TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

PRESSURE
MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
AND
MANOMETRY

Fluid Mechanics
 Hello, I'm
Engr. Jay Mark P.
Delos Reyes
PRESSURE MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS

1. BAROMETER
An instrument that is used to measure atmospheric
pressure. The most common types are the mercury
barometer and the aneroid barometer.
•1.1 MERCURY BAROMETER

A mercury barometer is made by inverting

a mercury-filled tube in a container of
mercury. The pressure at the top of the
mercury barometer will be the vapor
pressure of mercury, which is very small:

Thus, atmospheric pressure will push the

mercury up the tube to a height h. The
mercury barometer is analyzed by applying
the hydrostatic equation:
•1.1 MERCURY BAROMETER
•1.2 ANEROID BAROMETER

An aneroid barometer works

mechanically.
An aneroid is an elastic bellows that
has been tightly sealed after some air was
removed. When atmospheric pressure
changes, this causes the aneroid to
change size, and this mechanical change
can be used to deflect a needle to
indicate local atmospheric pressure on a
scale.
 PRESSURE MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS

2. BOURDON-TUBE GAUGE
A Bourdon-tube gage measures pressure by sensing the
deflection of a coiled tube.
2. BOURDON-TUBE GAUGE
The tube has an elliptical cross
section and is bent into a circular arc,
as shown. When atmospheric pressure
(zero gage pressure) prevails, the tube
is undeflected, and for this condition
the gage pointer is calibrated to read
zero pressure. When pressure is
applied to the gauge, the curved tube
tends to straighten (much like blowing
into a party favor to straighten it out),
thereby actuating the pointer to read
a positive gage pressure.
 PRESSURE MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
3. PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS

Modern pressure sensors, called pressure transducers, use

various techniques to convert the pressure effect to an
electrical effect such as a change in voltage, resistance, or
capacitance.
3.1 STRAIN-GAUGE PRESSURE
TRANSDUCERS

These work by having a diaphragm

deflect between two chambers open to
the pressure inputs.
As the diaphragm stretches in
response to a change in pressure
difference across it, the strain gauge
stretches and a Wheatstone bridge circuit
amplifies the output.
3.2 PIEZOELECTRIC
TRANSDUCERS
These are also called solid-state
pressure transducers.
These work on the principle that an
electric potential is generated in a
crystalline substance when it is subjected
to mechanical pressure.
This phenomenon, first discovered by
brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880,
is called the piezoelectric (or press-
electric) effect.
PRESSURE MEASURING
INSTRUMENTS
4. MANOMETERS

A manometer is a tube, usually bent in a form of a U,

containing a liquid of known specific gravity, the surface of
which moves proportionally to changes of pressure.
4.1 PIEZOMETER

Piezometer is the simplest form of

manometer which is tapped into the wall
of pressure conduit for the purpose of
measuring pressure.

Though effective in many purposes,

piezometer is not practical to use in
lighter liquids with large pressure and
cannot be used to measure gas pressure.
4.2 OPEN MANOMETER

Open manometer is a tube bent into a

U-shape to contain one or more fluids of
different specific gravities.

It has an atmospheric surface in one leg

and is capable of measuring gage
pressures.
.
PIEZOMETER OPEN MANOMETER
4.3 DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETER

Manometer without atmospheric surface.

Differential manometer cannot measure

pressure but can measure pressure
difference.

Frequently in hydraulic problems,

difference in pressure is more useful
information than the pressure itself.
 MANOMETRY

It is the field of science which deals with the

evaluation of the pressure of the fluid.
Steps in Solving Manometer
Problems
01 Draw a sketch of the manometer approximately to scale.

Decide on the fluid of which head are to be expressed.

02 Water is more desirable. In most cases, we suggest to
use head in water even if there is no water in the system.

List in ascending order the points at which liquids of

03 various specific gravities came into contact, starting at a
certain pressure head.

As you move from level to level, take into account the

04 fluids' specific gravities by adding pressure head when
you're going down and taking it away when you're going
up.
 EXAMPLE
For the pressure
vessel containing glycerin
(SG = 1.26), with
piezometer attached as
shown, what is the
pressure at point A?

*
B
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE
For the pressure
vessel containing glycerin
(SG = 1.26), with
piezometer attached as
shown, what is the
pressure at point A?

*
B
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE
For the pressure
vessel containing glycerin
(SG = 1.26), with
piezometer attached as
shown, what is the
pressure at point A?

*
B
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE
For the pressure
vessel containing glycerin
(SG = 1.26), with
piezometer attached as
shown, what is the
pressure at point A?

*
B
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE
For the pressure
vessel containing glycerin
(SG = 1.26), with
piezometer attached as
shown, what is the gage
pressure at point A?

*
B
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE
For the pressure
vessel containing glycerin
(SG = 1.26), with
piezometer attached as
shown, what is the
pressure at point A?

*
B
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE
For the pressure
vessel containing glycerin
(SG = 1.26), with
piezometer attached as
shown, what is the
pressure at point A?

*
B
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE
For the pressure
vessel containing glycerin
(SG = 1.26), with
piezometer attached as
shown, what is the
pressure at point A?

*
B
 SOLUTION
EXAMPLE
For the pressure
vessel containing glycerin
(SG = 1.26), with
piezometer attached as
shown, what is the
pressure at point A?

*
B
 EXAMPLE
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION
The funnel is filled
with oil and water to
the levels shown.
Determine the depth of
oil h’ that must be in
the funnel so that the
water remains at a
depth C, and the
mercury is at h = 0.8 m
from the top of the
funnel.
Take ρ_oil = 900
kg/m^3, ρ_water
=1000 kg/m^3, and
ρ_Hg =13550 kg/m^3.
 EXAMPLE
The water in a tank is
pressurized by air, and
the pressure is
measured by a
multifluidmanometer
as shown. The tank is
located on a mountain
at an altitude of 1400 m
where the atmospheric
pressure is 85.6 kPa.
Determine the air
pressure in the tank if
h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m,
and h3= 0.35 m. Take
the SG of water, oil, and
mercury to be 1.0, 0.85,
and 13.6.
 EXAMPLE
The water in a tank is
pressurized by air, and
the pressure is
measured by a
multifluidmanometer
as shown. The tank is
located on a mountain 3
*
at an altitude of 1400 m
where the atmospheric
pressure is 85.6 kPa. 4
*
Determine the air
pressure in the tank if
h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m,
and h3= 0.35 m. Take
the SG of water, oil, and
mercury to be 1.0, 0.85,
and 13.6.
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a multifluidmanometer as
shown. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is
85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in the tank if h1 = 0.1 m, h2= 0.2 m, and h3= 0.35 m. Take the SG of
water, oil, and mercury to be 1.0, 0.85, and 13.6.

SOLUTION

3
*

4
*
 EXAMPLE
Water flows through
pipes A and B.
Lubricating oil is in the
upper portion of the
inverted U. Mercury is
in the bottom of the
manometer bends.
Determine the pressure
difference, PA - PB, in
psi.
 EXAMPLE
Water flows through
pipes A and B.
Lubricating oil is in the
upper portion of the
inverted U. Mercury is
in the bottom of the
D *
manometer bends. * F
Determine the pressure
C
difference, PA - PB, in *
*
psi. E
EXAMPLE
Water flows through pipes A and B. Lubricating oil is in the upper portion of the inverted U.
Mercury is in the bottom of the manometer bends. Determine the pressure difference, PA - PB, in
psi.

D *
* F
C
*
*
E
THANK YOU!