JOURNALISM 9 QUARTER 1 The use of 
wireless signaling increased after it was proved to be effective in
HISTORY OF RADIO BROADCASTING
RADIO - Is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio
waves. It can refer to either the electronic appliance that we listen with or to
the content that plays from it.
BROADCAST - distribution of audio and/or video signals which transmit
programs to an audience.
THE ROOTS OF RADIO
Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell first predicted the existence of radio
waves in the 1860s. In 1886, German physicist Heinrich Rudolph
Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected
into space in the form of radio waves, similar to light waves and heat waves.
In 1866, Mahlon Loomis, an American dentist, successfully demonstrated
"wireless telegraphy." Loomis was able to make a meter connected to a kite
cause a meter connected to another nearby kite to move. This marked the
first known instance of wireless aerial communication.
But it was Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian inventor, who proved the feasibility
of radio communication. He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in
1895. In 1899, he flashed the first wireless signal across the English Channel,
and two years later received the letter "S," which was telegraphed from
England to Newfoundland (now part of Canada). This was the first successful
transatlantic radiotelegraph message.
In addition to Marconi, two of his contemporaries, Nikola Tesla and Nathan
Stubblefield, took out patents for wireless radio transmitters. Nikola Tesla is
now credited with being the first person to patent radio technology. The
Supreme Court overturned Marconi's patent in 1943 in favor of Tesla's.
THE INVENTORY OF RADIOTELEGRAPHY
Radiotelegraphy is the sending by radio waves of the same dot-dash
message (Morse code) used by telegraphs. Transmitters, at the turn of the
century, were known as spark-gap machines. They were developed mainly
for ship-to-shore and ship-to-ship communication. This form of
radiotelegraphy allowed for simple communication between two points.
communication for rescue work at sea. Soon a number of ocean liners even
installed wireless equipment. In 1899, the United States Army established
wireless communications with a lightship off Fire Island, New York. Two years
later, the Navy adopted a wireless system. Up until then, the Navy had been
using visual signaling and homing pigeons for communication.
In 1901, radiotelegraph service was established between five Hawaiian
Islands. In 1903, a Marconi station located in Wellfleet,
Massachusetts, carried an exchange between President Theodore Roosevelt
and King Edward VII. In 1905, the naval battle of Port Arthur in the Russo-
Japanese war was reported by wireless. And in 1906, the U.S. Weather
Bureau experimented with radiotelegraphy to speed up notice of weather
conditions.
Robert E. Peary, an arctic explorer, radiotelegraphed "I found the Pole" in
1909. A year later, Marconi established regular American-European
radiotelegraph service, which several months later enabled an escaped
British murderer to be apprehended on the high seas. In 1912, the first
transpacific radiotelegraph service was established, linking San Francisco
with Hawaii
Meanwhile, overseas radiotelegraph service developed slowly, primarily
because the initial radiotelegraph transmitter was unstable and caused a high
amount of interference. The Alexanderson high-frequency alternator and the
De Forest tube eventually resolved many of these early technical problems.
THE ADVENT OF SPACE TELEGRAPHY
Lee de Forest was the inventor of space telegraphy, the triode amplifier, and
the Audion, an amplifying vacuum tube. In the early 1900s, the development
of radio was hampered by the lack of an efficient detector of electromagnetic
radiation. It was De Forest who provided that detector. His invention made it
possible to amplify the radio frequency signal picked up by antennae. This
allowed for the use of much weaker signals than had previously been
possible. De Forest was also the first person to use the word "radio."
The result of Lee de Forest's work was the invention of amplitude-modulated
or AM radio, which allowed for a multitude of radio stations. It was a huge
improvement over the earlier spark-gap transmitters.
THE TRUE BROADCASTING BEGINS
In 1915, speech was first transmitted by radio across the continent from New
York City to San Francisco and across the Atlantic Ocean. Five years later,
Westinghouse's KDKA-Pittsburgh broadcasted the Harding-Cox election
returns and began a daily schedule of radio programs. In 1927, commercial
radiotelephony service linking North America and Europe was opened. In
1935, the first telephone call was made around the world using a combination
of wire and radio circuits.
Edwin Howard Armstrong invented frequency-modulated or FM radio in
1933. FM improved the audio signal of radio by controlling the noise static
caused by electrical equipment and the earth's atmosphere. Until 1936, all
American transatlantic telephone communication had to be routed through
England. That year, a direct radiotelephone circuit was opened to Paris.
In 1965, the first Master FM Antenna system in the world, designed to
allow individual FM stations to broadcast simultaneously from one source,
was erected on the Empire State Building in New York City.
MAJOR RADIO PRINCIPLES
Radio broadcasting is a «hot» media. Hot in the sense that it brings the news
immediately, right as it's happening, also because it’s a man or a woman
talking to other men and other women, be they young, adult or old. It’s a
voice. But one must tread carefully when it comes to fastness. One should
never spread neither rumor nor hearsay. History has shown us just how far
disrespecting exactness and objectivity can lead.
ON AIR DELIVERY – THE RIGHT TONE - We speak more slowly on air than
in real life, but we need to describe, to tell stories, to create pictures. We need
to come off as lively, not as robot.
RESPECTING OTHERS - Our job is to give other people a voice, to let them
be heard.
ACCURACY - Fact-check everything. Fact-check the information a first
source has given you by talking to a second one. Should you have any doubt,
fact-check again. When on air, you will be talking about “known facts”.
BALANCE - Try to show all sides of the argument, especially when you’re
dealing with a controversy, be it social, political or economic.
CLARITY - The vast majority of your audience is focused on basic needs.
NO COMMENTING - Commenting is judging, expressing an opinion. This is
not why you’re there. Stick to the facts.
PROTECT YOUR SOURCES - Informing the general public is looking for the
truth. Broadcasting some heavy news might upset some people or
organizations.
KEEP IN TOUCH WITH THE NEWSROOM - This is a must both in conflict
areas and in peace time.
EXISTING LAWS THAT GOVERN RADIO BROADCASTING
Republic Act No. 9318 - an act granting the radio corporation of the
Philippines a franchise to construct, install, establish, operate and maintain
radio and television broadcasting stations in the Philippines.
Republic Act No. 3846 - an act providing for the regulation of radio stations
and radio communications in the Philippine islands, and for other purposes.
Republic Act No. 8098 - an act granting broadcast enterprises and affiliated
media (beam), inc., a franchise to establish, construct, operate and maintain
commercial radio and television broadcast stations including cable television
systems in the Philippines.
Republic Act No. 2036 - an act granting the radio communications of the
Philippines a franchise to establish radio stations for domestic
telecommunications.
THE CRAFT OF BROADCAST NEWS WRITING
SYMBOLS – Broadcast spells out symbols such as $ and %.
Newspaper: Revenue grew by 10% to 50$ million.
Broadcast: Revenue grew by 10 percent to 50-million-dollors.
ATTRIBUTION - Broadcast puts attribution at beginning of sentence for better
flow.
Newspaper: Sennett lost control of his motorcycle, Midcity Police Department
Public Information Officer David M. Cohen reported.
Broadcast: Midcity Police Department Public Information Officer David M.
Cohen says Sennett lost control of his motorcycle.
TIME ELEMENT - Broadcast strives for immediacy. Avoid “yesterday/last
night” in leads.
Newspaper: Charles O. Sennett, 24, of Midcity, dies last night.
Broadcast: A motorcycle accident has claimed the life of a 24-year-old
Midcity man.
MIDDLE INITIALS – Broadcast is more informal and doesn’t use middle
initials unless they are part of a well-known person’s name – Edward R.
Murrow or Michael J. Fox for example
Newspaper: Officers Marc P. Waxton and Regina S. Moreno are credited.
Broadcast: Officers Marc Waxton and Regina Moreno are credited.

USE OF NAMES WITH TITLES OR POSITION AND AGE – Broadcast puts
titles and ages before names for better flow and so the listener can better
assess the credibility of the source.
Newspaper: Dr. William P. Bates, an EPO research chemist, said…
Broadcast: E-P-O research chemist Dr. William Bates says…
APPROXIMATIONS OR ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS – Broadcast rounds
off big numbers for better listener comprehension.
Newspaper: School is out for 76,212 Midcity students.
Broadcast: School is out for more than 76-thousand Midcity students.
USE OF QUOTES – Broadcast stories include “and this is a direct quote”
wording.
Newspaper: “I will not allow Morris Island Lighthouse to collapse into the
sea,” the governor said.
Broadcast: Thegovernor says…and this is his exact words… I will not allow
Morris Island Lighthouse to collapse into the sea.
VERB TENSES – Broadcast uses present tenses (“says” instead of “said”) to
sound more immediate, current and timely.
Newspaper: The residents said the storm was the worst they’ve ever seen.
Broadcast: The residents say the storm was the worst they’ve ever seen.
ABBREVIATIONS – Don’t use in broadcast copy: use hyphens to separate
initials.
Newspaper: 7621 Ramsgate Blvd. EPA research chemist.
Broadcast: 77-21 Ramsgate Blvd. E-P-A research chemist.
THE SIX Cs
Clear, Concise, Conversational, Complete, Current, Correct
BROADCAST PRINCIPLES
Spoken, Immediate, Person To Person, Heard Only Once, Sound Only

ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE VOICE – Broadcast uses active voice for flow and to
sound more immediate. The passive voice can slow the flow and add
unnecessary wordiness.
Newspaper: Midcity University was awarded a $500,000 grant by the Ford
Foundation.
Broadcast: The Ford Foundation has awarded a 500-thousand-dollar grant
to Midcity University.

CONTRACTIONS – Broadcast uses more contractions that print because

they are conversational. Broadcast writing is more informal than print writing.
Newspaper: Doctors say there is a “significant cancer hazard.”
Broadcast: Doctor says there’s a quote…significant cancer hazard.