!lc~ nts col/int!ar Arrays.
sing stubs" between adjacent clements in order to keep
are to be ~ed . the~ it becomes essential to connect "pha 7.
7.
currents m phase m aJI the elements as shown in Fig.
ses in each half wave section and hence elements
Since in a long wire the direction of current flow rever

I· N2 11 1 ....-
1- ')_12_ _ .,, I· "A/2 -I
· -- l ~-- - - -- --,'
• ----- - •"-- ,,
,•'•. ,- -----
: \
FEED P.OINTS (PHASING
STUB
FEEDER
EH0 FED
·TRANSMISSION LINE

ph/JJ•ing stub E
Fig. 7.7 (a). End/ td through a transmission lint wilh

A/2~ . . __
1 _1_2_
?. ~ ,1 I· "A/2 ..,

'---~ - - _.,, ~ 2 'I ··--.L-_,.,

PHASING STUB PHASING STUB

FEED POINTS ;
CENTRE FEO
Fig. 7.7(c). RadiaJionPatterno/a/out
TRAN SMISS ION LINE
stubs (3 t!lunents). tlt!mt!nll collinear array . .
Fig . 7.7 ( b ). C tnlrt! fed, transmission line with phasing
without any device to make the same direct~on of c~rren_lS in a~
of collinear array cannot be joined end to end ~
ents keeps the direction of currents 1~ on~ direcuon
the elements. Transmission line between I and 2 clem the d1rec t1on of 1 an . 2
current in the 3rd element (to
phasing stub between 2 and 3 corrects the direction of ~~
A/2 (half-wave) section .fol ~ on itself lO cance
elc~e~ts). Because phasing stub is equivalent to a
line has become 3 A/2 m which the centre }JZ
rad,auon. Thus the total length after the transmission
in elemenrs J, 2, 3 remains in one direction.
acts as "")../ 4 phase reversing slub''. Hence the currents
arrays i.e. broadside, end fire and coJlineal',
In practice, combination arrays, consisting of all the three
tivity .
arc also used lO incre ase further gain and direc feed
7 .i.4. Parasitic Arrays. In order to case the prob lem of fed line, it is, some
time desirable lO
 ~~A.=-;~-,s=---;;:--i-;~-=-~:-::-:-:-~===~==========li□
i-c- + 'V +
E 'V }I
/ E1 { J I K ( cos j sin 611

E = E1 ✓( 1 + K 2
cos 'V ) + ( K sin 'V )2 L <p
or ... 7 .15 (a)
where
<p = Phase angle at p

l <p = tan- 1 K sin 'V

1 + K cos 'V ... 7.15 (b)
lt may be noted that if E1 = E2, K = 1 then Eqns 7 14 d 7
· · an .13 become Eqns 7 6 (a)
_ . NON-ISOTROPfIC B~T SI~ILA:R POINT SOURCES . .
74 So far, array o two 1sotrop1c pornt sources were
considered but this idea may be extended to the sources
y TO DISTANT
which are not-isotropic i.e. non-isotropic provided their PO I NT P
field patterns are similar to that of isotropic point source.
POINT SOURCE
In other words, fields patterns of non-isotropic must have 2 X
the same shape and orientation. However, it is not neces- SHORT SHORT
DIPOLE r---- -=+- -...1 DI POLE
sary that amplitude of individual non-isotropic sourGe is
equal. Such a non-isotropic source is given the name non-
isotropic but similar point source. In case, the· amplitudes Fig . 7.13. Two non-isotropic (short dipoles and point
of the individual sources are equal, the sources would be sources).
non-isotropic but identical.
Let us now con~ider two short dipoles which are superimposed over the two isotropic point sources
and are separated by a distance.
Let the field pattern of each isotropic point source be given by
_ Eo = Ei sin 0 ... (7.16)
Since it is also possible to obtain s·uch pattern from a short dipole and hence the two types of sources
are symmetrically superimposed w.r.t. to origin. From eqn. 7.4 (a), the field pattern of two identical isotropic
source is given by
E = 2 Eo cos 'V/2 ... (7.4 a)
where 'V = Bd cos e + a
Combining eqn. 7.4 (a) and 7.16, we have
E = 2 E1 sin 0 cos 'V/2
Enorm = ( sin 0 ) X ( COS 'V/2 ) ... (7.17 a)

E
norm
=( PaUern of Individual
isotropic source
Jx ( Pattern of _Array of two J
isotropic point sources
This lead to the principle of multiplication of pattern as multiplication pattern of inpividual point
source and pattern of array of isotropic point sources gives the field pattern of non-isotropic but similar poim
sources.
7.s. MULTIPLICATION OF PATTERN (AMIE S/1993, 1994 W/1994, AMIETE, Nov. 1977)
Multiplication of pattern or simply pattern multiplication, in general, can be stated as follows :
. . . "The total field pattern of an array O _!}On-i ' ic but similar source '! is the multi lication o · the
LndzvuJua[ so~}'E~ ptztzernS anl! lfie pattern O -an arra O isotro .ic oint sources eac he phase
centre o m LVL u.al source an aving t ere ative amplitude and phase, whereas the total phase pattern is
the a~ tfre..,p. -lifise'p'tlrflrh bfihe individual sources and that of the array of i~ es."
Here the pattern of the individual sources is assumed to be same whelller it is in the array or isolated.
 ANTENNA & WAVE PR
8l2 OP~9.4
· the phase centre of the array. The principle Of '.l'ioiv
Further the reference point for total phase pattern is mUltipl · .
· nal patterns. •cati 0
pattern is applicable for two and three di menSJO n
Let E = Total field.
E; ( 9' <p) = Field pattern of individual'sour~e. .
·Ea ( 9 , <p ) = Field pattern of array of isotropic pomt sources. ,,
E : ( 0 m ) = Phase pattern of individual source.
p, ' T • .

Epa ( 0 , <p) = Phase pattern of array of isotropic pomt source.

. . . .
Then the total field pattern of an array of non-isotropic but similar source, symbolically' may be w .
_ ----~---__ __ rnten
as
E = { E;( 0 , <p ) x E. ( e, <p ) } x {E pi( 0 , <p ) + E P• ( e, <p ) }
( MulUpllcatlon of field pattern ) ( Addition of phase pattern ) ... (7.18)
Toe angle e and <p respectively, represenl the 'polar' and 'azimuth' angles.
The principle of multiplication of pattern is true for any number of similar sources. For two
dimensional case the resultant pattern is given by eqn. 7.4 (a) or 7 .17 (a)
. E = 2 Eo cos \jl/2 ... (7.4 a)
E = ·2 E1 sin O cos 'lf/2 ... (7.17 a)

or I E = E ( 0 ) · cos \jl/2 ... (7J 9)

Evidently, Eo is a function of 0 say E ( 0 ). The total field.pattern, in this case, is multiplication of
field pattern known as primary and cos 'lf/2 the secondary pattern or array factor that the principle is equally
applicable to 3 dimensional case also.
The principle of multiplication of patterns provides a speedy method for sketching the pattern or
complicated arrays just by inspection and thus the principle proves to be a useful tool in design of antenna
arrays. The width of the principle lobe (i.e. ·width between nulls) and the corresponding width of array pauern
are same. The secondary lobes are determined from the number of nulls in the resultant pattern. In resultant
pattern the number of nulls are the sum of nulls of individual pattern and array pattern. This method is exact
and point by point multiplication of patterns provides the exact pattern of the resultant.
Let-us now use the principle to some typical cases.
1.5.1. Radiation Pattern of 4-isotropic elements fed in phase, spaced A./2 apart :
(AMIETE, May 1918) t,
Let the 4--eleme~ts of isotropic (or non-directive) radiators are in a linear arrays (Fig. 7.14) in.~h!ch F
elements are placed _at a dIStance of A./2 and are fed in phase. i.e. a = o. One of the method to get the radiauon
pattern of ~e array 1s to a?d the fie~ds _of individual ,four elements at a distance point p vectorially but instead
an altemabve method, usmg the pnnciple of multiplicity of pattern, will be shown to get the same.

y p

~/2
_d • "!vz d .. "A
oe. oo ct.= o•
Fig . 7.14. linear arrays of 4-isotro>p,·c 1
e ements Fig. 7.15. (a) Fig. 7.15. (b)
spaced 'A./2 apart.fed in phase.

I
-,
J
 ~ yS 813 I
-- . a~dy seen that two isotropic point sources,
It 15 apart fed m
2
. p hase prov1"des a b 1
"d rrecllonal
· ·
sr.iced ')../ -0 Fig. 7.9 (b) (figure of eight). Further, the
pat- ..
I 7112 2 3
• I
~
•
shown • . . d. .
1ern . uern of two 1sotrop1c ra rauon spaced ).. apan,
radiauon psea is known to be as shown in Fig. 7.15. ( a) 4-isotropic ele~nu, spaced A./i.
~ jnpha .
~ Now elements ( 1) and (2) are considered as one unit
. considered to be placed between the midway of the ~ Al• I l/2
l)lld 15 and so also the elements (3) and (4) as another unit 1..
eiemen: to be placed between the two elements as shown in
(b) 2-u,aits array, where OM wait
~su~; 6 _These two units h~ve_ the same radiation ~attern as ( 0 • 0 +- A./2 ➔ 0 ) spaced A.
~,g. . 7 .9 (b) and the radiation pattern of two isotropic Fig . 7.16.
10 Fig.as of Fig 7.16 (b) spaced A is shown in Fig. 7.15.
~~n .
Thus 4 ele?1~nts spaced A./2 have been replaced by two units spaced ).. and by doing so, the problem
of detennining ~ation of 4 ~lei:n~nts has reduced to find out the ~ation pattern of'two antennas,spaced A
apart Then accor~n~ to m1,dtiphci~y ~f ?attern. The re~ultant radrallon pattern of 4 elements is obtained by
multiplymgthe radiation pattern of individual element Fig 7.9 (b) and array of two units spaced A (Fig. 7.15)
as illustrated in Fig. 7 .17.

Individual (i.e. unit pattern) '-i.'e. Group paltern due to array of two
Resultant pmtern of 4
due to two individual elerMnt) ' (isotropic). isotropic ekments.
Fig. 7.17. Resultant radiation paurn of 4-isotropic elements by Pattern multiplicalion.
In place of isotropic (non-directional) if the ~Y is replaced by an non-isotropic (i.e. directional)
antennas, the~.the radiation pattern Fig. 7 .15 must be accordingly modified.
1.5.2. Radiation pattern of 8-isotropic elements fed in phase, spaced A/2 apart,. As above the
principle can be applied to broad-side linear array of 8-isotropic elements _also as shown in Fig. 7.18. In this
case 4-isotropic e!ements are assumed to be one unit and then to find the radiation pattern of two such units
spaced a distance 2 ).. apart. The radiation pattern of isotropic element isjust seen in Fig. 7.17 and radiation
~ttemof two isotropic ·antennas spaced 2).. apart fed in phase can be calculated from eqn. 7.ZO (to be
discussed later): ··

I
•
•2
• 3 4 , I 1
I
I._ • •I • I

ri14 ~/l )1/z 'I IVZ >-/4 '(

I

1q5 I I I I I

I (Dz'
I
z~
~ I
I
I
/

<a) Linear Arrays of8-isOlropic -e letMnts spaced :V2.

(b) Equivaknt two units a"ay spaced 2 Ao
(where one unit O • +:... :V2 ➔ A➔+- A.12 ➔ ) - Fig. 7 _19. Radialions paJtern of isotropic
. · radialors spaced 2 A. .
Fig, 7.1·8 .

......___
 N~.A~ &~
=.c..:::..='E~rt~
- - - - ----.c.ANT
[ 6 14 - - - - --- - - - - - -- - -
e'' ljl +
2}'1'
E = Eo ( 1 + e + ·.. ••.. • )
N

E = Eo L /<" - 1 )'I'
" = 1

'I' = ~ d cos 0 + a a=O

where
= ~ d cos 0 d =2A
" '\ i::: 41t cos 0
... (7.20 b)
which is as shown in Fig. 7.19.
is obtained by 'multiplying the unit
Thus the radiation pattern of 8 isotropic elements
and Group pattern of two isotropic radiator:attern of
4
individual elements as already obtained in Fig. 7.17 spaced 2).
7.20).
is as shown ,in Fig. 7 .19 and hence the resultant (Fig.

Resultant pattern of '

"Unit pauern" due to "Group pattern" due to two isotropic
element spaced 2). apart. 8-isofropic elements.
4-individual elements. nts by paftern multi plicat ion.
eleme
Fig . 7.20. Resullant radiation pattern of 8-isotropic
T SOURCES OF EQY AL AMPLITUDE AND
7 .6. 1,,INEAR ARRAY WITH n ISOTROPIC POIN
. (AMIETE}une 74, 79, 90, 91, Dec. 73, 81,82,88)
SPA CIN G
elements of the array are spaced equally along
· As said, an array is said to be linear, if the individual
of equal amplitude and having an uniform prpgressive
a line and uniform, if the same are fed with currents
for
· phase shift along the line. Often higher frequencies,
Y
of p DISTANT Ponn
point to point communication, a single narrow beam
the radiation pattern is required wbich is usually ob-
taine d by multiunit linear arrays.
We shall now calculate the pattern of a linear
array of n isotropic point sources in which point sour-
ces are spaced equally (say cf) and are fed within phase __,~,__~,__-.,._ __ - - - - - -...- X
n 8•0
Eo) as show n in Fig. 4
. -currents of equal amplitudes (say I

7.21. l·d Id l·d ,l,d •1-------- h

pic point sowces wil
The total far-field pattern at a distant point Pis Fig. 7.21 . Linear array with n isotrospacing
equal amplitude and
obtained by adding vectorially the fields of individual
sources as·
Eoesi'I' + ...... Eoei<11- l)'V
E, = EoeON + Eoe2i"I + Eoe3i111 + Eoe4i'I' +
.. r(7.Zl)
E, = Eo( l + i"' + e2i'I' + ,e,3 i'I' + e4i'I' + e5i'I' + .......... e<11- l)'I'

where 'V = ( ~ d cos 8 + a ) radian.

adjacent sources. es,
= Total phase difference of the fi~lds at point P from · · point sourc
'
Ph ase d'1f'1eren ·
· adJacen · sources or progressive phase shift between two · 1
ri
an"' a = ce m t pomt
 1frv~ ~~~ · .
1.&"J~> .. •1J so appl icab le to _end_ fire array s, ho wev 636 I
· I' is ' 3 db er. T he side- lobe rati o in case of b oad .d
,nnl·•P l , tcl Y 20 or _1 · ,~ ll ,, ch 1s rca ll · ti · h. s ' e array
~rpro~ 1111~i,crc the s,dc- Iobc -leve l o f 20 to
Y som e img •gh a nd gene rally not acce pt.abl e forrap licat ions ins
30 db down the ~~in lobe is required.
I r clC- p
r:1( H
7,13- n;~ o M IA L ARR ~ YS . .
for, the di scuss1? n was h1~1tcd lo l~e h~e
.
. u:•u, '.qf n iso~ropic sour
are also poss ible and bino mial array 1s one of ces of equa l amp litud e but
rnon- uni fonn arnplttud es d· ct · them I th· th
,,1rrnYsrad1:.1
0 . llng..
. , "'ourc
, cs arc arra nge acco r mg lot he coef ficie . .
nts of succ essiv e terms of. the
n 1s, eam pttu 1- des
d h•.icc tJic nam e. folio • b"
wmg mom,•a1
0f thC
L

,crJl,s, an ~•
· n - 1 " - 2 b + (n - 1 ) ( n - 2 ) a" - 3
1
~ - 1 ::: a" - + ~ a b2 + (n - 1 ) ( n - 2 ) ( n - 3 )
[ 2 L3 4
((I+ b )
Ll a" - b 3 ... (7.109)
n === number of radia ting sour ces in the array
.
where
This was prop osed by _J~ h n S tone ston e m .
1929, that 1f .
the secondary or side lobe s in the linear
.d arrays are to be ehm mate d totally then
the radia ting sour ces mus t have curr ent amplitudes
broads•. \al to tJie coef ficie nts of the abov e bino
proparuo mial s.eries.
. . .
It is found that with umf orm hnea r array , as the array length is incre ased

:~~:s econdary or minor lobe s also appe ar. But for certa
should be eliminated total ly or redu ced to mini
to incre ase the directivity,
in appl icati ons, it is highly desir able that seco
mum n desired level in com paris on to princ ipal
ndary
or main
lobes.
This work can be acco mpli shed by arran ging
the arrays in such a way that radia ting sour ces
cntre of the broadside array radia ted mor e stron in the
gly than the radiating sour ces at the edge s. The
~obes can be eliminated entir ely, if the follo wing seco ndar y
two cond ition s are satisfied.
(i) spacing betw een the two cons ecut ive radia
ting sour ce.s does not exce ed A./2 , -~nd
(ii) the current amp litud es in radia ting sour ces
(from oute r, towards cent re sour ce) are prop ortio
coefficients of the succ essiv e term s of the bino nal to the
mial series (eqn . 7.10 9).
These two cond ition s are nece ssari ly satis fied
in binomial arrays an~ the coeffici~nts - whic
corresponds to amplitudes of the sour ces - are obta h
ined by putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 7, 8, 9, 10
eqn. 7.109. For example, relat ive amp litud es for .... in the
the array s of 1 to 10 ra1iating sour ces are as follo
ws:
No. of sour ces Relative Amplitude
n = 1 1
n =2 1, 1
n =3 1, 2, 1
n =4 1,3, 3,1
n =5 1, 4, 6, 4, 1
n =6 1, 5, IO, 10, 5, 1
n =7 1, 6, 15, 20, 15, 6, 1
n = 8 I, 7, 21J_35, 35, 21, 7, 1
n = 9 1,8, 28,5 6,70 ,56, 28,8 ,1
n = 10 1, 9, 36, 84, 126, 126, 84, 36, 9, 1
Strian Th~se coefficients for any num ber of radia
ting sour ces can be obta ined from wha t.is know
intege1~t given below, in whic h each inter nal integ n-as ~ca l 's
er (leav ing the side integ ers) is the sum of the abov
e adJacent
 / o:Jo

2
3 3
6 4
) 4 5
10 JO
5 15 6
6 15 20 7 8 I
35 35 21
7 21 28
56 70 56 9
28 84 36
8 36 84 I 26 l 26
s takes place at th e cost of dire.cti vu. y
. of se co nd ar y Jo be ,
. rm array ,o r the same length ·
9
1
ed howcver , . that elim .
inau.
on . or e tha n th at of um fo
of binomial and unfonn
arra ~
y be not · . 1
').../2 ap ar t HP BW
Jt ma ual ~ \ sa ~ lobes ap pe ar /
Half power beam widrJ
th.c array. For ex ample
J (H PB ~ ?f Bi nomr
, for radiating sourc_e nF1
:- 7
·
Th
, s
'2i
us
bi ',,o
in
mi
un
al
ifo
ar
rm array secondary
ra y width of beam widens
but Witho"'
,u
an d 3 I · as show n m ~ •
1
arc. respecli vley 23 • and narrow where as l1I s one
p
prin cipal lobe is shar
se condary lobes. 31°
HP 8W

z3•
HP8W

6: 4 : 1.
plitu.tk raJio 1 : 4 :
(b) . Binomial Array Am
(a) . Uniform Array. ider the far
Fig . 7.27.
m ultip licity of pa ttern is utilized. For, cons
riv ation of bino m ial array the principle of w hi ch is gi ve n by eq n. 7.4 (a) and its pattern
In de s and phase
tte rn of tw o po in t so urces of same amplitude
field pa Eo = 112
s no m inor lo be as in Fig 7.28 (b). d = A l2
ha
E = 2 Eo cos \lf/2 ... 7.4 (a)
cos 8) take
or
Enar = cos ( tt/ 2
po se d on ab ov e array, then the array will
s is superim
ray of two point source utliplicity of pattern,
is
If another identical ar r field patte rn, by pr in cipa l of m
Fig 7.28 (b) and the fa ... (7.110)
the shape as shown in 2 co ~ 0)
En~ = cos ( x/2 e· the other for clarity but il
ra te lf on e ab ov
shown sepa centre
urce in Fig. 7.28 (b) is of two sow-ces at the
Although the centre so 7.28 (b). Th is su pe rim po sitio n
the array
ha ve be en su pe rim posed as shown in Fig. rison to so ur ce s at the edges. Therefore,
shou ld le in com pa
amplitude to just doub
increases its current

I
I

w I I
N2 . ,. /2 .. I
(c)
(a)
Fig. 7.28.
 •
•

I
(a) 4 sources with amplitude ralio 1 : 3 : 3 : 1.
r---½
I I
I
)(2 I
n,2 ~
( I
. b) Tiu! same Fig show
w has the three ~ffective . Fig. 7.29. · "suptrposition of cen
28 (a)) is supenmposed wi~u rces with amplitude ratio
00 :,e ioi uc u.
.
7 th another identical array the 1 : 2 . . . . .
(fig, ·
rwde ratio 1 : 3 : .3 : 1 is· b · d
o tame as shown in Fig . '
n · 1. Similarly, if this three sou
rces ~
:~ ~. again by principle of 7 29 . an,ar h' ray of effective~
h . -· ..1
multiplicity of Pattern, is giv 1? urs
.en ~~ w ic tbere 18 no mm ourceswithcurrem
or lobes. The far field
Enor -= cos2 ( 1t/2 cos 0 )
In this way, it is possible to
. d have a pattern of any desired
the current amp1itu e sources correspon ds to the direcu· . . . ... (7 .11
farfie\dpattem of n sources
is given by .
coefficients of the saivit d
y Without any mm
b' ial . or lobes 'l"ll'nffiA-1)1
mom senes (eqn 7.100)ya uu ~
am the
Enor ~11 -l)
Since ~m· nor lo~ i..~ 1· · · · . = cos ( 1t/2 cos 0 )
s e immauon m binomial
comparison with the same arr array takes place at the cost of
~. ay (of equal amplitude soU decrease in • ...•(7. 112)
.. .
· ed
uniform are uesign as comp · be ICe s) therefore in
romise tween the unifonn and binom ' pract;, ce usuall dneftivny_ m
7.13.1. Disadvantages of ial. ""' Y arrays of SIZC
binomial arrays
(i) HPBW increases and he
nce the directivity decrease
. (ii) For design of a large arr s.
ay, larger amplitude ratio of
sources is ~u ire d.
7.14. DOLPH-TCHEBYSC
HEFF OR CHEBYSHEV
In the design of linear inp ARRAYS _ (AMIETE, Nn4, Mf75, N
hase antenna arrays of no / 76)
Tchebyscheff polynomial and n-unifonn amplitudes C.L.
hence the joint name i.e. Do Dolph used the
this Russian name Tchebysch lph-Tchebyscheff arrays. An
eff (pronounced as che-bee- alternative spelling ID
Dolph-Chebyshev arrays or shet) is Chebyshev and beo
simply Cbebyshev arrays. ce it is also called as
the narrowest beam width, be In the antenna design, it is oft
sides low side level. Howe en desired to achieve
related that an attempt in the ver, these characteristics of an
improvement in the formeird antenna system are so
alinear inphase broadside arr eteriorates the latter. C.L. Do
ays, it is,possible-to min4Di lph proposed that for
for a specified side-lobe-level ze the beam width of main lob
and vice.;versa i.e. if the be e (between tint 01iBs)
side-lobe-level is minimized. am width between first nulls
Thus Dolph-Tchebycheff:dfs is specified. then the
value between the-two conflict tribut,on provides a comprom
ing properties. In other wo ise ratla optinuan
be_am-width for given side-lob rds,Dolph-Tc~bysc!'4 arrays
e-level and vice-versa. Since pro dllCts narrowest
width is achieved by this distri for a specified side lobe lev
bution and hence it is consi el, na rro we st ~
· . Dolph-Tchebyscheff de red to be opt irr uun .
1ndicate tha current amplitude distributi
s t reduction ·inside lob on is optimum ll'()Vi~d S 2
e r18•hed ithout sacrifice of ant )./ ,D o l ~ ~
:~,other respect e.g. beam cann ot be accom p w enna i:- ..
width and gain or di re c~ ~l . .
t-t s·poss~ble, practically• ~ • b this method,
\A~

igh gain narrow beam antenna

USe. A 20 db level is conside s for side lobe levels of 20-30 d b ~ ~ and ~c
red good and 30 db is excel
lence while it is very diffi to
ul
t
:-vc
g n , ~ y for radar
40 db.
 ANTENNA & WAVE P ~ o p
I 638 . :Ao-4l'io
P I ial In defining the Tchcbysch eff polynomia l the first Jette y · t'I
1.14.1. Tchebysc~ eff_ o y11om • ·Ir r The Tc.hebysch eff polynomia l is defined b r is llseo
a~ symbol, as Tchebysche ft bemg the older spc mg. · Y eqn.

/ T"' ( x ) = cos ( m cos- I x ) j I Ix I < ± 1 ... 7. I 13 (a)

and / T,,.(x) = cosh(mcm ;lf i_j] if lxl >±I ... 7.IJ3(b)

Let m=O
To ( x ) = cos ( m cos- 1 x )
= cos (mo) where o
t'.
= cos-1 x
X = COS b
= cos ( 0)
(A) x = cos 'If/2
=I
8 = \jl/2
I ... (7.I 14)
Tt (X) =l
m = l, T1 ( X ) = cos ( l.S ) = cos b =X
or T1 ( X) =X
2
I ... (7.115)

m = 2 T2 ( x ) = cos 2 o = 2 cos S - 1

or T2 ( x ) = 2 .r2 - 1 I ... (7.116)

m = 3 T3 ( x ) = cos 38 = 4 cos 3 o - 3 cos o

or T3 ( x) = 4 x3 - 3 X I ... (7.117)

m=4 T4 ( x ) = cos 4 5 = 2 cos2 2 5 -

= 2 [ 2 cos2 S - l J2 - 1 = 2 [ 4 cos
4
o- 4 cos
2
o+ I] - I

T4 ( X ) = 8 x4 - 8 t' + 1 ... (7.118)

Further higher ierms can be had from lhe ~ecursion formula

/ T,,. +1( x ) = 2 x T,,. ( x ) -;-- T,,. _ 1 ( _x ) ... (7.119)

I
For, T5 ( x), put m = 4
T5 ( X ) = 2 X T4 ( X ) - T3 ( X )

= 2 x [ 8 x 4 - 8 x2 + 1 ] - ( 4 x3 - 3x )
5
Ts (x) -= 16x - ~~x3 + ~ ... (7. 120)

T6 ( x ) = 2 x T5 ( x ) - · j ,. ( x ) Put m =5
5 3
= 2 x l 16 x - 20 x + 5 x ] - [ 8 x
4
- 8 x2 + I J
/ T, ( x 1 ~ 32 x' - 48 x' + 18 ,I _ 1/ ... (7. J2 I)

11 ( x) = 2x T6 ( x.) - Ts ( x)
5 4
= 2x l 32 x - 48.x + ·18 x
2
- I J - { 16 x 5 - 20 x 3 + 5 x 1
6
= 64 X - 96 X 5 + 36x'.j - .2 X - J6 x 5 + 20 x 3 - 5X
T 1 ( .r ) = 64 x 7 - 112 x 5 + S6 ,r3 _ 7x I ... (7. 122)

f
 -
~
[}it
~
~~---------------·---========~6~
,narizing,
l'S
39[]!
S
'f~IJS · ufll -r-:7~~-.-----
To(X) l ---------- ---
.. . (7.114)
T1 ( X) =X
.. . (7.115)
Tz( x) = 2 x2 - 1
... (7 .116) "
TJ ( x) = 4 x3 - 3 x
... (7.117)
T4(X) = 8x4 - sx2 + 1
... (7.118)
Ts ( X) = 16 XS - 20 X 3 + 5 X
6 4
.. . (7. 119)
T<,(x) = 32 x - 48 x + 18 x2 - 1
7
... (7.120)
T, ( X) = 64x - 112 XS + 56 x 3 - 7X
... (7.121)
8
Ts ( x) = 128 x - 256 x 6 + 160 x 4 - 32 x2 + 1 ... (7.122)
9 7
T9 ( X) = 256x - 576 X + 432 XS - 120 ,C + 9 X ... (7.123)
n represent Tchebyscheff polynomial and in general can be written a<:
AbOVC eq . .
T,,. ( X) = COS ( m COS- I X) = COS ( m O) = COS ( m V/2 )
12 ) I .
[ T,,. ( x) = cos~ ~ . where w12 ... 7.123 (a)
= cos- I x; x = cos w12
nd their general charactensucs are shown m Fig 7.30 (a, b). /tis seen from the Tchebyscheff po/ynomia/ that
~he value of m and degree of polynomial is same.

m
Tm (x) WHEN
m IS EVEN
Tm(ll) , !o,r
WHEN m
IS 000

Xo

(a) Tchet,yscheff Polynomials when m is even. (b). Tchet,ysclu1J Polynomial when mis odd.
Fig. 7.30
From the Fi~. 7.30, the following properties ofTchcby~heff polynomial are evident:
(i) All the polynomial in the range - 1 < x < + 1 oscillate
between the value - 1 and + 1.
(ii) In the range I x I < 1, the mth order polynomial crosses the axis m times.
(iii) In the range Ix I > 1, the polynomials go on increasing without limit at the rate proportional
Lox"'. ·
f . Thus, as ~n, as the xis varied from a point say "a" uplo a chosen valuexo and back to "<l",-thcn the
unc.:t1on T ( . .
. "' x ) traces out a pattern which consists of -
(i) inany small side-lobes
(ii)
one major lobe
(iii) h
lc_sccondary minor lobes arc pf -same amplitude of unity and arc bc\ow main lo~by the ratio 1 / r ,
Which can be h . .
. · c oscn~at w_ill by ,s.uitably choosin!!·Xo. - . I