RESEARCH 2ND QUARTER

GENERAL FORMATTING
• Paper size: 8.5" x 11"
• Page orientation: portrait
• Margin: 1" along all sides, with a 1/2" gutter from the left edge
• Fontstyle: Times New Roman
• Font Size: 12
• Line spacing: double/2.0
• Text color: black
• Alignment: Justified
• Citation format: Chicago manual style (CMA)/ American Psychological Association (APA)
• Chapter Heading including Abstract, table of contents, and acknowledgement: Boldface, all-caps,
center-aligned
• Sub-chapters: Boldface, sentence caps and left-aligned

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

• General information about your topic
• Context of your topic
• Rationale/justification of your research

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

• A clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables.
• Focus on the way to measure variables, such as to identify and describe them.
• Summarized what is to be achieved by the study.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• It includes a visual diagram or a model that summarizes the concepts of your study along with its
narrative explanation.
• Shows the relationship between the variables of your study.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

• Has two categories namely: General Problem and Specific Problem. Usually, one general problem
and three specific problems which derived from the general problem. The research problem
should be specific, reliable, valid, measureable, objectively stated. Can be a question form or in a
declarative statement.
• General Problem - It is in a form or statement, a sentence/s. Opening part of your SOP. Usually
based on your research title.
• Specific Problem - stated in question form.

2 General Types of Research Questions:

• Non-Researchable Questions - answerable by yes or no.
• Researchable Questions - opinions or policy raised to gather data. Use who, what, when, where,
why, how.

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

• a prediction of what your study will find.
 • a tentative prediction about the relationship between two or more variable under the study.
• translates the research question into a prediction of expected outcomes.
Well Defined Hypothesis
• states the expected relationship between variables
• testable
• derived from the problem statement
• simple and concise
• done before you conduct the experimental quantitative research
Null Hypothesis
• a hypothesis formulated for the purpose of statistical analysis
• always expressed as a negative statement
• use no/not
• generally denoted as HO
Alternative Hypothesis
• used as contrary or as an alternate to null hypothesis.
• generally denoted as H1

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• identifies the beneficiaries and the benefits will give when the problem is solve.
• this always refer to the statement of the problem.
2 Formats
• Paragraph Form
• Enumerated Form
2 Styles
• Hierarchical Style - enumeration of the beneficiaries depends on the position/authority.
• According to Importance Style - based from the most benefited to least benefited.`

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

• the extent to which the research will be explored
• explains the parameters within which the study will be operating

DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

• the boundaries of the study
• aims to narrow the scope of the study

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

• general prupose of the study
• important details of the study
• population/targe respondents, sample size
• geographical location/setting
• duration/research timeline or limit
• instrument to be used, sampling method, research design, financial limitation of the study

DEFINITION OF TERMS
• it is important because jargons or terms are clarified and are clearly defined for the readers of
the paper.
2 Types of Definition
• Conceptual Definition - the basic dictionary definition. the universal meaning of the terms.
• Operational Definition - how the term is applied or used in research.
Writing the Definition of Terms
• definition should be short, clear and unambiguous.
• if the terms are from dictionaries, books, encyclopedia and other publications, acknowledge the
source.
Tone of Writing
• Use jargons when necessary and define them for your reader's sake.
• Avoid using your opinions as support to scientific principles, commonly held beliefs or convey
the purpose or significance of your study.
• Cut the drama.
• Sweeping statements like "all" "everyone" and "some" should never be used.
• Refer to reputable resources like public references book and research journals. Do not rely much
on websites.
• The sentences should be in third person. Avoid stating "We gathered 20 different specimens..."
Try "Twenty different specimens were gathered for this experiment".
• When referring to yourselves as the conductor of the IP, state is as "The proponents of this SIP.."
or "The researchers..."
• The IPRP is a scientific paper. Avoid using smileys as bullets. Use classic bullets.
Pagination and Paragraphing - page number should be Times New Roman, font size 12, placed in the
lower right hand corner of the page.

Avoid "Orphans" - an end part (less than 3 lines) of a paragraph which appers on the previous page.
Avoid "Windows" - the opposite of orphans, the beginning part (less than 3 lines) as a paragraph which
appears on a separate page.