Introduction To Wireless Systems-CH 1

INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Chapter 1
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Title Page
1. History of wireless communications 3
2. Importance of wireless communications 34
3. The Impact of wireless technologies on economy and employment 42
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Key words:
Wireless Telegraph, ALOHANET, star topology, ‘push-to-talk’, IPv4, TCP, FCC, L2TP,
2G, 3G, Gowalla, Loopt, shopkick, GDP (gross domestic product)
Abstract:
In this chapter, we will clarify why Wireless communications are the most important branch
of communication industry all over the world, and how this branch is a fast growing one
replacing wired communications in many sectors, and being used by many new
applications and systems in their internal design. Wireless communications are becoming
to be an essential part in our lives.
Objectives:
 Introducing the history of wireless communications.
 Showing the progress path wireless communications are going through up to the
level of technology we have today.
 Clarifying the great effects and impacts of this branch on economy.
 Clarifying its impact on employment and creating new jobs in the whole markets.
Index:
1. History of wireless communications.
2. Importance of wireless communications.
3. The Impact of wireless Technologies on economy and employment.
4. Questions of Chapter 1.
5. Answers.
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1. History of wireless communications:
Wireless communications are old fashion ways used by people in the very early ages to
communicate and remotely send information as seen in Fig 1.
Fig 1
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For that purpose, smoke signals were used by American Indians to pass messages over
long distances, among numbers of people spread over a considerable distance as shown
below in Fig 2.
Fig 2
Communications among ships or to the shore were achieved by using semaphore with
flags, in addition Long distance communications were accomplished by using carrier
pigeons to deliver written messages as we can see in fig 3.
Fig 3
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Along thousands of years, observation stations had been built on hills and along the road
to relay, the messages over long distances, and we can say that these were the first
communication networks for sending information used by humanity.
Due to the human developments in sciences, these early communication networks had
been replaced by alternative networks:
 Telegraph network, which SAMUEL MORSE invented in 1838, which used the
telegraph device that can be seen in fig 4 below.
Fig 4
 Telephone networks, which ALEXANDER GRAHAM BEEL invented in 1876 as

shown in fig 5.
Fig 5
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 Radio communications, which have been implemented by generating and detecting

radio waves. Heinrich Hertz was first to demonstrate these radio waves, and it was
just an experiment that proved Maestro Maxwell was right about the mysterious
electromagnetic waves that we could not see with the naked eye. However, they
are there. This was in 1888 as shown in fig 6.
Fig 6
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 Marconi as shown in fig 7, demonstrated the first radio transmission from the Isle of
Wight to a tugboat 18 miles away, and radio communications was born in 1895.
Fig 7
 On March 1897, Marconi (at age of 23) transmitted Morse code signals over a
distance of about 6 kilometers fig8.
Fig 8
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 On 13 May 1897, Marconi sent the first wireless communications over open sea as
in fig9.
Fig 9
-8-
 In 1901 was the reception by Dr. Marconi at St Johns, Newfoundland, the famous
letter ‘S’, transmitted as a test signal from his English station; this was on
December 11, 1901 as in fig 10.
Fig 10
 On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay,

Nova Scotia, Canada, became the first radio message to cross the Atlantic from
North America as in fig 11.
Fig 11
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 Marconi in Britain founded the Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in 1897 as
seen in fig 12, fig 13.
Fig 12
Fig 13
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 In 1904, several US government agencies began setting up their own radio

transmitters, with little or no coordination between the various departments as
shown in fig 14, fig 15, and fig 16.
Fig 14
Fig 15
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Fig 16
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 The first radio broadcast took place in 1906 when Reginald A Fessenden
transmitted voice and music for Christmas as in fig 17.
Fig 17
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 The invention of electronic vacuum tube in 1906 by Lee De Forest (1873 - 1961)
& Robert Von Lieben (1878 – 1913) Helped to reduce the size of sender and
receiver as shown in fig 18.
Fig 18
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 In 1907, first commercial transatlantic connections were setup and a huge Base
Stations using up to thirty 100 m high antennas where needed on both sides of the
Atlantic Ocean as in fig 19.
Fig 19
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 In 1915, the roots of the cellular telephone system began, when wireless voice
transmission between New York and San Francisco was first established as in fig
20.
Fig 20
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 The first commercial radio station started in 1920 [KDKA – from Pittsburgh] as seen
in fig 21.
Fig 21
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 Until that time, the Sender and the Receiver still needed huge antennas and high
power transmission. However, this changed fundamentally with the discovery of –
short waves again by Marconi in 1920. Short waves have the advantage of being
reflected at the ionosphere) as in fig 22
Fig 22
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 The first car radio was commercially available in 1927 (philco Transitone) as shown
in fig 23.
Fig 23
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 The year 1928 many field trials for TV broadcasting had been done. John L Baird
during (1888 – 1946) transmitted TV across Atlantic and demonstrated color TV as
seen in fig 24.
Fig 24
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 In 1946, public mobile telephone service began in 25 cities across the United
States thirty years after the introduction of mobile telephone service the New York
system could only support 543 users as in fig 25.
Fig 25
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 1950’s-1960: A variety of mobile systems operated by several administrations and

they were as 0G of mobile systems. They were Car-borne Bulky and power-
hungry equipment with very limited number of users, working on frequencies in the
range of VHF Carriers 10’s-100’s MHz (30-150 MHz). Moreover, they were
manual switching until late 1960’s fig 26, 27.
Fig 26
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Fig 27
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 The '0G' systems were not cellular and could support few calls, and were very
expensive. In addition, they were used on ships and trains as in fig 28.
Fig 28
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 In 1971 At the University of Hawaii, a development of the first network

"ALOHANET" based on packet radio. This network enabled computer sites at seven
campuses spread out over four islands to communicate with a central computer on
Oahu via radio transmission. The network architecture used a star topology with the
central computer at its hub as in fig 29.
Fig 29
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 Motorola demonstrated 1G First Generation of Mobile Phone, in 1973, and the first
commercial automated cellular network was in Japan by NTT in 1979. These
systems could support far more calls but still used analogue technology as in fig
30.
Fig 30
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 2G Second Generation of Mobile Phone was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on

the GSM standard in 1991. It was presented as a digital cellular technology offering
roaming, and more other services than 1G as in fig 31.
Fig 31
 NTT DoCoMo launched 3G Third Generation of Mobile Phone in 2001 in Japan on

the WCDMA standard. And was followed by 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements
based on the high-speed packet access (HSPA) family, allowing UMTS networks
to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity as in fig 32.
Fig 32
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 In 2010 4G Fourth Generation of Mobile Phone is a technology that promises to

improve the speed of data transmission over existing 3G technologies, with IP
based mobility and complete telecom/Datacom convergence as fig 33, 34.
Fig 33
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Fig 34
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 5G Fifth Generation of Mobile Phone is a term used in academic research papers

and projects to describe the next standard in mobile telecommunications. It is also
referred to as beyond 2020 mobile communications technologies as in fig 35, 36.
Fig 35
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Fig 36
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Timeline table in Wireless Technologies evolution

1896 Guglielmo Marconi develops the first wireless telegraph system
1927 First commercial radiotelephone service operated between Britain and the US
First car-based mobile telephone set up in St. Louis, using ‘push-to-talk’
1946
technology
Claude Shannon publishes two benchmark papers on Information Theory,
1948 containing the basis for data compression (source encoding) and error detection
and correction (channel encoding)
TD-2, the first terrestrial microwave telecommunication system, installed to
1950
support 2400 telephone circuits
Late in the decade, several ‘push-to-talk’ mobile systems established in big
1950s
cities for CB-radio, taxis, police, etc.
Late in the decade, the first paging access control equipment (PACE) paging
1950s
systems established
Early in the decade, the Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS) developed
1960s
with simultaneous transmit and receive, more channels, and greater power
1962 The first communication satellite, Telstar, launched into orbit
The International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (INTELSAT)
1964
established, and in 1965 launches the Early Bird geostationary satellite
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency – US (DARPA) selected BBN to
1968 develop the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET), the
father of the modern Internet
Packet switching emerges as an efficient means of data communications, with
1970s
the X.25 standard emerging late in the decade
The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), invented by Bell Labs, first
1977 installed in the US with geographic regions divided into ‘cells’ (i.e. cellular
telephone)
January 1, TCP/IP selected as the official protocol for the ARPANET, leading to
1983
rapid growth
Motorola files FCC application for permission to launch 77 (revised down to 66)
1990 low earth orbit communication satellites, known as the Iridium System (element
77 is Iridium)
One-millionth host connected to the Internet, with the size now approximately
1992
doubling every year
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Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) established for reliable transmission over the
1993
Internet in conjunction with the Transport Control Protocol (TCP)
FCC licenses the Personal Communication Services (PCS) spectrum (1.7 to 2.3
1994-5
GHz) for $7.7 billion
Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, and Toshiba announce they will join to develop
1998 Bluetooth for wireless data exchange between handheld computers or cellular
phones and stationary computers
Late in the decade, Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) based on the Layer 2
1990s
Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) and IPSEC security techniques become available
2000 802.11(b)-based networks are in popular demand
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Security is broken. The search for greater
20001
security for 802.11(x)-based networks increases
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2. Importance of wireless communications:
Wireless communications is one of the most explosively growing section around the world.
This was reflected in the fast changes in cellular phones, which have changed from heavy
automobile-mounted devices to a very small handset device the same as a pocket diary.
Wireless products and services have bigger effects on human lives than the personal
computer (PC) and local area network (LAN).
The mobility in Wireless technology has reflected in:

1. Allowing businesses to optimize their use of employee time.
2. Making businesses more competitive.
3. Making better business decisions and providing better customer service.
Wireless Communications & Technology:
While wireless communications aim to transfer information between two or multi points that
are not wirily connected, so wireless communications use "Wireless technologies" to
achieve this transfer of information. Wireless technologies are the processes by which
radio waves are propagated through the air. These processes differ in the amount of data
carried, immunity to interference from internal and external sources, and other
characteristics varies from technology to other one.
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In addition, advances especially in semiconductor technologies have great effects on the

process of developing wireless communications, which can be seen in the following:
 Enable the use of higher frequencies.
 Achieve better reliability of wireless connections.
 Accelerate wireless product development.
 Minimizing of circuitry, of displays, of user interfaces the “building blocks” of
portable devices.
 Advances in low-power electronics, battery (life, weight) and solar cell
technologies, will also help the mobile product user achieve higher levels of
efficiency.
 Affordable application solutions will be the key element in the rapid acceptance of
wireless technologies.
 Traditional methods of interaction with computing devices will have to change when
they become highly minimized and portable.
Companies & Wireless Communications:
Many companies will restructure their operations to take advantage of wireless benefits
and plan to install wireless solutions as a major step towards running businesses
profitably.
Companies that focus on time as a critical component of competitive advantage should
utilize wireless technology because they will have:
1. Quicker response time – by using remote input and access of data, fax or voice
information.
2. Increased customer contact and satisfaction - by contacting customers early, before
they contact someone else.
3. “Just in Time” manufacturing practices - maintaining leaner inventories.
4. Accuracy of information - direct input of data without transcribing.
5. Faster management information systems - information “as it happens”.
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Why Wireless is important:

Wireless communications will be one of the major technologies of the 21st century,
because it will offer:
 Accessing anytime and anywhere.
 Ease of information and service delivery no matter where you are.
 Value added to general business and everyday use (for example, to contact a
public safety officer on patrol, or a medical professional in case of a problem) as
mentioned in fig 37.
Fig 37
 View events online as they occur, and provide rapid aid to survivors.
 Wireless technology has vastly improved communication between rescue workers
and survivors and has allowed people to more quickly contact loved ones in the
affected areas.
 Environmental protection by new capabilities with the advent of wireless
communications.
 Faster News reporting by using wireless technologies like smartphones with video
cameras which allow people to record news events as they occur, and to get the
video out to the rest of the world.
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 Entertainment by utilizing wireless communications.

 Devices such as smartphones are equipped with applications for downloading and
reading books and newspapers, and streaming games, movies, television, music
and live sporting events as shown in fig 38.
Fig 38
 People with smartphones now have a way keep themselves almost endlessly
entertained while on the go or to fill the time between appointments or classes.
 Wireless communications made extensive use of social media networking to
organize efforts of people to certain case as shown in fig 9.
Fig 39
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 Education changes occurred by the advanced capabilities of smartphones like

causing educators to reconsider their potential as classroom tools fig 40.
Fig 40
 A math teacher instructing her students about parallel and perpendicular lines and
asks them to use their cell phone cameras to photograph items in their everyday
lives that illustrate such lines, and then email the photos in for display fig 41.
Fig 41
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 Schools has brought the Internet into their classrooms and students are now
carrying broadband Internet with them in their pockets.
 Avoiding wiring expenses for temporary communications or in an environment
where wiring is impractical (for example, a national landmark building or a staging
area where emergency response teams are mobilized).
 Alternative solution when wire lines are down (for example, in a natural disaster).
 Provide communications with small, reliable, energy-constrained mobile devices
that are cheap enough for widespread use.
Wireless & Rapid Changes:
Advanced digital wireless systems, portable computers and digital hand-held data devices
also Metropolitan, national, and even international public and private networks with
wireless capability are emerging today.
Cellular phone service has only been available for a few years, and at first, it was too
expensive for general use and only a few of the most senior people in large companies
were able to justify the cost of ownership.
In a few short years, cellular phones became an affordable and sometimes essential
device for all kinds of people in their working day. Today, cellular phones while evolving
as shown in fig 42 are becoming common in all environments and essential as a TV
receiver or VCR to an ordinary family.
Fig 42
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New technology drives new uses and applications for the technology in many sites like
trading and medicine, education and so on. This situation in turn creates demands for
further technological advances as in fig 43.
Revolution of wireless communications

Fig 43
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As more users purchase equipment and services, so the price becomes more affordable
and the amount and diversity of uses and demands for new services and applications
increase too. These radical changes occurred, have made mobile telephony systems
being used by millions of people in a short time as shown in fig 44.
Fig 44
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3. The Impact of wireless technologies on economy and

employment:
Many innovations and developments throughout the last decade had been done in the
field of wireless communication technologies, including wireless Internet, mobile phones
especially smart phones and the upgrades of wireless infrastructures (The shift from 2G to
3G infrastructure), on which smart phone applications depend, and satellite
communications and others. All of that have deeply affected human lives and
economically led to creating:
 Huge number of new jobs.
 Thousands of new businesses.
 New goods and services.
Huge number of new jobs:
New jobs have been created and great growth in economy has been done, due to the
gains of more incomes and business investments in wireless communications. New
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economic studies show that the investments and innovations in the transition from 2G to
3G in mobile technologies and Internet infrastructure, has led to the creation of 1,585,000
new jobs from April 2007 to June 2011.
The current Investments today, in upgrading wireless networks and Internet technologies
from 3G to 4G holding comparable promise for job creation. As an example, every 10
percent increase in the adoption of 3G and 4G wireless technologies could add more than
231,000 new jobs to the U.S. economy in less than a year. In addition, related to US
economy, the Internet was responsible for about 3% to global GDP (gross domestic
product) and in 2009; it was responsible for 21% of U.S. GDP gains over the last five
years.
The Internet’s economic benefits are obvious in productivity, standards of living, and
employment and investments as shown in the study in fig 45. Fig 46 also shows that for
every one job destroyed by the Internet, 2.6 new jobs are created.
Fig 45
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Fig 46
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As the Internet has become increasingly integrated with mobile devices, improvements in
cell phone technology supported by the developments in Internet and wireless
infrastructure also have had a range of significant effects on employments. It was found
that from the fourth quarter of 2006 to the second quarter of 2011, 1,585,302 additional
jobs could be traced to the wide and increasing use of smart phones and other mobile
Internet devices enabled by the transition from the 2G to 3G infrastructure as in fig 47.
Fig 47
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A survey and analysis for measuring the relationship between the penetration of new
cellular technologies and changes in employment have been done in USA, so consumers
were asked to identify the model of phone they use and their carrier. By using these
survey results, calculations have been made for the penetration of each type of cellular
technology available in the marketplace. Each technology is associated with a “generation”
of cell phone development and web platform as in fig 48. All of the phones reported in the
survey over this period used at least 2G technology and 2G wireless infrastructure.
Cellular Telephony Technology by Generation

Fig 48
The analysis was built considering the number of population in each state in USA and the
generation of cellular phone and the transitions from one generation to the next.
The results indicated:
 A 1% point increase in cumulative generational penetration of new technology cell
phones causes a 0.007 % point increase in employment growth for the following
quarter of the year, and a 0.00581 % point increase in employment growth in the
second following quarter, and a 0.00483 % point increase in employment growth in
the third following quarter.
 Every 10 % point increase in the penetration of a new generation of cell phones in
the first quarter of the year causes a 0.07 % point increase in employment growth
in the second quarter of the year, and nearly 0.06 % point increase in the third
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quarter of the year, and nearly a 0.05 % point increase in the fourth quarter of the
year.
Broadband and wireless communications make a critical contribution to the economy.
Their contribution is especially important because the growth of economy is, by definition,
only as strong as the average growth in each sector. By building strength in leading
sectors, this can drive up that average and bring the rest of the economy with it.
Therefore, wireless has already contributed to USA economy that before the first spectrum
auctions in 1993, 54,000 people were employed in the wireless industry. Today, that
number is 268,000. The industry association estimates that another 2.4 million American
jobs are directly on the other hand, indirectly dependent on the U.S. wireless industry. In
addition, just about every job benefits from mobile technologies through increased
productivity and living standards. Economic studies have found that the introduction of 1G
and 2G cell phones have generated $80 to $150 billion a year in lower prices and better
products.
4G broadband wireless technology as defined in fig 49, promises to bring significant
economic benefits in these broad categories:
 The great expenses associated with developing 4G networks will generate
significant job creation.
 Each dollar invested in wireless deployment is estimated to result in as much as $7
to $10 higher GDP.
 With major American wireless firms spending $10 billion and rising on these efforts,
the benefits for job creation and job improvement are likely to be very big.
 The positive effects on the economy, by the number of mobile broadband users in
the United States was expected to increase by 75 % from 2009 to 2013.
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Fig 49
Mobile broadband has the potential to help reducing geographic and socioeconomic
differences in broadband access to the levels we now see with television, landline phones,
and mobile phones. Because wireless broadband is more cost effective than terrestrial
broadband in some rural areas, freeing up spectrum will enlarge markets and reduce
costs, creating opportunities to expand broadband access to unserved areas.
Example:
The creation of wireless nationwide Smart Grid shown in fig 50, will generate jobs for
thousands of people, including:
 Smart-meter manufacturing workers.
 Engineering technicians.
 Electricians and equipment installers.
 IT system designers and cyber security specialists.
 Data entry clerks and database administrators.
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 Business and power system analysts.
Fig 50
The greatest economic benefits would follow from the actual use of a Smart Grid are:
 Utility providers would be able to prevent “fault currents” from exceeding damaging
levels by constantly monitoring the condition of the bulk power system and the
capacity of each element to carry its load in real time.
 The network also would allow customers to use advanced metering systems to
manage their own power demand, in real time better, based on adjusted pricing.
 A Smart Grid also should reduce the incidence of power outages.
 Saving an estimated $20 billion per-year.
 Eliminating the damage from large-scale blackouts, Smart Grid could save the
economy another $10 billion, per-blackout avoided.
 Automating the operations of the core grid.
Thousands of new businesses:
Economically, Developments in wireless communications have made three main effects:
1. Enabling new business modules.
2. Creating new revenue opportunities for current business.
3. Improving human lives.
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Wireless communications at the beginning; have relied on tall, high-power transmitters

and receivers, which used a limited number of radio frequencies for coverage. This has
limited the wireless network capacity to a total of 700 customers and no more than 12
conversations at any time. However, after that implementing of 1G, wireless infrastructure
has led to:
 Increasing network capacity, which means developing the current business (more
users and more revenue) by subdividing cities into “cells” or small geographic
areas, to enable the usage of lower-power transmitters and radio frequency reuse.
 The cellular network affected positively in improving human lives when Connections
became more reliable by Utilizing innovations like automatic circuit switching,
handover from cell to cell, in way users could move across coverage areas without
losing their connections as in fig 51.
Fig 51
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The next generations' technologies allowed cellular networks to improve both voice
capacity and data transmission rates, which have quickly reached to a range of 500kbps
to 2Mbps and up to 14Mbps as shown in fig 52.
Fig 52
Therefore, these transitions in generations have produced more capacity in networks and
high data transmission speed. These points have positively affected on users of cell
phones and operators in opening new business modules by providing:
 Sophisticated web browsing.
 Streaming video Gaming.
 Multimedia messaging service (MMS).
 New mobile experience with a variety of new applications.
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These enhanced capacities were also one of the reasons for the rapid spread of cellular
services, which now for example includes 90 percent of American households as in fig 53.
Cellular Phone Subscriptions in the United States, 2000-2010

Fig 53
Globally mobile broadband subscriptions (as compared to subscribers) grew to an

estimated 60% over the 12 months ending in the third quarter of 2011, at which time they
totaled nearly 900 million. In addition, the total would reach more than 4.5 billion by 2016.
Moreover, about 30% of all new mobile phones sold in the third quarter of 2011 were
smart phones, up from 20% in 2010.
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Examples:
1. Mobile e-commerce, for example, has increased in recent years, growing from
about $1.4 billion in 2009 to between $6 billion and $9 billion in 2011 as in fig 54.
Fig 54
2. Savings from the wide use of electronic medical records created and accessed
wirelessly as in fig 55, along with other “MHealth (mobile health)”, (apps illustrated
in fig 56), could total some $15 billion a year using current wireless technologies.
Fig 55
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Fig 56
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3. A national Smart Grid that applied wireless technologies to the nation’s electricity
networks could save $20 billion annually by simply reducing power outages as
shown in figs 57, 58, 59 by applying two-way power flow, multi stakeholder
interactions.
Fig 57
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Fig 58
Fig 59
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4. Cloud-based services, which allow resolvers and administrators to access from

anywhere, are gaining rapidly in popularity, benefit from enhanced wireless
technology, that the market for mobile-based cloud services could reach $39 billion
by 2016 as in figs 60, 61, 62.
Fig 60
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Fig 61
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Fig 62
New goods and services:

The combination of the enhanced capacities of the 3G wireless broadband platform and
the new capabilities of smart devices have great impact on creation of new services like:
 Mobile e-commerce:
Mobile e-commerce sales in the United States, were about $1.4 billion in 2009,
and increased to between $6 billion and $9 billion in 2012 as in fig 63, 64. About
35% of the roughly 80 million smart phone subscribers in the United States, or 28
million people, already have made purchases on their cell phones. The rapid
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growth of mobile e-commerce will comprise a growing portion of the future retail
market. Mobile e-commerce capacities may enhance other on-line retail and even
in-person retail shopping and it can decrease the local market power of traditional
retailers, that the results will be lower prices and increased output.
“Mobile is going to be the end-all and be-all of how we are going to communicate
with customers.” So as the number of retailers investing in mobile web sites and
applications increases and more customers upgrade to smart phones with
broadband connectivity, users may increasingly incorporate their mobile phones in
their shopping.
Fig 63
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Estimated U.S. Mobile E-Commerce Sales, 2008-2016

Fig 64
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 Mobile social networking:

Mobile market has grown very rapidly in recent years, and a series of new mobile
services offered by social networking websites as shown in fig 65. The websites
have been operating for nearly a decade, but recently mobile users could access
them with mobile devices.
Once Facebook, Google+, Twitter and others recognized the appeal of mobile
social networking, they focused investment and attention on their mobile sites as in
fig 66.
Fig 65
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Fig 66
-63-
The result was very large expansion of mobile social networking. In 2011, 56 % of all
U.S. smart phone users, or some 44 million people, used social networking mobile apps
on a regular basis. From 2010 to 2011, Facebook’s mobile users jumped from about 100
million to more than 250 million. Mobile devices currently account for about 30% to 40%
of all social networking activity. As Facebook, Google+, Twitter, and Yelp together as
shown in fig 67 are expected to generate some $4 billion in revenues in 2011; $1.3 billion
to $1.8 billion can reasonably be attributed to mobile users. In addition, while the majority
of social networking involves individuals in personal interactions, the growth in business-
related social networks could, over time, increase productivity by enhancing the quality
and quantity of employee interactions.
Mobile Use of Social Networking Sites

Fig 67
 Location-based services:
Location-based services (LBS) as shown in figs 68, 69 enable people to use
mobile devices to interact in real time with merchants and friends in specific
geographic areas. Like mobile social networking, these new services depend on the
availability of 3G networks, which allow anyone with a GPS-enabled smart phone
to access high-bandwidth applications and services on the go.
Marketing by mobile broadband providers has promoted location-based services for
several years, and the launch of location-based social networking businesses such
as Foursquare, Gowalla, Loopt, Google Latitude, Facebook Places and shopkick by
using smart phone apps allow users to share their current locations with friends.
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LBS offer businesses new ways to connect with and draw potential customers
based on their interests and geographic proximity, reward their loyal customers,
and evaluate in a direct way the effectiveness of their advertising. From October
2010 to March 2011, the share of mobile users using LBS such as foursquare or
Google Latitude increased from 5% to 7% and a 40% jump in six months. By
March 2011, nearly 17 million U.S. mobile subscribers, or 18% of all smart phone
users, used LBS.
Fig 68
Fig 69
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 Wireless broadband & services:

Wireless broadband market as shown in fig 70, has the potential to transform many
different areas of economy by providing a platform for innovations that will have
significant impact on consumer products and services, such as:
 Media-rich mobile applications and high definition streaming video.
 Products to enhance business productivity, such as mobile video conferencing
solutions and access to web-based business applications.
 Health care, where the quality of care will be enhanced and costs reduced
through products like patient-physician video conferencing and remote
transmission of diagnostic information and images.
 Education, where digital classroom materials and educational applications are
already enhancing learning.
 Public safety in improving the ability of emergency personnel to communicate
efficiently to obtain necessary information quickly, including real-time videos,
images, and other data.
 The creation of wireless broadband network for public safety communications
will ensure that the public safety benefits of wireless broadband are available
anywhere, and will also enable interoperability, making first responders more
effective when they are called on to cross jurisdictional lines.
 Jobs, growth, and investment to increase the rate of growth in national income.
-66-
Fig 70
The evidence is clear that the wireless industry is an important source of investment and
employment, and that supporting the growth of this industry through new spectrum
allocation is likely to generate substantial economic benefits as in fig 71.
Other countries like Japan, South Korea, and Europe recognize the importance of wireless
broadband market and are moving forward with efforts to improve wireless broadband.
-67-
Fig 71
For commercially held spectrum, auctions will ensure that spectrum will be used and
directed from the lowest value uses to the highest; and that the economic benefits are
widely shared among:
 Broadcasters.
 Wireless carriers.
 Consumers.
 Taxpayers.
It has been projected that spectrum auctions, along with other measures to enable more
efficient spectrum management, could generate nearly $28 billion in revenue over ten
years.
Allocating spectrum with a mix of licensed and unlicensed use has the greatest potential
to support future innovation.
-68-
Questions of Chapter 1
Q1:
Who was the Telephone inventor?
a) Samuel Morse.
b) Alexander Graham Beel.
c) Heinrich Hertz.
Q2:
Who was the man for the first radio transmission?
a) Marconi.
b) Maxwell.
c) Samuel Morse.
Q3:
Where had Public Mobile Telephone Service begun in?
a) USA.
b) England.
c) France.
Q4:
What did ALOHA net based on mobile radio use?
a) Star topology.
b) Mish topology.
c) Chain topology.
-69-
Q5:
How was mobility offered by wireless technology reflected in businesses? (Choose all that
apply)
a) Allowing businesses to optimize their use of employee time.
b) Becoming more competitive.
c) Making better business decisions and providing better customer service.
Q6:
Why is wireless technology important for companies to have? (Choose all that apply)
a) Quicker response time – by using remote input and access of data, fax or voice
information.
b) Increased customer contact and satisfaction - by contacting customers early,
before they contact someone else.
c) Faster management information systems - information “as it happens”.
d) Companies will not be in need of employing more people.
Q7:
What are the reasons that make wireless communications one of the major technologies
of 21st century? (Choose all that apply)
a) Accessing any, time and any place and get the delivery of information and services
no matter where you are.
b) Value added to general business and everyday use (for example, to contact a
public safety officer on patrol, or a medical professional in case of a problem).
c) Devices such as smartphones are equipped with applications for downloading and
reading books and newspapers, and streaming games, movies, television, music
and live sporting events.
d) People with smartphones now have a way to keep themselves almost endlessly
entertained while on the go or to fill the time between appointments or classes.
e) Social changes are recognized by people around the world because of wireless
communications that made extensive use of social media networking to organize
efforts of people to certain case.
-70-
Q8:
What are the advances in semiconductor technology that effect on wireless
communications? (Choose all that apply)
a) Enable the use of higher frequencies.
b) Achieve better reliability of wireless connections.
c) Accelerate wireless product development.
d) Minimizing of circuitry, of displays, of user interfaces the “building blocks” of
portable devices.
e) Advances in low-power electronics, battery (life, weight) and solar cell
technologies, will also help the mobile product user achieve higher levels of
efficiency.
f) Affordable application solutions will be the key element in the rapid acceptance of
wireless technologies.
g) Traditional methods of interaction with computing devices will have to change when
they become highly minimized and portable.
Q9:
What has wireless communications technology including Internet led to?
a) Stop using of wire phone.
b) Creating new jobs and businesses.
c) Using only satellite communications.
Q10:
Choose true or false form the following.
1. Investment in wireless technology could add more jobs.
a. True b. False
2. Investment in Internet and wireless technology enhances the GDP.
a. True b. False
3. Advances in wireless technology had led to development of new products and
services.
a. True b. False
-71-
4. Advances in wireless technology had led to sharp increasing in Internet and mobile
usage and network capacity.
a. True b. False
5. Upgrading wireless networks and Internet from 3G to 4G degreased number of
jobs.
a. True b. False
6. Higher development in wireless technology allowed mobile devices to transmit and
receive data, voice, images, at high speed.
a. True b. False
7. New development in wireless communications and technologies have lowered the
cost and prices of related services and devices.
a. True b. False
8. Doubling the broadband speed will affect the GDP positively by 0.3%
a. True b. False
Q11:
What is the device that will offer best mobile health business opportunities beginning from
year 2015?
a) Smartphone.
b) PDA.
c) Medical Specific Devices.
Q12:
What are jobs MHealth Smartphone will do?
a) Glucose meter.
b) Blood pressure.
c) ECG monitor.
d) Heart rate.
-72-
Q13:
How Could Smart Grid save money and reduce power outages?
a) Installing more generators.
b) Disconnecting some subscribers.
c) Applying wireless technologies.
Q14:
How could cloud base systems enable users to access from anywhere?
a) Applying wireless technologies.
b) Enhancing speed networks.
c) Applying security and antivirus applications.
Q15:
What has cell usage in wireless communications led to?
a) Network congestion.
b) Losing connections.
c) Reusing of frequencies.
d) Increasing power transmission.
e) Reducing power transmission.
f) Expanding network capacity.
Q16:
What does handover mean?
a) Saving power.
b) Increasing network capacity.
c) Transfer users' connections from one cell to adjacent cell without losing
connectivity.
-73-
Q17:
What are the results of innovations and developments in mobile services?
a) Increasing in mobile subscribers worldwide.
b) Increasing in the fees and mobile cost.
c) Decreasing in service fees and mobile cost.
d) Reduction in job vacancies.
Q18:
Which has the big impact on creating new services like mobile E-commerce?
a) Combination of enhanced capacities of 3G and Smartphone.
b) Using high power transmission in mobile phone.
c) Embedding new types of cameras in Smartphones.
Q19:
Which of the following services do depend on 3G and Smartphone capabilities? (Choose
all that apply)
a) Mobile E-commerce.
b) Mobile social networking.
c) Location based services.
d) SMS.
e) MMS.
f) USSD.
Q20:
Which of the following areas of economy has been affected positively by wireless
broadband market (Choose all that apply)?
a) Healthcare.
b) National income.
c) Job growth.
d) Public safety.
e) Education.
-74-
Q21:
Whom will the economic benefits of wireless broadband be shared among? (Choose all
that apply)
a) Broadcasters.
b) Wireless carriers.
c) Consumers.
d) Taxpayers.
Q22:
What do auctions of spectrum with efficient spectrum management provide?
a) Increasing the revenue over years.
b) Limit the number of broad casters.
Q23:
Where can we see the results of developments in wireless technologies? (Choose all that
apply)
a) Creating more jobs.
b) Increasing in GDP.
c) Lowering national income.
d) Decreasing number of broadcasters.
e) Efficient use of spectrum.
f) Driving up the economy.
-75-
Question Answer
Q1 b
Q2 a
Q3 a
Q4 a
Q5 a,b,c
Q6 a,b,c
Q7 a,b,c,d,e
Q8 a,b,c,d,e,f,g
Q9 b
1 a
2 a
3 a
4 a
Q10
5 b
6 a
7 a
8 a
Q11 a
Q12 b,c,d
Q13 c
Q14 a
Q15 f
Q16 c
Q17 a
Q18 a
Q19 a,b,c
Q20 a,b,c,d,e
-76-
Q21 a,b,c,d
Q22 a
Q23 a,b,d,e,f
-77-

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INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Chapter 1

1. History of wireless communications:

 Telephone networks, which ALEXANDER GRAHAM BEEL invented in 1876 as

 Radio communications, which have been implemented by generating and detecting

 On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay,

 In 1904, several US government agencies began setting up their own radio

 1950’s-1960: A variety of mobile systems operated by several administrations and

 In 1971 At the University of Hawaii, a development of the first network

 2G Second Generation of Mobile Phone was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on

 NTT DoCoMo launched 3G Third Generation of Mobile Phone in 2001 in Japan on

 In 2010 4G Fourth Generation of Mobile Phone is a technology that promises to

 5G Fifth Generation of Mobile Phone is a term used in academic research papers

Timeline table in Wireless Technologies evolution

2. Importance of wireless communications:

The mobility in Wireless technology has reflected in:

In addition, advances especially in semiconductor technologies have great effects on the

Why Wireless is important:

 Entertainment by utilizing wireless communications.

 Education changes occurred by the advanced capabilities of smartphones like

Revolution of wireless communications

3. The Impact of wireless technologies on economy and

Cellular Telephony Technology by Generation

 Business and power system analysts.

Wireless communications at the beginning; have relied on tall, high-power transmitters

Cellular Phone Subscriptions in the United States, 2000-2010

Globally mobile broadband subscriptions (as compared to subscribers) grew to an

4. Cloud-based services, which allow resolvers and administrators to access from

New goods and services:

Estimated U.S. Mobile E-Commerce Sales, 2008-2016

 Mobile social networking:

Mobile Use of Social Networking Sites

 Wireless broadband & services:

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