Introduction To Wireless Systems-CH 5

INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Chapter 5
Chapter 5: Wireless communications

Technologies
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Title Page
1. Infrared (IR) wireless communications technology 3
2. Broadcast Radio technology 7
3. Microwave Radio technology 11
4. Satellites communication technology 14
5. Wireless Networking technology 19
6. Ultra Wide Band (UWB) 25
7. Bluetooth Technology 28
8. ZigBee Technology 30
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Key words:
ZigBee, Bluetooth, IR, UWB, WiMAX, WIFI, FCC
Abstract:
At the end of the 19th century, the first wireless communications systems were introduced
and the technology has significantly been developed subsequent years. Today, the term
wireless refers to a variety of devices and technologies ranging from smart phones to
laptops, tabs, computers, printers, Bluetooth, etc. The mobility offered by wireless
technology is allowing businesses to optimize their use of employee time, to become more
competitive, and make better business decisions and provide better customer service. As
a result, many businesses are effectively taking advantage of wireless services. Therefore,
industries are` looking to install wireless solutions as a major step towards running
businesses profitably.
Objectives:
Having an idea about different types of wireless communications and types of
technologies used to achieve this kind of communication.
Index:
1. Infrared (IR) Wireless communications Technology.
2. Broadcast Radio Technology.
3. Microwave Radio Technology.
4. Satellites Communication Technology.
5. Wireless Networking Technology.
6. Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Technology.
7. Bluetooth Technology.
8. ZigBee Technology.
9. Questions of chapter 5.
10. Answers.
Types of wireless technologies
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1. Infrared (IR) wireless communications technology:

Infrared is a media transmission system widely used for short-range telecommunication
while it is unable to pass through solid objects; therefor it is used for in door
communications only.
This type of wireless communication provides:

1. Transmission of data signals through light emitting diodes (LEDs) or Lasers as
shown in fig 1.
Fig 1
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2. Electromagnetic energy at a wavelength, which is longer than that of the red

light as in fig 2.
Fig 2
3. Point to point system in which transmission is possible between two points

limited to a range and line of sight as in fig 3.
Fig 3
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4. Signal frequency to transmit in a point-to-point system is 100 GHz to 400

terahertz (THz).
5. Bit rate from 100 Kbps to 16 Mbps.
6. Broadcast system, which has reflective material or a transmission unit, amplifies
that retransmits data signal to several other units as in fig 4.
Fig 4
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7. Normal frequency of an infrared broadcast system is 100 GHz to 1,000 THz with
a limited speed of one Mbps.
Wireless Transmission Infrared

 For short-range communication
 Remote controls for TVs, VCRs and stereos
 IRD port
 Indoor wireless LANs
 Do not pass through solid walls
 Better security and no interference (with a similar system in adjacent rooms)
 No government license is needed
 Fairly low bandwidth (4 Mbps)
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2. Broadcast Radio technology:
The radio broadcasting is a type of wireless transmission that provides Data transfers by
carrying electromagnetic waves with low frequencies to distant locations through an
electrical conductor and an antenna. As an example, ham radio as in fig 5 can share
information to serve as emergency communication aids during disasters with their powerful
amateur broadcasting equipment.
Fig 5
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Today, ham radios can even communicate digital data over the radio spectrum. Citizen’s
radio band and maritime radios provide communication services for truckers and sailors by
using radio frequency ranges from 10 kilohertz (kHz) to 1 gigahertz (GHz) regulated by
the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
These services include Audio broadcasting service, radio broadcasts sound through the air
as radio waves being sent over long distances (across countries) at up to 2 megabits per
second (AM/FM Radio) as shown in fig 6.
RADIO
 Radio broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, broadcastthrough the
air as radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation)from a transmitter to a
receiving antenna.
 Station can be linked in radio networks to broadcast common programming, either
in syndication or simulcast or both
Fig 6
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In addition, TV stations are using Radio networks Transmitters to broadcast their common
programs. Broadcasting services nowadays expanded also to broadcast internet services
terrestrially and via satellites as in fig 7.
Fig 7
Radio waves are electromagnetic signals transmitted by an antenna. These waves differ in
frequency segments as shown in fig 8, and an audio signal can be picked up by tuning
into a specific frequency segment.
Fig 8
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A practical example is radio station device as shown in fig 9. When the Radio Jockey
says, “You are listening to 93.7 FM”, what he actually means is that signals are being
broadcasted at a frequency of 97.3 megahertz, which in turn means that the transmitter at
the station is oscillating at a frequency of 93,700,000 cycles per second. When you wish
to listen to 93.7 FM, all you have to do is tune the radio device to accept that particular
frequency and you will receive flawless audio reception.
Fig 9
Radio Receiver (AM/FM)
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3. Microwave Radio technology:
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequency range from 300 MHz to 300GHz
and it means very short waves (range from 100 cm to 1mm). This type of wireless
transmission technology is very effective that provides data transfer using terrestrial
method, in which two microwave towers with a clear line of sight (LOS) between them are
used ensuring that no obstacles to disrupt that line of sight as in fig 10. The other type of
microwave is used in satellite communications.
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Fig 10
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This technology uses frequencies (4 GHz to 6 GHz) for long distances and larger antenna
size, or (21 GHz to 23 GHz) for short distances and smaller antenna size for terrestrial
systems data transmission as shown in fig 11. Typically, the bit rate is usually 1 Mbps to
10 Mbps.
Fig 11
Nowadays microwave technology is being used even in our daily life especially in the
kitchen when we use the microwave oven as illustrated in fig 12.
Fig 12
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4. Satellites communication technology:
Satellite communication is one of the best wireless technologies that offers Wide usage all
over the world allowing users to stay connected virtually anywhere on the Earth. Direct
connection with the orbiting satellites is achieved via microwave radio signals. This
technology offers Portable satellite phones and modems that have more powerful
broadcasting abilities than the cellular devices as they have higher range. These devices
are more expensive than terrestrial one. Satellite communication is used to transmit data
via satellite that orbits 22,300 miles above the Earth by using stations on the ground send
and receive data signals to and from the satellite with a frequency ranging from 11 GHz to
14 GHz and with a transmission speed of 1 Mbps to 10 Mbps as shown in fig 13.
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Fig 13
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Different communication systems can be linked to a single satellite, in a way that allows
multiple users to share the same broadcast equipment and the same satellite link as
shown in fig 14.
Fig 14
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Data is passed through a satellite using a transponder as illustrated figs 15 that is a signal
path. Most satellites have between 24 to 72 transponders.
Transponder
 some satellites have (hundreds of) transponders for communication purposes
 A transponder
1. receives transmissions from earth (uplink);
2. changes signal frequency;
3. amplifies the signal; and
4. transmits the signal to earth (downlink)
Fig 15
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With a single transponder shown in fig 16, satellite is capable of transmitting and receiving
155 million bits of information per second. This huge capability makes communication
satellites an ideal medium for transmitting and receiving all kinds of content, including
audios and videos.
Fig 16
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5. Wireless Networking technology:

Wireless Network Definition
 Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is not connected by
cables of any kind.
Wireless Networking technologies connect multiple computers, systems and devices

together without requiring wires or cables. This technology provides easy Integration and
Convenience because the wireless nature of such networks provide mobility and allow
users to access network resources like internet from nearly any convenient location or
outside their work locations as shown in fig 17.
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Fig 17
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The expandability of wireless networks enables them to serve any sudden increased
number of clients with the existing equipment as in fig 18 while in wired network,
additional clients require additional wiring.
Fig 18
Advantages of wireless networks:

 Provide communication where wired networks are unable to provide especially in
remote areas.
 Cost of installation for wireless infrastructure is less than the one needed for wired
networks.
 Faster and easier installation and expandability than wired networks.
 Provide anywhere access and connection.
 Enable building of small office home office networks in a very simple way.
 Provide easy sharing of network resources.
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Disadvantages of wireless networks:

Wide variety of interference including the complex propagation effects that are beyond the
control of the network administrator.
Security Problems, which make wireless networks, may choose to utilize some of the
various encryption technologies.
Range will be insufficient for a larger structure – and, in order to increase its range,
repeaters or additional access points have to be purchased.
The speed on most wireless networks will be slower than the slowest common wired
networks.
Installation of an infrastructure-based wireless network is a complex to set up.
Types of wireless network technology:

WiMAX:
WiMAX shown in fig 19 is wireless broadband technology that offers fast Web surfing
without being connected through cable or DSL. WiMAX can potentially deliver data rates
of more than 30 Mbps. The actual cost of the data available using WiMAX widely varies
with the distance from the transmitter. WiMAX is one of the versions of 4G wireless
available in phones as Sprint’s 4G technology.
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Fig 19
WiMAX network
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Wi-Fi:
Wi-Fi shown in fig 20 is a form of low-power wireless communications offers
communications for many electronic devices such as laptops, smart phones, etc. It has a
limited range due to low power of transmissions allowing users to connect only within
close proximity to a router or signal repeater. It offers mobility without any need of cables
for home networking applications. Also has security level by using secured password and
multiple levels of encryption in order not to be accessed by inruders.
Fig 20
Wireless Networking Wi-Fi
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6. Ultra Wide Band (UWB):
UWB as illustrated in fig 21 has been released for Indoor and handheld communications.
It is suitable for Short-range and high-speed data communications especially when
applied in high frequency imaging systems, vehicular radar, sensor networks and WPAN
(wireless personal area networks).
Fig 21
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UWB provides high performance to meet big demands for high data rate applications.
Especially radar applications and communications communities have appreciated UWB
technology as shown in fig 22 because of its wideband nature that allows radio signals to
easily penetrate through obstacles and provides very precise ranging capabilities.
Fig 22
UWB as shown in fig 23, is based on spread spectrum technology (transmitted information
is spread over the whole frequency spectrum). i.e.(pieces of information is transferred at
different frequencies according to a designed scheme) this way gives the information
immunity against jamming and all different types of noise and also reduces power
transmission in addition to that UWB has coexistence with other standards.
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Fig 23
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7. Bluetooth Technology:
Bluetooth technology is a type of personal access networks (PAN) as shown in fig 24 that
offers connections to variety of different electronic devices wirelessly to a system for the
transfer and sharing of data and this is the main function of Bluetooth. Connections of cell
phones to hands-free earpieces, wireless keyboard, mouse and microphone to laptops
with the help of Bluetooth as it transmits information from one device to other device.
Bluetooth technology uses radio waves to communicate between devices, and these radio
waves have a range of 15-50 feet. According to the official Bluetooth website, Bluetooth
uses a low-power signal with a maximum range of 50 feet with sufficient speed to enable
transmission of data. The way of communication process identifies and connects any two
devices to each other as a pair without any interference from other non-paired Bluetooth
devices in the area. Bluetooth has power control during transmission so It uses maximum
power only when it is required, thus preserving battery life.
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Wireless devices Wireless devices Sensor devices, sending

streaming rich content, streaming rich content, small bits of data, using
like video and audio. like video and audio. very little energy.
Fig 24
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8. ZigBee Technology:
ZigBee is a wireless communications standard illustrated in fig 25, was designed for
providing solution for the unique needs of low power, low-cost wireless sensors, and
control networks. It is used almost anywhere, with easy implementation and little power
consumption for operation of data communication with a simple structure like the data
from the sensors.
WHAT IS ZIGBEE
 Technological standard created for control and sensor networks
 Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard
 Wireless personal area networks (WPANs)
 High level communication
 Frequency band up to 2.4GHz
Fig 25
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ZigBee has many features like the low-power consumption of its devices and the wide
range of applications it is being implemented in as shown in fig 26 like security, health
care, remote monitoring and control and telecommunications... etc.
Fig 26
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Communication using ZigBee technology has a reliable wireless performance and batteries
have long operation due to low power consumption of ZigBee devices as the one shown
in fig 27.
Fig 27
Bellow in fig 28, we have a comparasion amonge the three different wireless technologies
according to some parameters to show the technical diffrences and the right applications
for each technology.
Market Name Wi-Fi TM BluetoothTM ZigBeeTM
Underlying Standard 802.11b 802.15.1 802.15.4

Application Focus Web, Email, Video Cable Replacement Monitoring & Control
Battery Life Hours Days Years
Enumeration Latency Up to 3 sec Up to 10 sec 30 ms
Network Size 32 7 Up to 65536
Bandwidth (K bits / s)* 11,000+ 720 250
Range (meters)* 1 – 100 1 – 10+ 1 – 100+
Network Architecture Star Star Star, Tree, Mesh
Low cost, Reliability, Low power,
Optimized For Speed
Convenience Low cost, Scalability
Fig 28
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Questions of Chapter 5:
Q1:
What do IR communications use?
a) Electronic waves.
b) Acoustic waves.
c) Infrared rays.
Q2:
What is the bit rate range IR communications offers?
a) 100 KBPS to 16 MBPS.
b) 1-2 MBPS.
Q3:
What is the frequency range IR communications work on?
a) 100 GHz to 400 THz.
b) 650 MHz to 980 MHz
Q4:
Where do we use IR communication?
a) Point to point systems for data communications.
b) Digital Video broadcasting.
Q5:
Who does organize and regulate the frequencies used in broadcast radios?
a) ETSI.
b) CCITT
c) FCC.
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Q6:
What is the frequency range for broadcast radio technology?
a) From 10 KHz to 1GHz.
b) From 890 KHz to 3GHz.
Q7:
Where do we use broadcast radios? (Choose all that apply)
a) Data transfer to distant locations.
b) Sending information asking for emergency aids during disasters.
c) Providing services for trucks and sailors.
d) Audio broadcasting services.
e) Broadcasting common programing stations.
Q8:
What can microwave radio technology provide?
a) Wireless data transfer using terrestrial method with clear (Line of Sight) between
two towers.
b) Frequency transmission4GHz to 6GHZ or (21-23) GHZ.
c) Bite rate 1MBPS up to 10 MBPS.
Q9:
What can satellite communications offer? (Choose all that apply)
a) Wide usage all over the world.
b) Direct communication with satellite via radio links.
c) Portable satellite phones and modems with high range and powerful broadcasting
abilities.
d) Communication system linked to satellite allows multiple users to share the same
broadcast equipment.
e) Terrestrial communications
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Q10:
What are the advantages of wireless networks? (Choose all that apply)
a) Mobility.
b) Expandability.
c) Ease of integration and convenience.
Q11:
What are disadvantages of wireless networks? (Choose all that apply)
a) Variety of interference my effect on radio frequency transmission.
b) Security problems.
c) For lager structure range may be insufficient and need extra devices.
d) Complexity in setting up installation of wireless network infrastructure.
Q12:
What are the major types of wireless networks?
a) WiMAX.
b) WIFI.
Q13:
What does WIMAX offer?
a) Fast web surfing without DSL or cable connection.
b) High data rate up 30 MBPS.
c) One of the major 4G wireless available in phones.
Q14:
What does WIFI offer? (Choose all that apply)
a) Easy communication for multiple devices as laptop mobile.
b) Connection is within limited range router due to the low power transmission to avoid
interference with other wireless networks.
c) Portability so no need for cables in home networks.
d) Security by using secure access password.
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Q15:
What does UWB (ultra wide band) offer?
a) Data transmission at very high data rate using very low power (spread spectrum).
b) Long distance communication.
c) Short distance communication.
Q16:
What is the network type depends on UWB?
a) WIMAX.
b) WIFI.
c) WPAN.
Q17:
Where are UWB highly appreciated by?
a) Radar systems.
b) Backbone communication.
c) Communication communities.
Q18:
What is the main function of Bluetooth technology?
a) Transfer and sharing data between different devices wirelessly connected in rage of
(15-50) feet.
b) Connecting wireless devices as a pair to avoid interference from other devices.
Q19:
what are ZigBee features?
a) ZigBee devices are designed for low-power consumption.
b) ZigBee is used in Commercial Applications like sensing and monitoring
applications.
c) ZigBee uses very low power and extremely long device battery life.
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d) ZigBee gives flexibility to do more with the reliable wireless performance and
battery operation.
Q20:
Where is ZigBee standard used in?
a) Wireless sensors.
b) Control networks.
c) Data communication with simple structure.
Question Answer
Q1 c
Q2 a
Q3 a
Q4 a
Q5 c
Q6 a
Q7 a,b,c,d,e
Q8 a,b,c
Q9 a,b,c,d
Q10 a,b,c
Q11 a,b,c,d
Q12 a,b
Q13 a,b,c
Q14 a,b,c,d
Q15 a,c
Q16 c
Q17 a
Q18 b
Q19 a,b,c,d
Q20 a,b,c
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INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Chapter 5

Chapter 5: Wireless communications

1. Infrared (IR) wireless communications technology:

This type of wireless communication provides:

2. Electromagnetic energy at a wavelength, which is longer than that of the red

3. Point to point system in which transmission is possible between two points

4. Signal frequency to transmit in a point-to-point system is 100 GHz to 400

Wireless Transmission Infrared

2. Broadcast Radio technology:

3. Microwave Radio technology:

4. Satellites communication technology:

5. Wireless Networking technology:

Wireless Networking technologies connect multiple computers, systems and devices

Advantages of wireless networks:

Disadvantages of wireless networks:

Types of wireless network technology:

6. Ultra Wide Band (UWB):

Wireless devices Wireless devices Sensor devices, sending

Market Name Wi-Fi TM BluetoothTM ZigBeeTM

Underlying Standard 802.11b 802.15.1 802.15.4

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