Introduction To Hydrostatic Force

INTRODUCTION
TO
HYDROSTATIC
FORCE
FLUID MECHANICS
LECTURE 04
ENGR. JAY MARK P. DELOS REYES
TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACES
TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE
SURFACES
INTEGRATION METHOD

Hydrostatic Force
Since there are no shear stresses in a static fluid, the

hydrostatic force on any element of the surface acts normal
to the surface. The plane surface shown is inclined at an
angle θ with the horizontal. To get the total force acting in
the plane,

SURFACES
But and from the figure . Thus,

Integrating both sides will lead to

SURFACES
Location of Hydrostatic Force

Our next task is to determine the location of the resultant
force.
Center of pressure is the point in which the hydrostatics

force acts.
Center of pressure is located below the center of gravity, .

SURFACES
First obtain by recognizing that the moment of the resultant

force about the x axis must be equal to the moment due to
the distributed pressure force. Taking the sum of the
moments of the infinitesimal forces about the x axis we
obtain

SURFACES
Note that and . Similarly, .
Remember that is the distance from the liquid surface down to the
center of pressure in the submerged plane. If the vertical plane touches
the liquid surface, then .
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A similar analysis can be done to compute , the x - location of the force

on the plate.
Taking the sum of the moments of the infinitesimal forces about the y
axis we obtain

Most of the cases only is computed.
SURFACES
FORMULA METHOD

Hydrostatic Force
From,
But and from the figure . Thus,

SURFACES
Integrating both sides,

Note that the integral is the integral is the first moment of the surface
area about the x axis, which may be written as
Hence,
; from the figure,

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Since is the unit pressure at the centroid of the plane area,

It is necessary to memorize the formula for the centroid and moment of

inertia of plane figures.
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Location of the Hydrostatic Force

From the integration method,

But from the figure .
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Also, ,

Recall that, is the second moment of area about the x axis, .
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We can use the parallel axis theorem, to replace with the standard
second moment of area, about the centroidal x axis.

TOTAL HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACES
SURFACES
From the diagram we can say that where is the eccentricity or the distance
between the center of pressure and center of gravity. Thus,

If the plane is completely submerged, use
SURFACES
A similar analysis can be done to compute , the x - location of the force on the
plate. Taking the sum of the moments of the infinitesimal forces about the y
axis we obtain

But from the figure .
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The integral is equal to .

Also, ,
SURFACES
We can use the parallel axis theorem, to replace

For a symmetric submerged area, since .
SURFACES
For inclined surface submerged in liquid, hydrostatic force is
And for the location of center of pressure

SURFACES
PRESSURE PRISM METHOD

Consider the pressure distribution along a vertical wall of a tank of width ,
which contains a liquid having a specific weight . Since the pressure must vary
linearly with depth, we can represent the variation as is shown, where the
pressure is equal to zero at the upper surface and equal to at the bottom.
SURFACES
SURFACES
The base of this “volume” in pressure-area space is the plane surface of

interest, and its altitude at each point is the pressure. Pressure-area space
consists of:
1. Horizontal axis: Magnitude of the pressure
2. Vertical axis: Height of the area
3. Axis toward the plane: Width of the area

The volume formed is called the pressure prism, and it is clear that the
magnitude of the resultant force acting on the surface is equal to the volume of
the pressure prism. For the hydrostatic force ,
.
SURFACES
Let say for the above diagram, volume formed is a triangular prism. Thus,
SURFACES
For the location of the hydrostatic pressure , compute the value of the
eccentricity first then substitute to
For the location of the hydrostatic pressure , it is simply the of the area of the
gate or area towards the plane.
SURFACES
● For a completely submerged plane,
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For the hydrostatic force ,

Let say in the above figure, the prism that will be formed has trapezoid in cross-section. It has also
width . Thus,

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For the location of the hydrostatic pressure , consider the moments in the
diagram above

Recall that . With respect to the diagram above, and . Also, let and .
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We can see that . Also, for rectangle and .

SURFACES
Reduce the formula by multiplying the right side by ,

EXAMPLE
● A vertical, rectangular gate with water on

one side is shown. Determine the total
resultant force acting on the gate and the
location of the center of pressure using:
A) Integration method
B) Formulas
EXAMPLE
A vertical, rectangular gate with water on one side is shown. Determine the total resultant force acting on the gate and the location of the center of pressure using:
B) Formulas
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹 =∫ 𝛾 h𝑑𝐴 ; 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑥𝑑𝑦 ; 𝑥 =2
𝑑𝐴 =2 𝑑𝑦
h =h𝑜 + 𝑦 =3 + 𝑦
1.2 1.2 1.2
𝐹 =∫ 𝛾 ( 3 + 𝑦 ) ( 2 𝑑𝑦 ) =2 𝛾 ∫ 3 𝑑𝑦 +∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦
0 0 0
( | )
2 1.2
1.2 𝑦
𝐹 =2 𝛾 3 𝑦| 0 +
2 0
𝐹 =2 ( 9.8066 ) 3 ( 1.2 − 0 ) +
1.22
2 (
−
02
2 ( ))
𝐹 =84.73 𝑘𝑁
EXAMPLE
B) Formulas h =h𝑜 + 𝑦 =3 + 𝑦
𝐹 =84.73 𝑘𝑁
1.2
∫ 𝛾 h2 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝛾 (3+ 𝑦 )
2
( 2 𝑑𝑦 )
0
h𝑐𝑝 =
𝐹 𝐹
1.2
2𝛾 ∫ ( 9 + 6 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
0
h𝑐𝑝 =
𝐹
( )
1.2 1.2 1.2
∫ 9 𝑑𝑦 +∫ 6 𝑦𝑑𝑦 +∫ 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦
0 0 0
h𝑐𝑝 =2 𝛾
𝐹
h𝑐𝑝 =
(
2 ( 9.8066 ) 9 ( 1.2 − 0 ) +6
1.22
2
−
02
2
+
1.23
3
−(03
3 )( ))
84.73
h𝑐𝑝 =3.63 𝑚
EXAMPLE
B) Formulas h
𝐹 =𝛾 h 𝐴 ; h= h𝑜+ ȳ = h𝑜+
2
1.2
h =3 + =3.60 𝑚
2
𝐴= 𝐿𝑊 = ( 1.2 ) ( 2 ) =2.4 𝑚2
𝐹 =9.8066 ( 3.60 ) ( 2.4 )
𝐹 =84.73 𝑘𝑁
h𝑐𝑝 = ?
Ī 𝑥
h𝑐𝑝 =h + ; h =3.63 𝑚
𝐴h
3 3
𝑏 h 2 ( 1 .2 )
Ī 𝑥= =
12 12
EXAMPLE The inclined surface shown, hinged at B and rests against smooth wall at A, is 5 ft wide.
Determine the resultant force of the water on the gate, the reaction on A and the reactions on B.
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐹 = ?
h𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 12
𝐹 =𝛾 h 𝐴 ; h= h𝑜+ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ; 𝑦 = = =6
2 2
h =9.8 + 6 ( 7.2
12 )
h =13.4 𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏 𝑓
𝐹 =62.4 ( 13.4 𝑓𝑡 ) ( 5 𝑓𝑡 ) ( 12 𝑓𝑡 )
𝑓 𝑡3
𝐹 =50,169.6 𝑙𝑏 𝑓
𝐹 =50,169.6 𝑙𝑏 𝑓
𝐼 𝑥 sin 𝜃
h𝑐𝑝 =h +
𝐴 h
( )
3
𝑏 h
sin 𝜃
12
h𝑐𝑝 =h +
( 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊 ) h
h𝑐𝑝 =13.4 𝑓𝑡 +
5 𝑥 123
12 (
𝑓𝑡 4
7.2
12 ) ( )
( 12 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 5 𝑓𝑡 ) 13.4 𝑓𝑡
h𝑐𝑝 =13.94 𝑓𝑡
𝐹 =50,169.6 𝑙𝑏 𝑓
h𝑐𝑝 =13.94 𝑓𝑡
∑ 𝑀 𝐵 =0
𝐹 ( 𝑑𝐹 )= 𝑅 𝐴 ( 𝑑 𝐵𝐴 )
( 50,169.6 ) ( 1 2 − 5.104 ) = 𝑅 𝐴 ( 7.2 )
𝑅 𝐴 =49420.8 𝑙𝑏 𝑓
∑ 𝐹 𝑦 ∑
=0𝐹𝑥 =
𝑅 0√ 𝑅
= 𝐵 𝐵𝑋 + 𝑅𝐵
𝐵𝑌 =𝑅 𝐹 + 𝐹
𝐵𝑋 𝑦 = 𝑅 𝐵
𝑅= √ (
𝐴 19,318.97
𝑋 )
2
+ ( 40,1
𝑅 𝐵𝑋 + 𝜃 𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 𝑅 𝐴
𝐵𝑌 = 𝐹 cos 𝑅 𝐵 =44543.14 𝑙𝑏 𝑓
= ( 50,169.6𝑅) 𝐵𝑋
cos+ ( 50,169.6
( 36.87 )) sin 36.87 =49420.8
𝑅 𝐵𝑋 =19,318.97
= 40,135.63 𝑙𝑏 𝑓 𝑙𝑏 𝑓
EXAMPLE Determine the magnitude and location of the total hydrostatic force acting on the gate (base = 2
m, height = 4 m) shown.
𝑃 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝐴 +∑ 𝛾 h
𝑃 𝐵 = 𝑃 𝑐𝑔 =𝛾 𝑜𝑖𝑙 h𝑜𝑖𝑙 +𝛾 𝐻 2 0 h𝐻 2 𝑂 +𝛾 𝑔 h 𝑔
𝑃 𝑐𝑔 =32+0.80 ( 9.8066 ) ( 1 ) +9.8066 ( 1.5 ) +1.26 ( 9.8066 ) ( 3 )
𝑃 𝑐𝑔 =91.62 𝑘𝑃𝑎
EXAMPLE Determine the magnitude and location of the total hydrostatic force acting on the gate (base = 2
m, height = 4 m) shown.
𝑃 𝑐𝑔 =91.62 𝑘𝑃𝑎
h𝑐𝑝 = ? ;
𝐼 𝑋
h𝑐𝑝 =h + sin 𝜃 ❑
𝐴h
𝐹 =𝛾 𝑔 h 𝐴 ; 𝐹 = 𝑃 𝑐𝑔 𝐴
𝐹 = 𝑃 𝑐𝑔 𝐴
𝑘𝑁
𝐹 =91.62 2
( 2 𝑚× 4 𝑚)
𝑚
𝐹 =732.96 𝑘𝑁
732.96 =1.26 ( 9.8066 ) ( h ) ( 2 ) ( 4 )
2 ( 4 )3
h =7.414 𝑚 12
h𝑐𝑝 3
=7.414 + ( sin 60
𝑏 h 2 ( 4 ) ( 7.414 )
12
h𝑐𝑝 =¿ h + h 𝑐𝑝
(
=7.295
)
sin 𝜃 𝑚
𝑏h h
HYDROSTATIC FORCE IN CURVED
SURFACES
● If the surface is curved, the forces on each element of the
surface will not be parallel and must be combined using some
vectorial method.
● It is most straightforward to calculate the horizontal and
vertical components and combine these to obtain the resultant
force and its direction.
SURFACES
● HORIZONTAL COMPONENT OF HYDROSTATIC FORCE
● Its projection on to the vertical plane shown is represented by the
trace AC.
● Let represent the component in this direction of the total force
exerted by the fluid on the curved surface.
● must act through the center of pressure of the vertical projection
and is equal in magnitude to the force F on the fluid at the vertical
plane.
SURFACES
● In any given direction, therefore, the horizontal force on any surface
equals the force on the projection of that surface on a vertical plane
perpendicular to the given direction.
● The line of action of the horizontal force on the curved surface is
the same as that of the force on the vertical projection.
SURFACES
SURFACES
LOCATION OF

If the plane is completely submerged, use
where and
.
SURFACES
● VERTICAL COMPONENT OF HYDROSTATIC FORCE
● The vertical component of the force on a curved surface may be
determined by considering the weight of the fluid enclosed by the
curved surface and vertical projection lines extending to the free
surface.
● In some cases, the weight of atmosphere above the curved surface is
also considered.
SURFACES
● The resultant force of this vertical component can be located
through the centroid of this column.
SURFACES
when

where V is the volume of the liquid between the free surface liquid and
solid curved surface.
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● LOCATION OF
● The location of the vertical component is along a vertical line
through the center of gravity of the liquid volume vertically above
the curved surface.
; let
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Alternative Method
Since unit pressure is always normal to the surface and to the circle in which
this passes through the center, the resultant hydrostatic force shall also pass
through the center of the circle, let sat point C from the diagram above, hence,
the total moment about C due to F is zero.

Remember that this alternative method is true to all cylindrical or spherical
surfaces.
SURFACES
Alternative Method
Where
SURFACES
RESULTANT OF HYDROSTATIC FORCE

The magnitude of the resultant is obtained from the equation

EXAMPLE
● A curve surface BC is a quarter of circle with radius of 5 m.

It is completely submerged in water and is located on the
lower of the tank as shown. The perpendicular distance of
the tank is 3 m. Find the magnitude and location of the
horizontal and vertical components of the force acting on the
surface. Also, compute for the total hydrostatic force.
EXAMPLE
● Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic force

on the quarter-circle face of the tank shown.
EXAMPLE
● An overhang has a parabolic shape as shown, with and.

The fluid is water, and atmospheric pressure may be
omitted. Compute the horizontal and vertical components of
the hydrostatic force on the overhang and their line of
action. The width of the overhang is 50 ft.
EXAMPLE
● The radial gate is used to control the flow of water over a

spillway. If the water is at its highest level as shown,
determine the torque T that must be applied at the pin A in
order to open the gate. The gate has a mass of 5 Mg and a
center of mass at G. It is 3 m wide.
EXAMPLE
● The steel cylinder has a specific weight of 490 lb/ft3 and

acts as a plug for the 1-ft-long slot in the tank.
Determine the resultant force the bottom of the tank
exerts on the cylinder when the water in the tank is at a
depth of h = 2 ft.

Introduction To Hydrostatic Force

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Introduction To Hydrostatic Force

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INTRODUCTION

Since there are no shear stresses in a static fluid, the

But and from the figure . Thus,

Integrating both sides will lead to

Location of Hydrostatic Force

Center of pressure is the point in which the hydrostatics

Center of pressure is located below the center of gravity, .

First obtain by recognizing that the moment of the resultant

A similar analysis can be done to compute , the x - location of the force

But and from the figure . Thus,

; from the figure,

Since is the unit pressure at the centroid of the plane area,

It is necessary to memorize the formula for the centroid and moment of

Location of the Hydrostatic Force

The integral is equal to .

We can use the parallel axis theorem, to replace

For inclined surface submerged in liquid, hydrostatic force is

And for the location of center of pressure

PRESSURE PRISM METHOD

The base of this “volume” in pressure-area space is the plane surface of

For the hydrostatic force ,

We can see that . Also, for rectangle and .

Reduce the formula by multiplying the right side by ,

● A vertical, rectangular gate with water on

RESULTANT OF HYDROSTATIC FORCE

● A curve surface BC is a quarter of circle with radius of 5 m.

● Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the hydrostatic force

● An overhang has a parabolic shape as shown, with and.

● The radial gate is used to control the flow of water over a

● The steel cylinder has a specific weight of 490 lb/ft3 and

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