Apllied Socsci Docs

INTRODUCTION• This course “introduces some Applied Social Sciences,
namely, Counseling, Social Work, and Communication,

which draw their foundation from the theories and principles
of Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and other Social
Sciences.
• The course highlights the seamless interconnectivity of the
different applied social science disciplines while focusing on
the processes and applications of these applied disciplines
in critical development areas.
EXPECTED LEARNING
OUTCOMES• It is expected that the learners after taking this subject will demonstrate competencies in
interacting and relating with other individuals, groups, and communities.
• Likewise, the learners will be able to apply the principles, practices, and tools of Counseling, Social
Work, and Communication in addressing the pertinent areas identified by the class.
• Finally, the learners will be able to analyze how processes in these applied disciplines work in specific
life situations.
COURSE DIVISIONS
•The course/subject is divided into Four
Units, namely:
•Unit 1 - Counseling;
•Unit 2 - Social Work;
•Unit 3 - Communication; and
•Unit 4 – Importance of the Social Sciences.
DEFINITION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES &

APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
• In general, the Social Sciences refer to academic
disciplines that study society, their interaction and cultural
development. It is a field of study which includes
economics, political science, history, law and geography,
among others different from the natural sciences.
• The Applied Social Sciences, also examine society and
their interrelationships with the society, and is linked with
psychology and sociology. It enables student taking these
courses the best possible launching pad for a future
career.
DEFINITION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES &

APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
• Comparatively, both deal with society, the individuals and their cultural practices. The former works
on the theoretical aspect while the latter focuses on the practical aspect.
• This Course affords students opportunities to visualize which career path they could possibly venture
on or pursue as they go up the ladder of education. It provides the students with a bird’s eye view of the
degrees in Counseling, Social Work, Journalism and Social Science. It is in essence a career orientation
for each student
UNIT I: COUNSELING
LESSON 1:
THE DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
•The learners are expected to:• Demonstrate a high level of understanding of the basic concepts of
counseling;
• Identify the goals and scope of counseling;
• Demonstrate comprehension of the principles of counseling; and
• Discuss the core values of counseling; and
• Prepare a group presentation of a situation in which practitioners of counseling work together to assist
individuals, groups, or communities involved in difficult situations.
WHAT IS COUNSELING?
•A relationship between the counselor and
client that is safe, confidential, trusting,
empathic, honest, genuine, accepting, etc.
•Where the client explores the situation for him
or herself, understands the situation for him or
herself, decides for him or herself, and acts for
him or herself.
•A process with a beginning and targeted end. WHAT IS COUNSELING?
•A relationship between the counselor and
client that is safe, confidential, trusting,
empathic, honest, genuine, accepting, etc.
•Where the client explores the situation for him
or herself, understands the situation for him or
herself, decides for him or herself, and acts for
him or herself.
•A process with a beginning and targeted end.
COUNSELING• Counseling is the profession of guiding individual/individuals using methods in

psychology, in gathering data, applying techniques in one-one interview, and assessing interests and
abilities.
• This occurs when counselee/client and counselor agreed to find solutions to difficulties that deal
with stressful or emotional feelings of the counselee or client.
• It involves providing client enlightenment, to be able to perceive things from a clearer and better
point of view. It is giving the client an opportunity to deal with his emotions, experiences or behavior,
aimed at expediting positive change.
COUNSELING IS NOT...• PRESCRIPTIVE - "Go and tell your mother what really happened."
• SYMPATHIZING - "Yes, it's hard. I had that experience. I know exactly what you are feeling. I feel sorry
for you”
• PRACTICAL HELP - "You go to bed and I'll look after him for you."
• TEACHING - "Life is like this...."
• PREACHING - "You should not have done that."
• ADVICE GIVING - "If I were you I would ....”
• AN ACADEMIC INDULGENCE for the counselor.
• From time to time any of the above may be required in a given situation, especially if the context is not
a formal counseling session, but in that instance it is NOT counseling.
5 MAJOR GOALS OF
COUNSELING1.To assist client towards behavioral change
2.To cultivate the client’s capacity to develop and sustain relationships
3.To enhance client’s effective coping ability
4.To promote client’s decision-making skill
5.To facilitate client’s potentials and personality development
• Take note that these goals are not exclusive since there are other goals which other practitioners may
emphasize or focus on.
SCOPE OF COUNSELING1. Teenagers suffering from

identity crises, conflict with
parents, and peer pressures
2. People with anxiety or fear
problems
3. People who have anger
management difficulty
4. Children who have family
problems, i. e., sibling
rivalries, etc.
5. People with depression
6. Persons with concerns on
family of origin dynamics
and akin issues
7. Persons with gender
identity, sexuality, or
homosexuality crises
8. People suffering from grief
and bereavementSCOPE OF COUNSELING1. Teenagers suffering from
identity crises, conflict with
parents, and peer pressures
2. People with anxiety or fear
problems
3. People who have anger
management difficulty
4. Children who have family
problems, i. e., sibling
rivalries, etc.
5. People with depression
6. Persons with concerns on
family of origin dynamics
and akin issues
7. Persons with gender
identity, sexuality, or
homosexuality crises
8. People suffering from grief
and bereavement
SCOPE OF COUNSELING
9. Persons with personal and
interpersonal problems
10.Individuals who are undergoing
recovery from sexual abuse
11.Senior citizens trying to cope
with challenges, limitations,
and transitions
12.Persons who choose or forced
to be single: single, separated,
divorced or widowed
13.Persons with problems about
spirituality or spiritual matters
14.Persons who need guidance
on stress management
15.Persons with workplace stress
and relationships problems
16.Confused young adult re:
identity, relationships, vocation
CORE VALUES OF
COUNSELING
1.We value the potential of every human being to change and to continue learning throughout the
lifespan, in formal and informal settings, and especially in the environment of counseling and
psychological services.
2.We value strong relationships as the primary vehicle in helping others to learn new ways of thinking,
feeling and behaving, including collaboration within the university community and partnering with
other offices to provide comprehensive mental health services to students
CORE VALUES OF
COUNSELING3.We value an emphasis on prevention of mental health
problems via education, intervention and outreach into the
community
4. We value training new professionals and support for on-going
training of staff
5.We value respect for diversity of individuals, their cultures,
languages, lifestyles, identities, ideologies, intellectual
capacities, personalities, and capabilities to expand our learning
opportunities and understanding of global connections
PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
1.Listening skills: Listen attentively to the
client in an attempt to understand both the
content of his problem. Listen and try to
understand the concerns being presented.
Most people want and need to be heard
and understood, not advised.
2.Resistance: When people resist certain
changes that one hopes will occur in therapy
it is important that the therapist not take this
personally and recognize the stressful
nature of the process for the client. Some
resistance to therapeutic change is quite
natural.
3.Respect: No matter how peculiar, strange,
disturbed, weird, or utterly different from you
that the client is, he must be treated with
respect. You do not have to like the client, or
his values, or his behavior, but you must put
your personal feelings aside and treat him
with respect.
4. Empathy and Positive Regard:
Empathy requires you to listen and
understand the feelings and perspective
of the other person; and positive regard
is an aspect of respect.
5.Clarification, confrontation, and interpretation: Clarification is an attempt by the therapist to restate
what the client is either saying or feeling, so the client may learn something or understand the
issue better. Confrontation and interpretation are more advanced principles and we won't go into
them except to mention their existence.PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
5.Clarification, confrontation, and interpretation: Clarification is an attempt by the therapist to restate
what the client is either saying or feeling, so the client may learn something or understand the
issue better. Confrontation and interpretation are more advanced principles and we won't go into
them except to mention their existence.
6. Transference and Countertransference:
Transference is a process wherein the client feels things and has perceptions of the therapist that
rightly belong to other people in the client's life, either past or present. It is a process somewhat
related to projection. Understanding transference reactions can help the client gain understanding
of important aspects of his emotional life.
Countertransference refers to the emotional and perceptional reactions the therapist has towards the
client that rightly belong to other significant people in the therapist’s life.
IDENTIFICATION1 The profession of guiding individuals in resolving personal, social, or psychological

problems
2 The ability to understand and share the feelings of another
3 A feeling of deep admiration for someone elicited by his abilities, qualities, or achievements
4 The state of being different from one another
5 The act of making a statement or situation more comprehensible and less confusing
6 The refusal to accept or comply with something
7 A hostile or argumentative meeting or situation between opposing parties
8 A process characterized by unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another
9 The scientific study of human society and social relationships
10 The art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems
UNIT I: COUNSELING
LESSON 2: PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN COUNSELING
LEARNING OUTCOMES The learners are expected to:

1. Demonstrate a high level of understanding of the professionals and
practitioners in counseling;
2. Show understanding of the roles and functions of counselors;
3. Identify specific work areas in which counselors work;
4. Identify career opportunities for counselors;
5. Value rights, responsibilities, and accountabilities;
6. Distinguish between ethical and unethical behaviors among counselors;
and
7. Undertake participant observation (e.g., a day in a life of a counselor) to
adequately document and critique their roles, functions, and
competencies.
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF COUNSELORS 1. Work with individuals, groups and communities to improve
mental health
2. Encourage clients to discuss emotions and experiences
3. Examine issues including substance abuse, aging, bullying, anger management, careers, depression,
relationships, LGBT issues, self-image, stress and suicide
4. Work with families
5. Help clients define goals, plan action and gain insight
6. Develop therapeutic processes
7. Refer clients to psychologists and other services
8. Take a holistic (mind and body) approach to mental health care
COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS 1. INTEGRITY: Honesty, personal responsibility and adherence to

professional values
Examples:
• Demonstrates honesty, even in difficult situations
• Takes responsibility for own actions
• Demonstrates ethical behavior and basic knowledge relevant professional ethical principles and
codes of conduct
COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS 2. DEPORTMENT: Understands how to conduct oneself in a

professional manner
Examples:
• Demonstrates appropriate personal hygiene and attire
• Distinguishes between appropriate and inappropriate language and demeanor in professional
contexts
COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS 3. ACCOUNTABILITY: Accountable and reliable

Examples:
• Turns in assignments in accordance with established deadlines
• Demonstrates personal organization skills
• Plans and organizes own workload
• Follows policies and procedures of institution
• Follows through on commitments
COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS 4. CONCERN FOR THE WELFARE OF OTHERS: Demonstrates awareness

of the need to uphold and protect the welfare of others
Examples:
• Displays initiative to help others
• Articulates importance of concepts of confidentiality, privacy, and informed consent
• Demonstrates compassion (awareness of suffering and the wish to relieve it) for others
COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS 5. PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY: Demonstrates understanding of self as

professional; “thinking like a professional counselor”
Examples:
• Demonstrates knowledge of the program and profession (training model, core competencies)
• Demonstrates knowledge about practicing within one’s competence
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION WHERE COUNSELORS WORK (PROFESSION AND JOB

RESPONSIBILITIES)
CAREER COUNSELORS: 1. Help prepare their clients for the start, change, or advancement of their
career.
2. Provide consulting, coaching, and counseling so that clients can explore their interests and options
more in-depth.
3. Take things like personality, aptitude, interests, personality, and behavior into consideration as
they help guide clients towards careers that will make them happy.
CHILD ABUSE COUNSELORS: 1. Helping victims of serious child abuse try to rebuild their psyche,
trust, and happiness.
2. Use their training to identify, analyze, and treat specific symptoms of child abuse and they
provide crucial therapy to help the child overcome their awful ordeal.
3. Can involve playing, or encouraging children to speak their minds, or even working with the family
to ensure the child is provided a safe and comfortable environment to continue their development.
COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS: 1. Provide therapy, consulting, and coaching to people
who are having issues in a community setting.
2. Help clients understand their relationship to that community and help identify and treat issues and
problems that arise out of the community setting.
3. Help people adjust to and understand their community better as to minimize issues and
promote mental health for everyone.COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS: 1. Provide therapy,
consulting, and coaching to people who are having issues in a community setting.
2. Help clients understand their relationship to that community and help identify and treat issues and
problems that arise out of the community setting.
3. Help people adjust to and understand their community better as to minimize issues and
promote mental health for everyone.
CONFLICT RESOLUTION COUNSELORS: 1. Conflict resolution is the art and science of resolving
disputes in healthy and mutually agreed-upon ways.
2. Handled correctly: conflict can actually be a good thing that leads to teamwork and better
communication.
3. Handled incorrectly: conflict can permanently damage relationships, slow progress and create even
larger issues.CONFLICT RESOLUTION COUNSELORS: 1. Conflict resolution is the art and science of
resolving disputes in healthy and mutually agreed-upon ways.
2. Handled correctly: conflict can actually be a good thing that leads to teamwork and better
communication.
3. Handled incorrectly: conflict can permanently damage relationships, slow progress and create even
larger issues.
DEPRESSION COUNSELORS: 1. Trained to deal with the mental, emotional, and physical issues that
can arise out of depression.
2. Don’t just prescribe medication, they try to drill down to the root cause of the depression
3. Help clients identify steps they can take to overcome the depression.
4. Help clients understand why they are depressed and help them through the steps to
recovery.DEPRESSION COUNSELORS: 1. Trained to deal with the mental, emotional, and physical
issues that can arise out of depression.
2. Don’t just prescribe medication, they try to drill down to the root cause of the depression
3. Help clients identify steps they can take to overcome the depression.
4. Help clients understand why they are depressed and help them through the steps to recovery.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE COUNSELORS: 1. Domestic violence is one of the more prevalent issues that take
place in the home setting and domestic violence counselors are the ones who help victims of
domestic abuse deal with and overcome their traumatic experiences.
2. Identify certain adverse effects of domestic violence
3. Help the patient slowly work to treat and combat those effects.
4. Provide an important therapy for clients in need of understanding of their trauma and
someone to listen to their issues.
GERIATRIC COUNSELORS: 1.Provide treatment, analysis, and counseling

services to seniors and their families.
2.Considered experts and have specialized
training and knowledge of common mental
health issues that are known to affect seniors
in particular.
3.Assess, identify and treat problems so that
seniors can understand the issues they face
and work to overcome them and live
comfortably.
GRIEF COUNSELORS: 1.Help people cope with the grief and sense of loss that usually follows the
death of a loved one, a particularly emotional divorce, or another tragic life experience
2.Adept at identifying what method of counseling or treatment works with each individual.
3.Help clients not only deal with that grief, but also help those clients deal with the grief while they
continue to be productive members of society.GRIEF COUNSELORS: 1.Help people cope with the
grief and sense of loss that usually follows the death of a loved one, a particularly emotional
divorce, or another tragic life experience
2.Adept at identifying what method of counseling or treatment works with each individual.
3.Help clients not only deal with that grief, but also help those clients deal with the grief while they
continue to be productive members of society.
REHABILITATION COUNSELORS: 1.Responsible for treating patients with

physical, mental, or emotional issues so that
they can live as independently as possible.
2.Deal with psychological and physical issues
that affect patients including post-traumatic
stress disorders and severe brain injuries.
3.Combine the knowledge to help patients
understand and overcome their disability
SPIRITUAL COUNSELORS: 1.Deal with patients who have suffered spiritual trauma or dissatisfaction
and they help these patients get in touch with their spirituality, understand what is afflicting
them, and overcome or deal with that issue.
2.Combine their spiritual or religious knowledge with an in-depth understanding of the psychology
behind the issues so that their patients can live happy and fulfilling lives.
SUBSTANCE ABUSE COUNSELORS: Substance abuse is an unfortunate issue for

thousands of people across the country.
1.Trained to help people understand the
motivations behind their substance abuse
issue, and then help people overcome and
defeat those issues.
2.Have psychological and physiological training
that helps them understand emotional and
mental issues of substance abuse as well as
the physical ones
SUICIDE INTERVENTION COUNSELORS: 1. Have some of the most stressful and rewarding jobs as they
are specifically training in the psychology behind suicidal feelings and depression
2. Job is to help patients with suicidal thoughts think more positively and continue to live a fulfilling
and rewarding life.
3. Trained to identify motivations behind suicidal thoughts and help the patients deal with those
motivations so they can gain more self-confidence and self-worth
TRANSFORMATIONAL COUNSELORS: 1. Have some of the most stressful and rewarding jobs as they
are specifically training in the psychology behind suicidal feelings and depression
2. Job is to help patients with suicidal thoughts think more positively and continue to live a fulfilling
and rewarding life.
3. Trained to identify motivations behind suicidal thoughts and help the patients deal with those
motivations so they can gain more self-confidence and self-worth
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGIST-COUNSELORS
PRINCIPLE 1: BENEFICENCE AND NON-MALEFICENCEPsychologist-counselors strive to benefit those

with whom they work and take care to do no harm. In their professional actions, psychologist-
counselors seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact
professionally and other affected persons.
Beneficence is an action done for the benefit of others.
Maleficence, on the other hand, is the act of committing harm or evil against another person.
PRINCIPLE 2: FIDELITY AND RESPONSIBILITYPsychologist-counselors establish

relationships of trust with those with whom
they work.
They uphold professional standards of
conduct, clarify their professional roles and
obligations, accept appropriate responsibility
for their behavior and seek to manage
conflicts of interest that could lead to
exploitation or harm.
PRINCIPLE 3: INTEGRITYPsychologist-counselors seek to

promote accuracy, honesty and
truthfulness in the science, teaching and
practice of psychology.
In these activities psychologist-
counselors do not steal, cheat or engage
in fraud, subterfuge or intentional
misrepresentation of fact.
PRINCIPLE 4: JUSTICE
Psychologist-counselors recognize that
fairness and justice entitle all persons to
access to and benefit from the
contributions of psychology and to equal
quality in the processes, procedures and
services being conducted by
psychologists.
PRINCIPLE 5: RESPECT FOR PEOPLE'S RIGHTS AND DIGNITYPsychologist-counselors respect the dignity
and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination.
They are aware of and respect cultural, individual and role differences, including those based on
age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation,
disability, language and socioeconomic status and consider these factors when working with members
of such groups.
MATCHING TYPE
Direction: Match the definitions in Column A with the terms in Column B
1 Conduct oneself in a professional manner A. Justice
2 Honesty and personal responsibility B. Identity
3 Willingness to take account of his/her actions C. Deportment
4 Faithfulness, support and loyalty to a person D. Maleficence
5 Fairness to every person E. Fidelity
6 Worth of every individual F. Intelligence
7 Action done for the benefit of others G. Rights
8 The fact of being who a person is H. Integrity
9 Legal/social/ ethical principles of freedom I. Accountability
10 The act of committing harm or evil J. Dignity
K. Beneficence
CLIENTELE AND
AUDIENCES IN
COUNSELING
LEARNING OUTCOMES
•The learners are expected to:
•Demonstrate a high level of understanding of the
clientele and audiences in counseling;
•Identify specific work areas in which counselors
work; and
•Describe the clientele and audience of counseling
CHARACTERISTICS AND
NEEDS OF THE VARIOUS
TYPES OF CLIENTELE AND
AUDIENCES
A. INDIVIDUALS
1. Child coming from a broken family
2. Child having sibling conflict
3. Drug abuse
4. Employee with work-related concerns
5. Person suffering from depression
6. Person with sexual disorientation
7. Person having difficulty in managing grief
and bereavement
8. Person who is into a rocky relationship
9. Person who was a victim of sexual abuse
10.Person experiencing spiritual dilemma
11.Person suffering from stress and distress
12.Teenager having identity crisis
13.Person suffering from extreme anxiety or
fear
B. GROUPS AND
ORGANIZATIONS•SENIOR CITIZENS/PWDS
•SINGLES
•TEENAGE PARENTS
•VICTIMS OF RAPE
•FAMILY WHO LOST A LOVED
ONE
•BATTERED WIVES/HUSBANDS
•LGBT GROUPS
•LABOR UNIONS
•STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS
•OFWS
•VICTIMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
ABUSE
•OUT OF SCHOOL YOUTHS
•STREET CHILDREN
SPECIFIC WORK
AREAS WHERE
COUNSELORS WORK
WHERE CAN YOU

WORK WITH A
DEGREE IN
COUNSELING?
1. HOSPITALS
•From assuming the role of a family grief counselor to providing mental health
evaluations, counseling professionals with a bachelor's or master's degree often
find employment at a hospital.
•Some counselors are hired to assist patients overcome various psychological
and behavioral issues, while others may specifically focus on the rehabilitation of
a hospital patient.
•With a Ph.D., Counselors can assume the position of clinical supervisor at a
hospital, as well as qualify for many other jobs in administration.
2. INPATIENT OR OUTPATIENT
DETOXIFICATION CENTERS•There are only a handful of residential (inpatient) drug addiction rehab
centers in the Philippines that provide affordable but world-class
accommodations and evidence-based treatment programs. KAYA rehab is
privileged to be in Baguio City, the Philippines's summer capital. Baguio’s
natural charm is irresistible with a nice cool climate, lush greens, pine trees,
and friendly people.
DETOXIFICATION CENTERS•KAYA offers personalized addiction treatment programs utilizing our
Unified Treatment Program,
which is effective and evidence-based use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Facilitation of
Twelve Steps, and Schema Therapy. KAYA caters to different types of addiction like substance
abuse (drug rehab), alcoholism (alcohol rehab), problem gambling (gambling addiction rehab),
food, Internet and sex.
•There are only a handful of residential (inpatient) drug addiction rehab centers in the
Philippines
that provide affordable but world-class accommodations and evidence-based treatment programs.
KAYA rehab is privileged to be in Baguio City, the Philippines's summer capital. Baguio’s natural
charm is irresistible with a nice cool climate, lush greens, pine trees, and friendly people.
DETOXIFICATION CENTERS•Counselors are hired to work in:
•Inpatient facilities hire counselors to assist with 24-hour care of high-risk patients
battling substance abuse.
•Outpatient facilities hire counselors to provide treatment during the day, while
patients are allowed to return to their homes at night.
•Substance abuse or addiction counselors may also serve as detox specialists or
crisis workers within a detoxification center.
3. MENTAL HEALTH
FACILITIES & AGENCIES•Providing one-on-one treatment or holding group therapy sessions,
professionals
with a graduate degree in counseling are often employed at a mental health facility –
oftentimes according to their specialty.
•For example, community counselors are hired at localized mental health agencies to
assist a local population, interact with community leaders, and bridge the gap
between support services found in surrounding areas.
3. MENTAL HEALTH
FACILITIES & AGENCIES
•A master's degree in counseling can lead to employment as a
social worker, mental health counselor, or case manager at a
mental health agency or facility.
•A doctorate in counseling qualifies a professional to take a
position as a coordinator or director of a mental health agency.
4. RESIDENTIAL CARE
FACILITIES
•A residential care facility provides counseling services to
people living in a temporary environment that requires
continuous supervision. This may include facilities that
house troubled or at-risk youths, autistic children, or people
with mental or physical disabilities.4. RESIDENTIAL CARE
FACILITIES
•A residential care facility provides counseling services to
people living in a temporary environment that requires
continuous supervision. This may include facilities that
house troubled or at-risk youths, autistic children, or people
with mental or physical disabilities.
4. RESIDENTIAL CARE
FACILITIES
•An associate's degree in counseling prepares graduates to
work at a residential care facility as a substance abuse or
addictions counselor, where they may hold one-on-one
counseling sessions or lead group discussions with people
suffering from a chemical dependency.
5. HALFWAY HOUSES
•Halfway houses, also known as transitional housing
facilities and recovery houses, hire rehabilitation and
substance abuse counselors to guide patients or residents
in need of help transitioning back to a societal environment,
their family, their community, and/or entering the workforce.
5. HALFWAY HOUSES
•Counselors may work in:
•Voluntary substance abuse halfway houses, which allow recovering
addicts to transition from inpatient therapy to re-entering society by
living in a structured environment during outpatient therapy.
•Court-mandated halfway houses, which provide structure and support
under strict supervision to formerly incarcerated juveniles and adults re-
entering society.5. HALFWAY HOUSES
•Voluntary substance abuse halfway houses, which allow recovering
addicts to transition from inpatient therapy to re-entering society by
living in a structured environment during outpatient therapy.
•Court-mandated halfway houses, which provide structure and support
under strict supervision to formerly incarcerated juveniles and adults re-
entering society.
5. HALFWAY HOUSES
•Mental health-related halfway houses, where individuals
receive mental health counseling in a residential setting,
such as patients that require medical supervision or victims
of domestic violence.
6. GERIATRIC-RELATED
FACILITIES
•Counselors, especially geriatric counselors, are often employed
by facilities, agencies and organizations that serve the elderly
population, such as hospitals, assisted living communities,
senior community centers, retirement homes, independent living
communities, as well as long- and short-term care facilities.6. GERIATRIC-RELATED
FACILITIES
•Counselors, especially geriatric counselors, are often employed
by facilities, agencies and organizations that serve the elderly
population, such as hospitals, assisted living communities,
senior community centers, retirement homes, independent living
communities, as well as long- and short-term care facilities.
7. MEDICAL HOSPITALS AND

OUTPATIENT CLINICS FOR
VETERANS•According to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), there are more
than 1,200 VA community-based outpatient clinics, VA hospitals, and
VA vet centers in the United States.
•Counselors are hired to work with veterans, their spouses, and family
to address issues, such as PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) and
anger management. Usually, a master's degree is required for the
majority of VA counseling positions.
8. CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES
AND/OR PRISONS•From mental health counseling to substance abuse counseling, the
prison system employs counselors to provide individual and group
therapy for individuals who are jailed, or living in a correctional facility.
•Correctional counselors also help develop a plan of action to assist
inmates achieve rehabilitation goals, and prepare them for
transitioning back into society after being released from prison.
9. RETAIL BUSINESSES
•Assuming positions in the human resources or public relations
departments of large retail organizations, counselors with as
little as a bachelor's degree are hired in the retail sector.
•Job duties typically include improving company-customer
relationships, as well as designing and conducting training
programs.9. RETAIL BUSINESSES
•Assuming positions in the human resources or public relations
departments of large retail organizations, counselors with as
little as a bachelor's degree are hired in the retail sector.
•Job duties typically include improving company-customer
relationships, as well as designing and conducting training
programs.
10. THE EDUCATIONAL

SYSTEM•Primarily helping students to better navigate the stresses of growing
up and successfully completing their studies, counselors play an
important role at all levels of the school system, such as providing
crisis intervention following traumatic or violent occurrences – like the
death of a teacher, a gun violence incident, or peer suicide. Although
a master's degree is often preferred, some counselors with a
bachelor's degree are able to assume positions at a school.10. THE EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM•Primarily helping students to better navigate the stresses of growing
up and successfully completing their studies, counselors play an
important role at all levels of the school system, such as providing
crisis intervention following traumatic or violent occurrences – like the
death of a teacher, a gun violence incident, or peer suicide. Although
a master's degree is often preferred, some counselors with a
bachelor's degree are able to assume positions at a school.
10. THE EDUCATIONAL

SYSTEM•Additional work opportunities for counselors with an interest in higher
education include:
•Developing curricula for various certificate and degree programs
•Evaluating counseling programs
•Mentoring aspiring counselors
•Writing textbooks
•Pursuing original research10. THE EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM•Additional work opportunities for counselors with an interest in higher
education include:
•Developing curricula for various certificate and degree programs
•Evaluating counseling programs
•Mentoring aspiring counselors
•Writing textbooks
•Pursuing original research
11. CAREER CENTERS

•The majority of graduates with a vocational or career counseling degree
work in career centers associated with high schools, colleges, as well as
state government agencies. A bachelor's degree in vocational counseling is
acceptable for some places of employment, but a master's degree is typically
preferred, especially for counselors applying for a position at a college and
university career center.
•Outside of a career center, some counselors work as consultants that match
candidates to corresponding employment opportunities.
12. REHABILITATION CENTERS

& AGENCIES•Graduates with a bachelor's or master's degree in counseling may
assume a position with a rehabilitation agency on the state, private,
and non-profit level. A professional with a doctorate in counseling
qualifies to become a director of a rehab facility.
•Counselors also find work in other job settings that involve
rehabilitation, such as colleges, elementary and secondary schools,
prisons, and independent-living facilities.
13. NON-PROFIT OR SOCIAL

SERVICE AGENCIES•Providing an array of counseling services centered on mental health,
rehabilitation, substance abuse, and other areas of social work,
counselors with undergraduate and graduate degrees find work at non
-profit or social service agencies.
•Job candidates with a Ph.D. are qualified to oversee family counseling
services for such agencies, including the governmental division of
Child and Family Services.
14. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS

•Counselors who specialize in combining traditional mental health
counseling with the Christian faith often work in private practice and/or
religious work environments, such as a church. Professionals must
obtain a certificate in Christian counseling before they are able to use
the Bible and religious teachings to treat clients.
•This type of professional is also not limited to strictly working in a
religious setting, and may assist anyone in need of counseling.
15. PUBLIC OR PRIVATE

PRACTICE•Those with a Ph.D. in counseling can become a licensed
professional counselor that works in a public or private practice.
Most often, this type of counselor concentrates on a particular
area of specialization, such as mental health counseling, family
and marriage counseling, or substance abuse counseling.
15. PUBLIC OR PRIVATE

PRACTICE
•A bachelor's degree in counseling allows a graduate to
assume the position of an administrative assistant or
researcher that works under the direct supervision of a
certified psychologist with his or her own practice or
business.15. PUBLIC OR PRIVATE
PRACTICE
•A bachelor's degree in counseling allows a graduate to
assume the position of an administrative assistant or
researcher that works under the direct supervision of a
certified psychologist with his or her own practice or
business.
FEATURE WRITING
•Feature writing tells the reader a story.
•It has a beginning (lead), middle and end.
•It uses quotes liberally and allows the reader to see the
story through detailed description and vivid writing.
•An interesting or catchy title may also be added
FEATURE
WRITING
•Write a feature article using the
image as the basis.
•Make sure that you provide a title
for your article.
•Three to four paragraphs may be
sufficient.
•Please write legibly.
LESSON 4: SETTINGS,
PROCESSES, METHODS AND
TOOLS IN COUNSELING
UNIT I: COUNSELING
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1.Demonstrate a high level of understanding of the settings, processes, methods and tools in
counseling;
2.Identify the settings in which counselors are found; and
3.Illustrate the different methods and processes involved in undertaking counseling.
SETTINGS IN
COUNSELING
1. GOVERNMENT
• Since all counselors help patients or clients cope with the problems in their lives, including mental or
emotional disorders and stressful life changes, you might think their employment options are limited.
However, counseling is a diverse field, encompassing several specialties. The workplaces where
counselors find jobs are equally wide-ranging.
• Depending on your level of education, relevant work experience and specialty, you may work in
hospitals, government agencies, private practices or any number of healthcare or other professional
environments.
2. PRIVATE SECTOR
• Many private individuals and groups provide a rich source of
counseling opportunities.
• The private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes
referred to as the citizen sector, which is run by private
individuals or groups, usually as a means of enterprise for
profit, and is not controlled by the government, as compared to
the areas of the economy controlled by the government being
referred to as the public sector.
3. CIVIL SOCIETY• Like the private sector, the civil society serves as a vast workplace for professional
counselors. The civil society is the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that
manifest interests and will of citizens. Civil society includes the family and the private sphere, referred
to as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business.
• By other authors, "civil society" is used in the sense of 1) the aggregate of non-governmental
organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and
organizations in a society which are independent of the government.
4. SCHOOLS
• The Philippines mandates school counseling in middle and high
school. The Congress of the Philippines passed the Guidance and
Counseling Act of 2004, with a specific focus on Professional
Practice, Ethics, National Certification, and the creation of a
Regulatory Body, and specialists in school counseling are subject
to this law.
• This law is created because legislators believe that schools need
counselors as co-partners of educators in the delivery of quality
and value-oriented education. The significant role of school
counselors cannot be over-emphasized.
5. COMMUNITY• Much like its inherent multiculturalism, counseling in the Philippines has evolved
from multiple influences.
• Counseling encompasses a broad spectrum of disciplines (e.g., guidance and counseling,
counseling/clinical psychology) and an acknowledgment of the societal context in which it occurs (e.g.,
poverty, physical disasters, overseas working, graft and corruption, and economic and political
instability).
• Counselors must navigate societal stigmas regarding the need for mental health assistance and
widespread ignorance of the field; they also advocate for mental health and resilience in difficult life
circumstances.
PROCESSES OF
COUNSELING
STAGES IN COUNSELING
STAGE 1: EXPLORING
•This is getting the client to start to talk. It may
involve many false starts but the client begins
to explore the presenting problem.
•The presenting problem might not be the
underlying problem, but this first stage is
essential.
STAGE 2:
UNDERSTANDING•The revelation for the client that the client is
responsible for the client’s life can be
traumatic.
•As the counseling series proceeds it should
become clearer that there are themes that
run throughout the life of the client, e.g.
inability to make decisions, inability to sustain
relationships, inability to accept responsibility
for their own actions, a desire to blame
external events or people etc. Acceptance of
these themes by the client is largely
dependent upon their willingness to engage
in the process and the skill of the counsellor
in presenting challenge with the right level of
support.
STAGE 2:
UNDERSTANDING• As the counseling series proceeds it should become clearer
that there are themes that run throughout the life of the client,
e.g. inability to make decisions, inability to sustain
relationships, inability to accept responsibility for their own
actions, a desire to blame external events or people etc.
• Acceptance of these themes by the client is largely dependent
upon their willingness to engage in the process and the skill of
the counsellor in presenting challenge with the right level of
support.
STAGE 2:
UNDERSTANDING•The pace of understanding needs to be set by the
client so the client feels in control.
•Although many challenges are set by the
counsellor, the counsellor needs to be extremely
aware of the ability of the client to accept them,
consolidate the incremental progress and
integrate the whole in the unfolding revelation.
STAGE 3: DECIDING AND

PLANNING
•Many counselors never get to this stage. They
leave it to the client to decide and act in their own
way and time.
•Indeed, in an ideal case, once the client
understands the need for action, he or she goes
out and acts on their own initiative.
STAGE 3: DECIDING AND

PLANNING
•In most cases the client and counselor need to
collaborate, both forming the ideal solution to the
present problem.
•Conversely, some counselors try to start with this
stage and wonder why their clients are not
cooperative!
•Failures are then blamed on the client!STAGE 3: DECIDING AND
PLANNING
•In most cases the client and counselor need to
collaborate, both forming the ideal solution to the
present problem.
•Conversely, some counselors try to start with this
stage and wonder why their clients are not
cooperative!
•Failures are then blamed on the client!
STAGE 4: ACTING
•This is the stage that might never end! The relationship
often needs to be gently loosened, but ultimately there
is no substitute for action –even if that is to accept the
situation with no apparent change!
•Remember that life is usually not so clear cut as these
notes suggest, so part of the third and fourth stages for
some issues might overlap with the second stage of an
ongoing or greater issue.
METHODS/TECHNIQUES
IN COUNSELING
COUNSELING TECHNIQUES USED
BY COUNSELORS
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
•This assessment tool will get the individual to look at
areas of their life and see which areas may be
impacting and influencing them. The person’s job is to
figure out which systems in their life give them strength,
and which ones give them stress.
•Some spheres of influence to consider are: themselves,
immediate family, friends, husband or wife, extended
family, job or school, community, culture or religion, and
any external influences.SPHERES OF INFLUENCE
•This assessment tool will get the individual to look at
areas of their life and see which areas may be
impacting and influencing them. The person’s job is to
figure out which systems in their life give them strength,
and which ones give them stress.
•Some spheres of influence to consider are: themselves,
immediate family, friends, husband or wife, extended
family, job or school, community, culture or religion, and
any external influences.
CLARIFICATION
•Counselors should often ask their clients to clarify
what they are telling them to make sure they
understand the situation correctly.
•This will help the counselors avoid any
misconceptions or avoid them having to make any
assumptions that could hinder their feedback.
CLIENT EXPECTATIONS
•When persons enter therapy, they should voice
their opinions about counseling and their beliefs
about treatment.
•In the beginning, they should be able to
communicate with their counselor as to what they
expect to get out of counseling.
•This can help the counselor guide and direct his
counseling accordingly.
CONFRONTATION
•We do not mean the client confronting the
therapist, or vice versa. The confrontation that
should happen here is within the client. The client
should be able to self-examine themselves during
counseling.
•However, the speed at which they do this should
be discussed between the counselor and the
client.
CONGRUENCE
•This has to do with the counselors being genuine
with their feedback and beliefs about their client’s
situation and progress.
•The more authentic and true they are with their
counseling, the more that their client and work to
grow and benefit from their help.
CORE CONDITIONS
•This technique in counseling goes over
some essential traits that the counselor
needs to integrate for effective
counseling, which are: positive regard,
empathy, congruence or genuineness,
and warmth.
ENCOURAGING
•Being an encouraging counselor for your client is
an essential technique that will help facilitate
confidence and respect between both parties.
•This technique asks that the counselors focus on
the client’s strengths and assets to help them see
themselves in a positive light. This will help with
the client’s progression.ENCOURAGING
•Being an encouraging counselor for your client is
an essential technique that will help facilitate
confidence and respect between both parties.
•This technique asks that the counselors focus on
the client’s strengths and assets to help them see
themselves in a positive light. This will help with
the client’s progression.
ENGAGEMENT
•As a therapist, having a good, yet professional
relationship with your client is essential.
•However, there are bound to be difficult moments
in counseling sessions, which will require
influential engagement on the counselor’s behalf.ENGAGEMENT
•As a therapist, having a good, yet professional
relationship with your client is essential.
•However, there are bound to be difficult moments
in counseling sessions, which will require
influential engagement on the counselor’s behalf.
FOCUSING
•This technique involves the counselor
demonstrating that he understands what his client
is experiencing by using non-judgmental attention
without any words.
•Focusing can help the counselor determine what
the client needs to obtain next from their services.
IMMEDIACY
•This is a technique of the counselor by speaking
openly about something that is occurring in the
present moment.
•This helps the client learn from his real life
experiences and apply this to his reactions for
other past situations.
LISTENING SKILLS
•With any relationship, listening skills are needed
to show that the counselor understands and
interprets the information that his client gives him
correctly.
•The counselor should do this by showing
attentiveness in non-verbal ways, such as:
summarizing, capping, or matching the body
language of his clients.
OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS
•Open ended questions encourage people in a
counseling session to give more details on their
discussion.
•Therefore, these types of questions are used as a
technique by counselors to help their clients
answer how, why, and what.OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS
•Open ended questions encourage people in a
counseling session to give more details on their
discussion.
•Therefore, these types of questions are used as a
technique by counselors to help their clients
answer how, why, and what.
PARAPHRASING
•This technique will show clients that the counselor
is listening to their information and processing
what they have been telling them.
•Paraphrasing is also good to reiterate or clarify
any misinformation that might have occurred.
POSITIVE ASSET SEARCH

•A positive technique used by counselors
helps clients think up their positive
strengths and attributes to get them into a
strong mindset about themselves.
REFLECTION OF FEELING
•Counselors use this technique to show
their clients that they are fully aware of
the feelings that their client is
experiencing.
•They can do this by using exact words
and phrases that their client is expressing
to them.
MIRACLE QUESTION
•The technique of asking a question of this sort will
help the client see the world in a different way or
perspective.
•A miracle question could be something along the
lines of: “What would your world look like if a
miracle occurred? What would that miracle be
and how would it change things?”MIRACLE QUESTION
•The technique of asking a question of this sort will
help the client see the world in a different way or
perspective.
•A miracle question could be something along the
lines of: “What would your world look like if a
miracle occurred? What would that miracle be
and how would it change things?”
STAGES OF CHANGE
•By assessing clients’ needs, counselors can
determine the changes that need to occur for their
client, and when they should take place.
•This can be determined by what they believe to
be most important.
TRUSTWORTHINESS
•The counselor must create an environment for his
client as such that his client feels that he has the
capacity to trust his counselor.
•A therapist must be: congruent, warm,
empathetic, and speak with positive regard to his
client.TRUSTWORTHINESS
•The counselor must create an environment for his
client as such that his client feels that he has the
capacity to trust his counselor.
•A therapist must be: congruent, warm,
empathetic, and speak with positive regard to his
client.
CAPPING
•A lot of counselors use the technique of capping
during their sessions.
•Capping involves changing a conversation’s
direction from emotional to cognitive if the
counselor feels the client’s emotions need to be
calmed or regulated.
WORKING ALLIANCE
•Creating a working alliance between a counselor
and his client is essential for a successful
counseling environment that will work to achieve
the client’s needs.
•This technique involves the client and therapist
being active collaborators during counseling and
agreeing upon goals of treatment that are
necessary, as well as how to achieve those goals.
PROXEMICS
•This technique has the counselor study the spatial
movements and conditions of communication that
his client exhibits.
•By studying his client’s body orientation, the
counselor can determine mood, feelings, and
reactions.PROXEMICS
•This technique has the counselor study the spatial
movements and conditions of communication that
his client exhibits.
•By studying his client’s body orientation, the
counselor can determine mood, feelings, and
reactions.
SELF-DISCLOSURE
•The counselor will make note when personal
information is disclosed at certain points of
therapy.
•This technique will help the counselor learn more
about the client and use this information only to
benefit him/her.
STRUCTURING
• When the individual enters counseling, the counselor should
discuss the agenda for the day with his client, the activities,
and the processes that he will go through.
• This technique in counseling will help the client understand his
counselor’s train of thought into determining how this routine
will work for him.
• Soon enough, the client will get used to the routine, and this
establishes comfort and trust in counseling.
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
•This technique involves the counselor assessing his
client’s level of needs as based on the progress that he
is making.
•The needs that he will factor in are: physiological
needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs,
self-esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. All
these will determine if change needs to take place in
counseling.
TOOLS USED BY
COUNSELORS•‘THE EMPTY CHAIR’ –
used in psychodrama –
spontaneous reaction to
fictional confrontation –
subsequently often
thought of as an
example of Gestalt.
TOOLS USED BY
COUNSELORS•‘THE LETTER’ –thought
out consideration of what
to say to recipient
without necessarily
sending it. Gives time to
examine response.
TOOLS USED BY
COUNSELORS•‘IDENTIFICATION
WITH CHARACTERS
FROM LITERATURE’ –
examine qualities of
fictional character to
evaluate desired
qualities in client.
TOOLS USED BY
COUNSELORS
•‘FANTASY’
extrapolation
of previous
technique.
TOOLS USED BY
COUNSELORS•‘PERSONAL
CONSTRUCT THEORY’ –
thought out consideration
and description of client by
client in the third person.
More objective by slight
distancing from self and
immediate emotional
content.
TOOLS USED BY
COUNSELORS•‘SCULPTING’ – describing
relationships using cards,
stones, people etc. in a
tableau or diagram. It can
be examined by altering
arrangement or participants’
viewpoint.
TOOLS USED BY
COUNSELORS•‘GILMORE’S SQUARE’ –
using spreadsheet of
Gilmore’s three areas of
concern –activity, relationship
and aloneness in the
advancing approach of ‘I
ought..’ ‘I want...’ ‘I can...’ ‘I
will...’.
ACTIVITY • I ought...
RELATIONSH
IP
•I
want...
ALONENESS • I can...TOOLS USED BY
COUNSELORS•‘GILMORE’S SQUARE’ –
using spreadsheet of
Gilmore’s three areas of
concern –activity, relationship
and aloneness in the
advancing approach of ‘I
ought..’ ‘I want...’ ‘I can...’ ‘I
will...’.
ACTIVITY • I ought...
RELATIONSH
IP
•I
want...
ALONENESS • I can...
TOOLS USED BY
COUNSELORS• ‘VISUAL
METAPHORS SUCH AS
“THE SHIELD”’ –
spontaneous
symbols of
important aspects
of client.TOOLS USED BY
COUNSELORS• ‘VISUAL
METAPHORS SUCH AS
“THE SHIELD”’ –
spontaneous
symbols of
important aspects
of client.
TOOLS USED BY
COUNSELORS•‘VISUALIZATIONS OR
GUIDED IMAGERY’ –
detailed symbolism that can
be used in a diagnostic and
therapeutic capacity. Needs
specialist knowledge.TOOLS USED BY
COUNSELORS•‘VISUALIZATIONS OR
GUIDED IMAGERY’ –
detailed symbolism that can
be used in a diagnostic and
therapeutic capacity. Needs
ESSON 5:
COUNSELING
SERVICES,
PROCESSES, AND
METHODS
UNIT 1:
COUNSELIN
G
LEARNING OUTCOMES
•Demonstrate a high level of
understanding of the counseling
services; and
•Illustrate the different methods and
processes involved in undertaking
counseling.
COUNSELIN
G SERVICES
Counseling is the service offered to the individual who is

undergoing a problem and needs professional help to overcome
it. The problem keeps him disturbed high strung and under
tension and unless solved his development is hampered or
stunted. Counseling therefore is a more specialized service
requiring training in personality development and handling
exceptional groups of individuals
According to Willey and Andrew Counseling involves two
individuals one seeking help and other a professionally trained
person helped solved problems to orient and direct him to words
a goals. Which needs to his maximum development and
growth?
COUNSELING SERVICES
•Counseling services are therefore
required for individuals having
developmental problems because of the
handicap they suffer in any area of
emotional either because of hereditary
factors or environment conditions.
COUNSELIN
G SERVICES
THE MOST COMMON
1. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

COUNSELING:
•Trained therapists specialize in helping couples and families with issues like increasing conflict,
poor communication, defiant children, affairs, depression, anxiety and many others.
•Marriage and Family Counseling Service promotes, strengthens, and empowers relationships and
reduces abuse within families, and educates professionals to assist families.
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

COUNSELING:
•No marriage or family is perfect. In fact, many people may even admit that their families are
downright dysfunctional. Traditional families are not the only types of families that seem to have
problems, however.
•Because marriages and families today come in all shapes and sizes, marital and family problems
can affect all sorts of non-traditional families as well, including blended families, extended
families, single parent families, and families with same-sex parents.
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

COUNSELING:
•All different types of families might be affected by all different types of problems. There are, however,
a few very common arguments that arise in many families, causing undue stress and problems. Some
common arguments may be about infidelity, jealousy, financial disagreements, child rearing,
household responsibilities, substance abuse, mental illness, teenage rebellion, various career paths,
and more.
•These marital and family problems, thus, necessitate the services of professional counselors.
2. GUIDANCE AND CAREER

COUNSELING
•Your career development is a lifelong process that, whether you know it or not, actually started
when you were born! There are a number of factors that influence your career development,
including your interests, abilities, values, personality, background, and circumstances.
•Career Counseling is a process that will help you to know and understand yourself and the world of
work in order to make career, educational, and life decisions.

COUNSELING
•Career development is more than just deciding on a major and what job you want to get when
you graduate. It really is a lifelong process, meaning that throughout your life you will change,
situations will change, and you will continually have to make career and life decisions.
•The goal of Career Counseling is to not only help you make the decisions you need to make now, but to
give you the knowledge and skills you need to make future career and life decisions.

COUNSELING
•Careers advice and guidance acts as a stepping stone for success. In order to let your profession move
in the right direction, you must know the path you need to follow. Being ready and having everything
pre-planned will make your life simpler.
•A lot of students in our country still lack awareness about career guidance. Going to a counselor
seems like a waste of time and money. However for success, it is vital that you get the right advice from
the right person.
3. REHABILITATION COUNSELING
•Rehabilitation counseling is focused on helping people who have disabilities achieve their personal,
career, and independent living goals through a counseling process.
•Rehabilitation Counselors can be found in private practice, in rehabilitation facilities, hospitals,
universities, schools, government agencies, insurance companies and other organizations where people
are being treated for congenital or acquired disabilities.
• Over time, with the changes in social work being more psychotherapy-oriented, rehabilitation
counselors take on more and more community engagement work, especially as it relates to special
populations.
• Some rehabilitation counselors focus solely on community engagement through vocational services,
others in various states qualify as both a certified rehabilitation counselor (CRC) and a licensed
professional counselor (LPC), enabling them to focus on psychotherapy.
• Community service to a culturally and ethnically diverse population, professional functions,
critical thinking, advocacy, applied research activities, and ethical standards are integrated
throughout rehabilitation counselor preparation and development.
• Though rehabilitation counselors are adept at understanding medical issues surrounding the
disability, they are trained in the social model of disability, which identifies systemic barriers,
negative attitudes and exclusion by society that mean society is the main contributory factor in
disabling people.
•Rehabilitation Counselors are often advocates in the community for people with disabilities outside of
the workplace, with most doing some form of community engagement. As a good portion of
counselors have disabilities themselves, the counseling process often emphasizes self-advocacy skills.
•Rehabilitation counselors can be found in the leadership of many prominent organizations that
support human rights and civil rights for people with disabilities.3. REHABILITATION COUNSELING
•Rehabilitation Counselors are often advocates in the community for people with disabilities outside of
the workplace, with most doing some form of community engagement. As a good portion of
counselors have disabilities themselves, the counseling process often emphasizes self-advocacy skills.
•Rehabilitation counselors can be found in the leadership of many prominent organizations that
support human rights and civil rights for people with disabilities.
4. MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING

•Mental health counseling is what people typically
think of when they hear the word counseling, but
counselors’ actual job duties may go well beyond
what people imagine.
•Clinical counselors do indeed talk people through
problems. In many cases, though, they diagnose
as well as treat mental illness.4. MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING
•Mental health counseling is what people typically
think of when they hear the word counseling, but
counselors’ actual job duties may go well beyond
what people imagine.
•Clinical counselors do indeed talk people through
problems. In many cases, though, they diagnose
as well as treat mental illness.

•Some mental health counselors help people who have normal cognitive processes cope with difficult
life events, for example, physical illness, death of loved ones, and relationship problems or divorce.
Others help people manage serious mental illnesses like bipolar disorder.
•Counselors need to know when to refer clients or patients for additional resources and how to
identify when abuse may be happening or when there is a risk of suicide or other violence.4. MENTAL
HEALTH COUNSELING
•Some mental health counselors help people who have normal cognitive processes cope with difficult
life events, for example, physical illness, death of loved ones, and relationship problems or divorce.
Others help people manage serious mental illnesses like bipolar disorder.
•Counselors need to know when to refer clients or patients for additional resources and how to
identify when abuse may be happening or when there is a risk of suicide or other violence.

•Cognitive therapy is among the most common techniques, but some employ other therapies.
Some clinical counselors specialize and work with a particular population, for example, the elderly.
•Mental health counselors may work for a variety of agencies: individual and family services, hospitals,
and inpatient and outpatient mental health facilities. Some are in private practice.

•Clinical counselors often work as part of a health
care team; the team could include doctors, nurse
specialists, psychologists, and even social
workers.4. MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING
•Clinical counselors often work as part of a health
care team; the team could include doctors, nurse
specialists, psychologists, and even social
workers.
5. SUBSTANCE ABUSE
COUNSELING
•Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors advise people who suffer from alcoholism,
drug addiction, eating disorders, or other behavioral problems. They provide treatment and support
to help the client recover from addiction or modify problem behaviors.
•Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors work in a wide variety of settings, such as
mental health centers, community health centers, prisons, and private practice. Most work full time.
5. SUBSTANCE ABUSE
COUNSELING
•Substance abuse counselors diagnose and
assess addiction problems, and treat clients in a
variety of ways. Because every patient is an
individual and is struggling with addiction in
different ways, substance abuse counselors
customize treatment plans for each client. They
may meet regularly with clients as they recover, or
work intensely with individuals in crisis.
6. EDUCATIONAL COUNSELING
• School counselors design and deliver comprehensive school counseling programs that promote
student achievement. These programs are comprehensive in scope, preventive in design and
developmental in nature.
• A comprehensive school counseling program is standards-based and data driven, and an integral
component of the school’s academic mission. It focuses on academic, career, and social/emotional
curriculum that is delivered through classroom lessons, small group, and individual consultation.
6. EDUCATIONAL COUNSELING
• Educational counselors help students recognize, accept and develop their potential, adjust to
the school, and develop the skills needed to cope with the problems they meet; help young people
come to know and accept themselves, their aptitudes and interests.
• Educational counselors teach pupils/students learn to use their interests and capabilities and teach
pupils/students develop their skills to cope with the problems they meet both inside and outside
the school.
COUNSELING
PROCESSES
COUNSELING PROCESS
•The counselling process is a planned, structured dialogue between a counsellor and a client. It
is a cooperative process in which a trained professional helps a person called the client to identify
sources of difficulties or concerns that he or she is experiencing.
•Together they develop ways to deal with and overcome these problems so that person has new
skills and increased understanding of themselves and others.COUNSELING PROCESS
•The counselling process is a planned, structured dialogue between a counsellor and a client. It
is a cooperative process in which a trained professional helps a person called the client to identify
sources of difficulties or concerns that he or she is experiencing.
•Together they develop ways to deal with and overcome these problems so that person has new
skills and increased understanding of themselves and others.
COUNSELING PROCESS
STEP 1: RELATIONSHIP
BUILDING:• The first step involves building a relationship and focuses on engaging clients to explore
issue that directly affect them.
• The first interview is important because the client is reading the verbal and nonverbal messages
and makes inferences about the counselor and the counseling situation. Is the counselor able to
empathize with the client? Does the client view the counselor as genuine?
SOME STEPS FOR RELATIONSHIP
BUILDING FOR THE COUNSELOR:
1.Introduce yourself
2.Invite client to sit down
3.Ensure client is comfortable
4.Address the client by name
5.Invite social conversation to reduce anxiety
6.Watch for nonverbal behavior as signs of client’s emotional state
7.Invite client to describe his or her reason for coming to talk
8.Allow client time to respond
9.Indicate that you are interested in the person
COUNSELING PROCESS
STEP 2: PROBLEM ASSESSMENT:
•While the counselor and the client are in the
process of establishing a relationship, a second
process is taking place, i.e. problem assessment.
•This step involves the collection and classification
of information about the client’s life situation and
reasons for seeking counseling.COUNSELING PROCESS
STEP 2: PROBLEM ASSESSMENT:
•While the counselor and the client are in the
process of establishing a relationship, a second
process is taking place, i.e. problem assessment.
•This step involves the collection and classification
of information about the client’s life situation and
reasons for seeking counseling.
COUNSELING PROCESS
STEP 3: GOAL SETTING:
Like any other activity, counseling
must have a focus. Goals are the
results or outcomes that client wants
to achieve at the end of counseling.
Sometimes, you hear both counselor
and client complain that the
counseling session is going nowhere.
This is where goals play an important
role in giving direction.
GUIDELINES FOR SETTING GOALS:1. Goals should relate to the desired end or ends sought by the
student.
2. Goals should be defined in explicit and measurable terms.
3. Goals should be feasible.
4. Goals should be within the range of the counselor’s knowledge and skills.
5. Goals should be stated in positive terms that emphasize growth.
6. Goals should be consistent with the school’s mission and school health policy.
COUNSELING PROCESS
STEP 4: INTERVENTION:
There are different points of view concerning what a good counselor should do with
clients depending on the theoretical positions that the counselor subscribes to. For
example, the person-centred approach suggests that the counselor gets involved
rather than intervenes by placing emphasis on the relationship. The behavioral
approach attempts to initiate change or modifications or interventions. Like any other
activity, counseling must have a focus. Goals are the results or outcomes that client
wants to achieve at the end of counseling.
Sometimes, you hear both counselor and client complain that the counseling session
is going nowhere. This is where goals play an important role in giving direction.
COUNSELING PROCESS
STEP 5: EVALUATION, FOLLOW-UP, TERMINATION OR
REFERAL:
For the beginning counselor, it is difficult to think of terminating
the counseling process, as they are more concerned with
beginning the counseling process. However, all counseling
should have successful termination.
Counseling aims towards resolution of conflicts or problems.
Terminating the counseling process will have to be conducted
with sensitivity with the client knowing that it will have to end.
COUNSELING PROCESS
STEP 5: EVALUATION, FOLLOW-UP, TERMINATION OR
REFERAL:
Counselor always mindful of avoiding fostering dependency and
is aware of own needs. Preparation for termination begins long
before the counseling becomes tedious to both parties.
Termination is considered not just at end of successful
relationship, but also is considered when it seems counseling is
not being helpful anymore. Think of this as a means of
empowering client. Counselor has a role to review progress,
create closure in the client-counselor relationship.
METHODS IN
COUNSELING•FIVE COUNSELING THEORIES AND
APPROACHES
Psychotherapy theories provide a framework
for therapists and counselors to interpret a
client’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings and
help them navigate a client’s journey from
diagnosis to post-treatment.
METHODS IN
COUNSELING•FIVE COUNSELING THEORIES AND
APPROACHESTheoretical approaches are an understandably integral part of
the therapeutic process. But with so many different methods out
there, how do you know which counseling approach works best
for you?
Whether you’re a student learning about counseling theories or a
client looking for the right therapist, the following detailed
descriptions will give you a deeper understanding of each
counseling method.
METHODS IN
COUNSELING1.PSYCHOANALYSI
S/PSYCHODYNAMI
C THEORY
Psychoanalysis or
psychodynamic theory, also
known as the “historical
perspective,” has its roots with
Sigmund Freud, who believed
there were unconscious forces
that drive behavior. METHODS IN
S/PSYCHODYNAMI
C THEORY
Psychoanalysis or
psychodynamic theory, also
known as the “historical
perspective,” has its roots with
Sigmund Freud, who believed
there were unconscious forces
that drive behavior.
METHODS IN
S/PSYCHODYNAMI
C THEORY
The techniques he developed, such as
free association (freely talking to the
therapist about whatever comes up
without censoring), dream analysis
(examining dreams for important
information about the unconscious), and
transference (redirecting feelings about
certain people in one’s life onto the
therapist) are still used by
psychoanalysts today.
METHODS IN
S/PSYCHODYNAMI
C THEORY
In general, psychotherapists and
counselors who use this approach direct
much of their focus and energy on
analyzing past relationships and, in
particular, traumatic childhood
experiences in relation to an individual’s
current life. The belief is that by
revealing and bringing these issues to
the surface, treatment and healing can
occur.
METHODS IN
S/PSYCHODYNAMI
C THEORY
This theory is highly researched, and as
the field of neuroscience advances,
counselors are finding how
psychodynamic theory can actually
positively affect a client’s brain.
Psychodynamic theory can be more
time intensive in comparison to some
short-term theories because it involves
changing deeply ingrained behaviors
and requires significant work on
understanding one’s self.
METHODS IN
COUNSELING2.BEHAVIORAL
THEORY
Behavioral theory is based on the
belief that behavior is learned. Classic
conditioning is one type of behavioral
therapy that stems from early theorist
Ivan Pavlov’s research. Pavlov
executed a famous study using dogs,
which focused on the effects of a
learned response (e.g., a dog salivating
when hearing a bell) through a stimulus
(e.g., pairing the sound of a bell with
food).
C. F. SKINNERMETHODS IN
THEORY
Behavioral theory is based on the
belief that behavior is learned. Classic
conditioning is one type of behavioral
therapy that stems from early theorist
Ivan Pavlov’s research. Pavlov
executed a famous study using dogs,
which focused on the effects of a
learned response (e.g., a dog salivating
when hearing a bell) through a stimulus
(e.g., pairing the sound of a bell with
food).
C. F. SKINNER
METHODS IN
THEORY
C. F. Skinner developed another
behavioral therapy approach, called
operant conditioning. He believed in
the power of rewards to increase the
likelihood of a behavior and
punishments to decrease the
occurrence of a behavior. Behavioral
therapists work on changing unwanted
and destructive behaviors through
behavior modification techniques such
as positive or negative reinforcement.
C. F. SKINNER
METHODS IN
COUNSELING3.COGNITIVE
THEORY
In the 1960s, psychotherapist Aaron Beck
developed cognitive theory.
This counseling theory focuses on how
people’s thinking can change feelings and
behaviors.
Unlike psychodynamic theory, therapy based
on cognitive theory is brief in nature and
oriented toward problem solving.
Cognitive therapists focus more on their
client’s present situation and distorted
thinking than on their past.
METHODS IN
COUNSELING3.COGNITIVE
THEORY
Cognitive and behavioral therapy
are often combined as one form of
theory practiced by counselors and
therapists.
Cognitive behavioral therapy, or
CBT, has been found in research to
help with a number of mental
illnesses including anxiety,
personality, eating, and substance
abuse disorders.
METHODS IN
COUNSELING4. HUMANISTIC
APPROACH
Humanistic therapists care most
about the present and helping their
clients achieve their highest
potential. Instead of energy spent
on the past or on negative
behaviors, humanists believe in the
goodness of all people and
emphasize a person’s self-growth
and self-actualization.
METHODS IN
APPROACH
Humanistic theories include client-
centered, gestalt, and existential
therapies. Carl Rogers developed
client-centered therapy, which
focuses on the belief that clients
control their own destinies. He
believed that all therapists need to
do is show their genuine care and
interest.
METHODS IN
APPROACH
Gestalt therapists’ work focuses
more on what’s going on in the
moment versus what is being
said in therapy. Existential
therapists help clients find
meaning in their lives by
focusing on free will, self-
determination, and
responsibility.
METHODS IN
COUNSELING5.HOLISTIC
/INTEGRATIVE
THERAPY
Holistic and integrative therapy
involves integrating various elements
of different theories to the practice. In
addition to traditional talk therapy,
holistic therapy may include non-
traditional therapies such as
hypnotherapy or guided imagery. The
key is to use the techniques and
psychotherapy tools best suited for a
particular client and problem.
LESSON 1:
THE DISCIPLINE OF
SOCIAL WORK
UNIT II: SOCIAL
WORK
LEARING
OUTCOMES:The learners are expected to: 1. Demonstrate understanding of the disciplines of social
work;
 2. Identify the goals and scope of social work;
 3. Demonstrate comprehension of the principles of social work;
 4. Discuss the core values of social work; and
 5. Participate in a group presentation about particular situations in which practitioners of social work
are commonly confronted with.
SOCIAL WORK It is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that seeks to facilitate the
welfare of communities, individuals, families, and groups, promotes social change and development,
social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people.
 It is reinforced by theories of social sciences and guided by principles of social justice, human rights,
collective responsibility, and respect for diversities.
 It engages people and structures to address life challenges and enhance well-being.
A Social Worker is a practicing professional
with a degree in social work.
THE FIELDS WHERE A SOCIAL

WORKER MAY BE EMPLOYED IN:
 Poverty Relief
 Life Skills
 Community Development
 Forensics
 Industrial Relations
 Child Protection
 Elder Protection
 Women's Rights
 Human Rights
 Addictions Rehabilitation
 Disaster Management
 Mental Health
 Disabilities
 Hospitals
GOALS AND SCOPE OF

SOCIAL WORK
1.Enhancing the people’s capacities to resolve
problems, cope, and function effectively
2.Linking clients with needed resources
3.Improve the social service delivery network
4.Promoting social justice through the
development of social policy
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL
WORK
Various authors may provide several
principles of social work but agree on
the fact that central to social work are
the principles of social justice, human
rights, collective responsibility and
respect for diversities. PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL
WORK
Various authors may provide several
principles of social work but agree on
the fact that central to social work are
the principles of social justice, human
rights, collective responsibility and
respect for diversities.
THE FIVE MAJOR

WORK1)Principle of Acceptance
2)Principle of Individualization
3)Principle of Self-Determination
4)Principle of Non-judgmental Attitude
5)Principle of ConfidentialityTHE FIVE MAJOR
WORK1)Principle of Acceptance
2)Principle of Individualization
3)Principle of Self-Determination
4)Principle of Non-judgmental Attitude
5)Principle of Confidentiality
PRINCIPLE OF
ACCEPTANCEAcceptance is a fundamental social work principle that implies a sincere understanding
of clients.
This principle holds that the professional social worker accepts the client as it is. Social workers who
accept clients treat them humanely and considerately and afford them dignity and worth. PRINCIPLE
OF
ACCEPTANCEAcceptance is a fundamental social work principle that implies a sincere understanding
of clients.
This principle holds that the professional social worker accepts the client as it is. Social workers who
accept clients treat them humanely and considerately and afford them dignity and worth.
PRINCIPLE OF
ACCEPTANCESocial Workers convey acceptance by taking
genuine concern, listening receptively,
acknowledging others’ points of view, and
creating a climate of mutual respect.
Acceptance implies that social workers
understand clients’ perspectives and
welcome their views.
PRINCIPLE OF
ACCEPTANCEIn social work situation, a client invites a
worker into his life, into his problem, into his
emotional stressful state, and into his
personal affairs.
The principle of acceptance says that the
worker shows his/her acceptance by taking
genuine concern, listening receptively, etc.
PRINCIPLE OF
INDIVIDUALIZATIONThe client of a social agency is like all the other persons we have ever known,
but he is different too. In broad ways, he is like all other human beings; in a somewhat more limited
way, he is like all other human beings of his age or time or culture.
But, as we move from understanding him simply as a human being to understanding him as this
particular human being, we find that, with all his general likeness to others, he is as unique as his
thumbprint.
PRINCIPLE OF
INDIVIDUALIZATIONThe principle of Individualization means that every client is unique for the
worker. As we know that the client is a person, with a problem in his / her life. He / she is a person
with a particular religious beliefs, economic position, social status, and a particular cast.
The worker has to accept the client with all his/her strengths and weaknesses. Every client is not
just an individual but the individual.
PRINCIPLE OF SELF-
DETERMINATION
Determination is a noun derived from the
word “determine.” “To determine” mean
“to decide something.”
Dictionary meaning of determination is
“the process of deciding on or establishing
a course of action.”
PRINCIPLE OF SELF-
DETERMINATIONFrom these we can infer that self-determination
refer to the process of deciding on or establishing
a course of action by a person, or a group, or a
state by itself, without any kind of foreign
compulsion or coercion etc.
Simply, the decisions which come from one self,
which are the results of one’s own wishes and
desires.
PRINCIPLE OF SELF-
DETERMINATIONIn social work literature, Self-determination is defined as “a condition in which a
person’s behavior (i.e. his actions and thoughts) comes from his or her own wishes, desires and
decisions.”
The principle of self-determination is based on the recognition of the “right and need of clients to
freedom in making their own choices and decisions.” Social workers have a responsibility to create a
working relationship in which choice can be exercised.
PRINCIPLE OF NON-
JUDGMENTAL ATTITUDEAll human beings have dignity and worth. It is intrinsic. It is by nature.
The principle of non-judgmental attitude means that Social workers do not judge others as good or
bad, worthy or unworthy, dignified or undignified, etc.
However, it does not imply that social workers do not make decisions; rather it implies a non-blaming
attitude and behavior. PRINCIPLE OF NON-
JUDGMENTAL ATTITUDEAll human beings have dignity and worth. It is intrinsic. It is by nature.
The principle of non-judgmental attitude means that Social workers do not judge others as good or
bad, worthy or unworthy, dignified or undignified, etc.
However, it does not imply that social workers do not make decisions; rather it implies a non-blaming
attitude and behavior.
PRINCIPLE OF
CONFIDENTIALITY
Confidentiality, or the right to privacy, social worker
must not disclose the clients information, such as their
identity, their discussion with professionals,
professional opinions about clients, or records.
Since clients often share sensitive, personal material
with social workers, preserving confidentiality or
privacy is essential for developing trust, a key
ingredient of any effective working relationship.
CORE VALUES OF
SOCIAL WORK1. Service: to provide help, resources, and benefits to help people achieve maximum
potential
2. Social Justice: to uphold equal rights, protection, opportunity, social benefits to everyone
3. Dignity and worth: every person is unique and worthwhileCORE VALUES OF
SOCIAL WORK1. Service: to provide help, resources, and benefits to help people achieve maximum
potential
2. Social Justice: to uphold equal rights, protection, opportunity, social benefits to everyone
3. Dignity and worth: every person is unique and worthwhile
CORE VALUES OF
SOCIAL WORK
4. Importance of human relationships: to
value the exchange between social worker
and client
5. Integrity: maintain trustworthiness
6. Competence: practice within the scope of
known skills and abilities
SERVICE TO
HUMANITY Service to others is one of the main values in social work, from which all of the other values
stem. Social workers acknowledge that serving others is more important than self-interest and put the
needs of their clients ahead of their own. This can be difficult at times, and you'll be expected to seek
the advice of your supervisor or even participate in your own psychotherapy to help you deal with any
personal issues that may arise.
 Additionally, the value of service means that you'll be encouraged to volunteer some portion of your
time - or working on a pro bono basis, according to the Code of Ethics of the National Association of
Social Workers.
SOCIAL JUSTICE
Social justice is another key value of social work.
Many social workers decide to enter the
profession because they recognize the need to
help underprivileged, vulnerable populations,
such as the homeless, those struggling with
substance abuse issues or victims of domestic
violence.
SOCIAL JUSTICE
As a social worker, you have an inherent desire to
improve the lives of people who are less fortunate or
unable to advocate for themselves.
According to the Code of Ethics of the National
Association of Social Workers, social change efforts in
social work are primarily focused on unemployment,
poverty, discrimination and other forms of social
injustices.SOCIAL JUSTICE
As a social worker, you have an inherent desire to
improve the lives of people who are less fortunate or
unable to advocate for themselves.
According to the Code of Ethics of the National
Association of Social Workers, social change efforts in
social work are primarily focused on unemployment,
poverty, discrimination and other forms of social
injustices.
HUMAN DIGNITY AND

WORTH As a social worker, you understand the inherent value of every
human life, regardless of background or beliefs. You respect the
differences between your personal beliefs and those of your
clients, taking into account ethnic and cultural diversity. There
may be times that you have to deal with your own biases
against a particular population.
 It can be a struggle, but you have to put aside your feelings for
the sake of helping your clients. You acknowledge that your
clients have the right to self-determination -- even if you think
you know what's best in a given situation.
INTEGRITY
Integrity means acting honestly, responsibly and ethically at all times. You are trustworthy and you
don't betray client confidentiality, unless you're required to do so in certain circumstances by law,
such as in cases of suicidality.
Not only do you act with integrity, but you also promote integrity in your colleagues and other
professionals. For example, you don't ignore a colleague who gossips about a client -- you confront this
colleague directly or bring your concerns to the attention of your supervisor.INTEGRITY
Integrity means acting honestly, responsibly and ethically at all times. You are trustworthy and you
don't betray client confidentiality, unless you're required to do so in certain circumstances by law,
such as in cases of suicidality.
Not only do you act with integrity, but you also promote integrity in your colleagues and other
professionals. For example, you don't ignore a colleague who gossips about a client -- you confront this
colleague directly or bring your concerns to the attention of your supervisor.
COMPETENCE
The value of competence means that you practice in
your area of expertise -- and you don't misrepresent
your skills or experience to get ahead.
Competence also means that you're continually
striving to improve your knowledge and to make
meaningful contributions to the profession. COMPETENCE
meaningful contributions to the profession.
COMPETENCE
meaningful contributions to the profession.
LESSON 2: PROFESSIONALS
AND PRACTITIONERS IN
SOCIAL WORK
UNIT II: SOCIAL WORK
LEARING OUTCOMES:
The learners are expected to: 1. Demonstrate understanding about professionals and practitioners in
social work;
 2. Show an understanding of the roles and functions of social workers;
 3. Identify specific work areas in which social workers work;
 4. Identify career opportunities for social workers;
 5. Value rights, responsibilities, and accountabilities; and
 6. Distinguish between ethical and unethical behaviors among practitioners.LEARING OUTCOMES:
The learners are expected to: 1. Demonstrate understanding about professionals and practitioners in
social work;
 2. Show an understanding of the roles and functions of social workers;
 3. Identify specific work areas in which social workers work;
 4. Identify career opportunities for social workers;
 5. Value rights, responsibilities, and accountabilities; and
 6. Distinguish between ethical and unethical behaviors among practitioners.
ROLES, FUNCTIONS, AND

COMPETENCIES OF
SOCIAL WORKERS
A. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF

SOCIAL WORKERS
ADVOCATE:
In the advocate role, the social worker champions the rights of others with the goal of empowering
the client system being served.
A social worker in the role of advocate speaks on behalf of clients when others will not listen or when
clients are unable to do so. Social workers have a particular responsibility to advocate on behalf of
those disempowered by society.

SOCIAL WORKERS
BROKER:
 In the role of broker a social worker is a professional agent responsible for
identifying, locating, and linking client systems to needed resources in a timely
fashion. Once the client’s needs are assessed and potential services
identified, the broker assists the client in choosing the most appropriate
service option and assists in negotiating the terms of service delivery.
 In the role of broker the social worker is also concerned with the quality,
quantity, and accessibility of services.

SOCIAL WORKERS
COMMUNITY CHANGE AGENT:
 A community change agent participates as part of a group or organization
seeking to improve or restructure some aspect of community service provision.
A change agent, working with others, uses a problem-solving model to identify
the problem, solicit community input, and plan for change.
 A community change agent acts in a coordinated manner to achieve planned
change at multiple levels that helps to shift the focus of institutional resources
to meet identified goals.

SOCIAL WORKERS
COUNSELOR:
 The role of the professional counselor focuses on improving social functioning.
In the role of counselor, the social worker helps client systems articulate their
needs, clarify their problems, explore resolution strategies, and applies
intervention strategies to develop and expand the capacities of client systems
to deal with their problems more effectively.
 A key function of this role is to empower people by affirming their personal
strengths and their capacities to deal with their problems more effectively.

SOCIAL WORKERS
MEDIATOR:
 When dispute resolution is needed in order to accomplish goals,
the professional social worker will carry out the role of mediator.
 In the mediator role, the social worker intervenes in disputes
between parties to help them find compromises, reconcile
differences, and reach mutually satisfying agreements. The
mediator takes a neutral stance among the involved parties.

SOCIAL WORKERS
RESEARCHER:
 In the researcher role, a social worker evaluates practice
interventions and with others evaluates program outcomes. The
researcher seeks to critically analyze the literature on relevant
topics of interest and uses this information to inform practice.
 A researcher extends and disseminates knowledge, and seeks to
enhance the effectiveness of social work practice.
B. COMPETENCIES OF SOCIAL
WORKERS
COMPETENCIES
Competencies are measurable practice behaviors that are
comprised of knowledge, values, and skills.
The goal of the outcome approach is to demonstrate the
integration and application of the competencies in practice
with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and
communities.
The following are the Educational

Policies and Accreditation Standards
approved by the Council on Social
Work Education, Inc., published in
2008 and 2012:
1. IDENTIFY AS A PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL

WORKER AND CONDUCT ONE SELF
ACCORDINGLY.
Social workers serve as representatives of the
profession, its mission, and its core values. They
know the profession’s history.
Social workers commit themselves to the
profession’s enhancement and to their own
professional conduct and growth. 1. IDENTIFY AS A PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL
WORKER AND CONDUCT ONE SELF
ACCORDINGLY.
Social workers serve as representatives of the
profession, its mission, and its core values. They
know the profession’s history.
Social workers commit themselves to the
profession’s enhancement and to their own
professional conduct and growth.

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INTRODUCTION• This course “introduces some Applied Social Sciences,

namely, Counseling, Social Work, and Communication,

DEFINITION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES &

DEFINITION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES &

COUNSELING• Counseling is the profession of guiding individual/individuals using methods in

SCOPE OF COUNSELING1. Teenagers suffering from

IDENTIFICATION1 The profession of guiding individuals in resolving personal, social, or psychological

LEARNING OUTCOMES The learners are expected to:

COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS 1. INTEGRITY: Honesty, personal responsibility and adherence to

COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS 2. DEPORTMENT: Understands how to conduct oneself in a

COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS 3. ACCOUNTABILITY: Accountable and reliable

COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS 4. CONCERN FOR THE WELFARE OF OTHERS: Demonstrates awareness

COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS 5. PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY: Demonstrates understanding of self as

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION WHERE COUNSELORS WORK (PROFESSION AND JOB

GERIATRIC COUNSELORS: 1.Provide treatment, analysis, and counseling

REHABILITATION COUNSELORS: 1.Responsible for treating patients with

SUBSTANCE ABUSE COUNSELORS: Substance abuse is an unfortunate issue for

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGIST-COUNSELORS

PRINCIPLE 1: BENEFICENCE AND NON-MALEFICENCEPsychologist-counselors strive to benefit those

PRINCIPLE 2: FIDELITY AND RESPONSIBILITYPsychologist-counselors establish

PRINCIPLE 3: INTEGRITYPsychologist-counselors seek to

WHERE CAN YOU

7. MEDICAL HOSPITALS AND

10. THE EDUCATIONAL

10. THE EDUCATIONAL

11. CAREER CENTERS

12. REHABILITATION CENTERS

13. NON-PROFIT OR SOCIAL

14. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS

15. PUBLIC OR PRIVATE

15. PUBLIC OR PRIVATE

STAGE 3: DECIDING AND

STAGE 3: DECIDING AND

POSITIVE ASSET SEARCH

Counseling is the service offered to the individual who is

1. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

MARRIAGE AND FAMILY

2. GUIDANCE AND CAREER

2. GUIDANCE AND CAREER

2. GUIDANCE AND CAREER

4. MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING

4. MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING

4. MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING

4. MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING

THE FIELDS WHERE A SOCIAL

GOALS AND SCOPE OF

THE FIVE MAJOR

HUMAN DIGNITY AND

ROLES, FUNCTIONS, AND

A. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF

A. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF

A. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF

A. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF

A. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF

A. ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF

The following are the Educational

1. IDENTIFY AS A PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL

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