Sustainability

 and  Energy  Efficiency  

in  Buildings  
Sustainability  issues  and  some  
sou6ons  
2013/10/03
Dr Hannes Grey & Prof Willie Cronje
 Overview  

•  Energy  Context  
•  Environmental  implica6ons  
•  What  can/should  be  done  EE  and  RE  
•  Conclusion  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   2  

 Energy  Context  

•  Electricity  &  energy  

–  Interna6onally  
–  South  Africa  
•  Recent  developments  and  the  future  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   3  

Electricity  in  the  World  

 
BP  world  energy  review  2011

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   4  

Electricity  in  Africa  

Source:  Wolfram  –  EIA  2011  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   5  

Primary  Energy  Usage  in  SA  
IEA Energy Statistics Statistics on the web: http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp

Total primary energy supply*

South Africa
160 000

140 000

120 000

100 000
ktoe

80 000

60 000

40 000

20 000

0
1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

Coal/peat Oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydro Biofuels & waste Geothermal/solar/wind
* Excluding electricity trade.
© OECD/IEA 2013 For more detailed data, please consult our on-line data service at http://data.iea.org.

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   6  

 Electricity  in  SA  
IEA Energy Statistics Statistics on the web: http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp

Electricity generation by fuel

South Africa
300 000

250 000

200 000
GWh

150 000

100 000

50 000

0
1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

Coal/peat Oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydro Biofuels & waste Geothermal/solar/wind

© OECD/IEA 2013 For more detailed data, please consult our on-line data service at http://data.iea.org.

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   7  

The  Southern  African  Grid  

Inga?  
 
Other  op6ons?  
 

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   8  

Energy  Provision  -­‐  Present  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   9  

 Stable  power  system  

Well operated mature power system with spare capacity,

eg SA up to 2002.

Secure supply, with room for consumption growth.

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   10  

 The  Problem  

•  Rapid  growth  in  demand  

•  Poor  control  over  demand  growth  
•  Slow/no  capacity  growth  
•  Exis6ng  capacity  equaled/exceeded  
(Genera6on  +  Transmission)  <=  Load  
•  Inadequate margin for error

•  Perceive/experience poor service

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   11          

Demand  exceeds  supply  

Uncontrolled growth/incorrect planning?

Possibly resource constrained?
Poor management!
Impacts growth & productivity!!

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   12  

 Possible  Solu6ons  
•  Require options to achieve:
Load  <=  (Genera6on  +  Transmission)  
•  Expand  genera6on  (Eskom  &  IPPs?)  
(Co-­‐genera6on?  Wits  generators?)  
•  Limit  load  growth/decrease  load:    
–  Save  through  efficiency,    
–  Improve  load  behaviour  or  
–  restrict  growth  –  no  op6on!  
  Consider the technical options!

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   13  

Restrict  growth/Shed  load!  

Limits growth to the envelope of existing capacity.

Unacceptable in developing countries.

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   14  

Infrastructure  Risk!!  

Overloading of existing infrastructure.

High risks of catastrophe and insecure supply!

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   15  

Strengthen  the  infrastructure  

Overloading of existing infrastructure.

High risks of catastrophe and insecure supply!

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   16  

 Electricity  Tariffs  

Source:  Deloice   The  Economic  Impact  of  Electricity  Price  Increases  on  Various  Sectors  of  the  South  African  Economy                                                                    
Analysis,  Eskom  data   A  consolidated  view  based  on  the  findings  of  exis6ng  research  
and  2011  annual  report  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   17  

Add  distributed  genera6on  

Add distributed energy sources closer to the points of

consumption.

No or little transmission losses.

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   18  

Electricity  Genera6on  Future  
 

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   19  

IRP  plan  for  future  genera6on  

 
 
 4th  SA-­‐EU  Clean  Coal  Working  Group,  Emperor’s  Palace,  5  November  2012        

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   20  

Can  we  grow  enough?  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   21  

Energy  Provision–  Future?  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   22  

 CO2  produc6on  

–  How  is  it  produced?  

–  Where  is  it  produced?  
–  How  much  is  produced?  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   23  

 How  is  it  produced?  
 
•  From  combus6on  of  fossil  fuels,  
-­‐  Oil  
-­‐  Gas  
-­‐  Coal  
•  during  the  produc6on  of  the  material  and  equipment  and  
-­‐  Steel,  cement  etc.  for  power  sta6on  construc6on  
•  during  the  transporta6on  of  goods  .  
-­‐  Imported  Turbines  and  Generators    
-­‐  Also  computers  and  other  equipment  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   24  

How  much  is  produced?  
 
60  W  incandescent:  (for  4  hours)  
Energy  consumed  =    864  kJ  =  0.24  kWh  
This  costs  10  cent!?!  
Requires  78  g  of  coal  at  a  power  sta6on    
Generates  233  g  of  CO2  

11  W  CFL:  (for  4  hours)  

Energy  consumed  =    158  kJ  =  0.04  kWh  
This  costs  2  cents!?!  
Requires  14  g  of  coal  at  a  power  sta6on    
Generates  43  g  of  CO2    

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   25  

 CO2  concentra6ons    
 

Sustainable  Energy  –  without  the  hot  air  

David  J.C.  MacKay  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   26  

 Green house gas pollution
 
per  world  regions  popula6on    

Sustainable  Energy  –  without  the  hot  air  

David  J.C.  MacKay  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   27  

 Green house gas pollution
  per country popula6on

Sustainable  Energy  –  without  the  hot  air  

David  J.C.  MacKay  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   28  

 Per  capita  pollu6on  
 per  country  per  person    

Sustainable  Energy  –  without  the  hot  air  

David  J.C.  MacKay  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   29  

 Energy  Efficiency  

•  Why  is  saving  energy  important  in  SA?  

•  Our  energy  resources  –  coal,  electricity,  gas,  
and  liquid  fuels  –  are  not  limitless,  so  it’s  up  to  
all  of  us  to  become  energy  wise.  That  means  
you;  your  family,  your  friends  and  every  other  
South  African  must  start  using  energy  
efficiently.    
IEA  es6mates  $1  spent  on  energy  efficiency  save  $2  on  
•  SANS  204   genera6on!    
(Source:  WEO2006)  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   30  

 Minimising/avoiding  CO2  

–  Efficient  Energy  usage  

•  Understand  your  load  
•  Energy  Efficient  Technology  
–  Clean  vs.  Renewable  Energy  sources  
–  Alterna6ve  genera6on  methods/sources  
–  Drawbacks/shortcomings  
•  Payback;  Energy  payback  
–  Distributed  genera6on  (CHP?)  
–  Micro  genera6on  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   31  

 Household  solu6ons  

•  Cooking  -­‐>  gas  

•  Hot  water  -­‐>  solar/heat  pump  
•  Lights  -­‐>  LED’s  
•  Appliances  -­‐>  higher  efficiency  
•  PV  and  storage  for  electrical  loads  
Energy  Efficient  Technology  

•  Ligh6ng  technology  as  an  example.  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   33  

Energy  Efficient  Technology  
50 W Halogen 7 W CFL 1 W LED
(230 V) (230 V) (230 V)
Energy consumed 720|0.2 101|0.03 14|0.004
In 4 hours
(kJ)|(kWh)
Cost 8 1 0.16
(SA cents)
Coal required 65 9 1.3
(grams)
CO2 produced
194 27 3.88
(grams)
Expected life
2000 8000 25000
(hours)

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   34  

 Energy  Efficiency  Applied  

•  Principles  applies  to  any  plant!  

1. Understand  the  plant/house  opera6on  
2. Es6mate/measure  the  consump6on  
3. Consider  the  impact  of  replacement  
technology  
4. Implement  
5. Verify!!  (M&V)  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   35  

 Solar  hot  water  

•  Renewable  energy  
–  Uilises  sunshine  
•  Efficiency  must  s6ll  be  improved!  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   36  

Residen6al  load  A  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   37  

Residen6al  load  A    

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   38  

 Micro  Genera6on  

–  Use  renewables  on  a  localised  basis  

–  For  private  households,  etc.  (Perhaps  also  larger  
businesses?)  
–  Meet  all  or  part  of  own  demand  
–  Sell  excess  to  municipality/u6lity?  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   39  

Grid-­‐Tie  Solar  into  Building/s  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   40  

 Make  buildings  smart  
•  Use  ICT  to  automate  best  prac6ces  in  energy  
•  Integrate  energy  genera6on  into  the  building  
opera6on  
•  Supervise  energy  consump6on  
•  Minimise  wastage  
•  Reduce  opera6ng  costs!  
•  BMS  –  energy  management,  access  control,  fire  
alarms,  etc.  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   41  

 Even  in  Tswane  

INFOTECH  BUILDING  –  Pretoria  (100kWp)  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   42  

 Use  Results  of  Energy  Audits  

•  From  the  Energy  audit  the  following  can  be  

derived:  
•  Benefits  of  changing  to  other  energy  forms  
•  Benefits  of  changing  to  other  energy  efficient  
technologies  for  different  end-­‐uses  
•  Benefits  of    change  of  user  behaviour  
•  Total  energy  savings  for  different  interven6ons  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   43  

 Possible  Easy  Ac6ons  

•  Reduce  hea6ng  demand  

•  Reduce  cooling  demand  
•  Reduce  energy  
requirements  for  
ven6la6on  
•  Reduce  energy  use  for  
ligh6ng  

2013/10/03   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   44  

Make  Neighbourhoods  Smart!  

•  Use  ICT  to  automate  best  prac6ces  in  energy  

•  Integrate  energy  genera6on  into  the  neighbourhood  
opera6on  
•  Supervise  energy  consump6on  
•  Minimise  wastage  at  neighourhood  level  
•  Reduce  opera6ng  costs!  

2013/10/03   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   45  

 PV  Solu6on/s  

Generator

Mains Live

Neutral PV array

Surge
Protection

DB main DB PV DB DC
Earth

timer
Batteries

timer

Inverter MPPT - charger

Stove float
switch

Appliances Appliances Pool pump Borehole Lights

 A  phased  PV  approach  

•  Add  PV  genera6on  incrementally  

•  Rely  on  grid  for  standby  
•  Add  baceries  for  ride-­‐through  
•  Eventually  go  off-­‐grid    

2013/10/03   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   47  

 Phased  approach  -­‐  0  

Pool pump
Stove

Lights Appliances

Appliances Essential services

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   48  

 Phased  approach  -­‐  1  

Pool pump
Stove

Lights Appliances

Essential services
Appliances

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   49  

 Phased  approach  -­‐  2  

Pool pump
Stove

Lights Appliances

Appliances Essential services

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   50  

 Phased  approach  -­‐  3  

Pool pump
Stove

Lights Appliances

Appliances Essential services

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   51  

 Phased  approach  -­‐  4  

Batteries

Pool pump
Stove Battery Inverter
charger
Lights Appliances

Appliances Essential services

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   52  

 Phased  approach  -­‐  5  

Inverter
Batteries

Battery
charger

Batteries

Pool pump
Stove Battery Inverter
charger
Lights Appliances

Appliances Essential services

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   53  

 Concluding  remarks  

•  There  are  real  challenges  ahead  

•  Technologies  already  exist  to  help  
•  Educa6on  and  public  acceptance  is  required!  

2013/10/02   Building  Control  Officers  Annual  Conven6on   54