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1. The Burr Con- He attempted to detach the Western states and the
spiracy Louisiana Territory, of which many residents talked openly
of secession, from the Union and build his own empire.
He offered to help Britain take Western territory from the
United States in return getting money and ships. He sent
a coded letter to Wilkinson outlining his plans which was
later used in court, translated version published in news-
paper. His actions didn't meet Constitution's definition - he
was acquitted.

2. Nixon Bugging The President has been routinely taping all his conversa-
His House tions and meetings in the Oval Office and cabinet room
of the White House, in his Executive Office Building of-
fice and on four of his personal telephones. Evidece that
E-Ring was bugged by placing a handheld amplifier on
the wires - Joint Chiefs of Staff: Office of Gen. William
Westmoreland, other joint chiefs of staff of the United
States Army

3. McAfee He sold his shares in the software company and made

a big fortune but wasted it on homes with expensive art,
furniture and oddities, such as a dinosaur skull, a fleet
of planes and antique cars. He liquidated his assets dur-
ing recession. His lab that manufactures plants from the
Belize jungle into antibiotics was raided by the police on
suspicion he was manufacturing methamphetamine and
eventually shut down. Concerned that people are after
him, he has an armed body guard with him everywhere
he goes

4. The Battle Of The battle between drunken Austrian cavalrymen and

Karansebes themselves due to alcohol, darkness, and language barri-
er. This allowed their enemies, the Ottoman's, to overtake
the town

5. The Great Emu Emus devastated wheat crops and tore down fences of
War the farms by returning soldiers from WWI. The government
sent Lewis machine guns and soldiers to help. With the
emus smarter - and faster - than the soldiers had antici-
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pated, Meredith and his men were eventually defeated and
recalled back to Canberra.

6. Mokusatsu At the end of WWII, the Allies sent Japan Potsdam ultima-
tum ordering unconditional surrender of Japan, otherwise
they would suffer from "prompt and utter destruction."
Prime Minister Suzuki replied: Mokusatsu (which means
"no comment" or "let me withhold comments for now")
which was translated as "let's ignore it". The atomic bomb
was launched on Hiroshima 10 days later. The sad fate of
Hiroshima might have been the result of a huge error in
Japanese into English translation.

7. Napolean's Re- In Sept 1812, he captured Moscow and waited a month for
treat from the Russians to meet him, to surrender but to his dismay,
Moscow no-one came. His triumph was revealed as a great defeat.
As the winter was coming, supplies were low; he ordered
his Grande Armée of six hundred thousand to retreat.
By the time he crossed back over the border, desertion,
disease, capture, Cossacks and cold had reduced that to
twenty thousand (loss of more than 400,000 men). Within
18 months, the Russians and Austrians had captured
Paris and the Emperor was exiled to Elba.

8. Charge of the British light cavalry led by Lord Cardigan against Russ-
Light Brigade ian forces - Battle of Balaclava. British commander Lord
Raglan had intended to send the Light Brigade to prevent
the Russians from removing captured guns from overrun
Turkish positions. However, there was a miscommunica-
tion from the commanding officer to the troops, which
resulted in a disastrous cavalry charge into direct fire and
many casualties. Alfred Lord Tennyson was commissioned
to write a poem to emphasise the heroics of the soldiers
for going into battle regardless of the danger.

9. Wounded Knee A domestic massacre of several hundred Lakota Indians,

Massacre almost half women and children, by soldiers of the United
States Army in Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota in
1890. The soldiers was charged with disarming the Lakota
camp. A deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluc-
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tant to give up his rifle, claiming he had paid a lot for it.
At the same time, an old man was performing a ritual
called the Ghost Dance. Black Coyote's rifle went off at
that point, and the U.S. army began shooting at the Native
Americans.

10. Battle of Chang- A decisive victory for the State of Qin over the State of
ping (260BC) Zhao in 260 BCE. In 262 BC, the commander of the Zhao
army, Lian Po, decided to wait at Changping rather than
engaging the enemy. He knew their rivals were further
away from home and would run out of supplies sooner
rather than later. The Zhao were unhappy with the strategy
and replaced Lian Po with a commander named Zhao Kuo,
son of the legendary General Zhao She. Kuo attacked the
Qin camp. His enemy retreated to their fortress, and Kuo
foolishly followed; leaving his supply train behind and was
destroyed. The Zhao army was surrounded for 46 days
before it finally surrendered having run out of supplies and
failed in several attempts to break out. Zhao lost more than
450,000 soldiers in the campaign. It never recovered from
Changping, and by 221 BC, Qin asserted its dominance
and unified China.

11. The Grand Fail- A huge attack force of ships and men from Spain launched
ure of the Span- against England in 1588 - England's greatest naval victo-
ish Armada ries. Commanding the armada was the Duke of Medina
Sidonia, a nobleman with no previous sea experience. The
armada's intended commander, the highly experienced
Alvaro de Bazan, had died a few months before. One of the
famous sea captains for the English side was Sir Francis
Drake. Bad weather kept the Spanish fleet adrift for a
few weeks. The English fleet was actually larger than the
Spanish fleet. The English ships were also faster and more
maneuverable. Disease and poor traveling conditions had
cut the Spanish 30,000 fighting force nearly in half.

12. Battle of Adwa In March, 1896, Ethiopian forces under the leadership
(Adowa) of Emperor Menelik II surprised the world by defeating
an Italian Army sent to conquer the Empire. Menilek's

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forces, which numbered more than 100,000, were well
armed with modern weaponry. Menilek, however, shrewd-
ly downplayed this military strength by leaking false re-
ports indicating a much smaller number of troops under
his command and by spreading rumours that there was
widespread discord among his forces. At night on the 29th
of February, Baratieri agreed to a plan that called for his
army of some 15,000 to advance against an Ethiopian
army of some 100,000. The Italian columns, in addition to
having to deal with the lack of adequate supplies, were
disorganized and unable to successfully navigate the ter-
rain. By the afternoon of 1 March 1896, Italian forces were
in a desperate, panicked retreat back toward Eritrea.

13. The Great Halifax The most devastating manmade explosion in the
Explosion pre-atomic age. The Mont Blanc, a French munitions ship
packed with highly explosive munitions, explodes 20 min-
utes after colliding with another vessel, the Norwegian
vessel Imo. It killed more than 1,800 people, injured an-
other 9,000, destroyed almost the entire north end of
the harbor city, including more than 1,600 homes. Imo is
given clearance, but due to a delayed coal refuelling, is
not able to depart before Halifax Harbour closes for the
night. Mont-Blanc arrives at the Harbour late and must wait
overnight for the harbour to open and lower its anti-sub-
marine nets.

14. Chernobyl An accident in 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power sta-

tion in the Soviet Union, the worst disaster in the history of
nuclear power generation. It was caused by a flawed Sovi-
et reactor design coupled with serious mistakes made by
the plant operators. During a routine maintenance check,
the operators were planning on testing the electrical sys-
tems when they turned off vital control systems, going
against the safety regulations. This caused the reactor to
reach dangerously unstable and low-power levels.

15. Sinking of the Ti- On April 15, the ship sank after colliding with an iceberg,
tanic tragically taking the lives of more than 1,500 passengers

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and crew. Bulkheads, watertight walls in the compart-
ments meant to keep water from flooding the rest of the
ship, were not tall enough to contain the water in the
damaged compartments. The ship had only 20 lifeboats
rather than the 48 that would have been necessary to
save all the people onboard. Beside icebergs, many un-
spoken factors also attributed to this tragedy: higher tides
led to more icebergs, passengers opened their porthole
windows to look out, watertight doors were left open, a
fire broke out in the coal bunker, during a reshuffling of
officers, the preceding officer failed to hand over the key
which accessed the binoculars, the ship was travelling too
fast.

16. The Crash on The deadliest aviation disaster of all time. Two packed
Tenerife passenger Boeing 747s jets collided at the airport on
Tenerife in Spain's Canary Islands, a catastrophic fire
that killed 583 people on both aircraft. Both planes were
diverted to overwhelmed Tenerife airport due to a bombing
at Gran Canaria airport. KLM captain Veldhuyzen van
Zanten's attempt to take off without clearance.: the fog, the
interference of the radio transmissions and use ambigu-
ous phrases. another cause was the misunderstandings
between the cockpits and air traffic control: "OK, stand by
for takeoff, I will call you"

17. Challenger Ex- During its 10th launch of the second shuttle to reach
plosion space, on Jan. 28, 1986, the shuttle exploded 73 seconds
after liftoff, killing the seven crewmembers. The disaster
was caused by the failure of an "O-ring" seal in one of the
two solid-fuel rockets. The elastic O-ring did not respond
as expected because of the cold temperature at launch
time, which began a chain of events that resulted in the
massive loss.

18. New Coke Spent over $4 million of research on only to anger cus-
tomers when it was released. In reaction to Pepsi's "Pepsi
Challenge," the greedy executives tweaked the recipe for
the first time in 94 years. It turned out to be a massive

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failure: lifelong fans were suddenly without the product
they had come to know and love. After 74 days, New Coke
was axed and Coca-Cola Classic made its triumphant
return.

19. Ford Pinto Ford launced the program with the aim of producing cars at
no more than 2000 pounds, not a penny over $2000 and a
delivery deadline of just 25 months. It had fuel tank design
problem: the company knew of the potential problem - fire
danger but ignored - putting profits ahead of build quality.
Many cars were recalled and upgraded. There were 27
to 180 deaths as a result of rear-impact-related fuel tank
fires.

20. Samsung Galaxy The first foldable smartphone, a hybrid phone/tablet de-
Fold vice that no one else could produce. After several phones
died in the hands of reviewers, the company was forced to
cancel the launch, and many pre-orders were refunded.
It was caught off-guard by its competition and wanted to
beat everyone else to the foldables market.

21. Google Glasses a voice activated set of glasses that enable the user to
have the ability to access a small computer screen in the
upper right corner of their visual display. Its failure was
due to the designers did not clearly define or validate: the
users' problems, what solutions the product would provide
for its users, or how customers would use the product.

22. Apple Maps Major flaws existed in the details of maps in certain ar-
eas, turn-by-turn navigation gave inaccurate directions to
some, and the overall experience was lackluster com-
pared to Google Maps (which has Network effects: it has
collected information from many individuals across the
world to continually perfect their maps and the complete
user experience). Google Maps is a better, more accurate
service and has a much larger audience.

23. Windows Phone A version of the Windows operating system that runs on
smart phones and other types of mobile computers. Peo-
ple want to buy Android phones as Android controls the
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majority of the global market. Several Microsoft software
releases that failed to compete with Apple and Google's
rapidly maturing Android OS. This Microsoft operating sys-
tem for phones never achieved the features or apps that
Android and iPhone had.

24. Dred Scott v. A decade-long fight for freedom by a black slave named
Sandford (1857) Dred Scott. Scott tried multiple times to purchase his
freedom from his owner, Irene Sanford, but she refused.
The case persisted through several courts and ultimately
reached the U.S. Supreme Court but Scott lost his fight
for freedom again. Scott was emancipated by his owner,
Taylor Blow, just three months after the Supreme Court
denied them their freedom. The court's decision incensed
abolitionists, gave momentum to the anti-slavery move-
ment.

25. Rivonia Trial Trial that took place in South Africa between 1963 and
1964 in which sixteen leaders of the African National
Congress had been arrested and tried for attempting a
revolution by violence. This trial sentenced Nelson Man-
dela to life imprisonment. At the trial, Mandela made the
famous speech: "Why I am prepared to die".

26. Bloodletting The practice began around 3000 years ago with the Egyp-
tians, then continued with the Greeks and Romans, the
Arabs and Asians, then spread through Europe during
the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. It was believed
that existence was represented by the four basic ele-
ments—earth, air, fire, and water— which in humans were
related to the four basic humors: blood, phlegm, black bile,
yellow bile. Being ill meant having an imbalance of the
four humors. Therefore treatment consisted of removing
an amount of the excessive humor by various means.
Methods include venesection, arteriotomy, and scarifica-
tion with cupping and leeches

27. Lobotomy (psy- Portuguese neurosurgeon Egas Moniz developed the

chosurgery) technique in 1935 as a way of treating people with severe
psychiatric illnesses and was awarded the 1949 Nobel
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Prize for medicine. The frontal lobes would be cut away
from the rest of the brain by a simple and quick side-to-side
motion, leaving the person with irreversible and enduring
consequences. Relatives of patients who underwent lobot-
omies are lobbying to revoke a Nobel Prize for Medicine
awarded to the inventor of the procedure.

28. shoe-fitting fluo- Discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895, it was used

roscope as a shoe-fitting aid in shoe stores throughout the Unit-
ed States and Europe. It was marketed as a great new
technology that allowed the store clerk and the parent
to see the fit of a shoe on the ever-growing foot of a
child. The machines were large wooden cabinets with two
or three viewing "scopes". After the atomic bombs were
dropped in Japan, researchers learned more and more
about the harmful effects of radiation exposure, states
instituted regulations on the devices and the amount of
radiation exposure deemed safe for children. By 1970, 33
states had banned the machine.

29. Radioactive Cos- A number of companies put radioactive materials into cos-
metics metics. As the original work on radium was carried out by
the French scientists, Marie and Pierre Curie, it was was
more common in France than elsewhere. England also
had a number of cosmetic companies that used radium.
Some examples of cosmetic companies that used radia-
tive materials in their products are: Radior, Tho-Radia,
Artes, Kemolite

30. insulin shock Discovered by psychiatrist Manfred Sakel of Vienna, it is a

therapy form of psychiatric treatment in which the patient is given
increasingly large doses of insulin, which reduce the sugar
content of the blood and bring on a state of coma. It had its
greatest effectiveness with schizophrenic patients whose
illness had lasted less than two years

31. Cocaine-en- in 1900, it was the drug that could cure anything that ailed
hanced drugs a patient. In 1884 Austrian ophthalmologist Carl Koller
discovered that placing a few drops on a patient's cornea
rendered the eye temporarily immobile and insensitive to
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pain. Eye surgery was suddenly much less risky. Doctors
quickly realized that it was useful for numbing nose, throat,
teeth. With cocaine so readily available at cheap prices,
Americans began getting addicted at an alarming rate,
states and local governments began to crack down on the
substance's unregulated use.

32. False Positives 41.7 percent of HIV-negative people who participated in

and False Nega- clinical trials for HIV vaccines tested positive. Also hap-
tives pened to tests of syphillis, flu, pregnancy and drug addition

33. Obama (com- Referring to working-class voters in old industrial towns

ments on guns decimated by job losses, the presidential candidate said:
and religion) "They get bitter, they cling to guns or religion or antipathy
to people who aren't like them or anti-immigrant senti-
ment or anti-trade sentiment as a way to explain their
frustrations." his rival Hillary Clinton classed the gaffe as
Obama's revealed "elitism".

34. Cheryl Thomas a Liberal Party candidate for Victoria, B.C., has resigned
because of past comments she made on Facebook about
the Muslim and Jewish communities. She referred to
mosques as "brainwashing stations"
and said "the oppressed of the Warsaw ghettos and the
concentration camps have become the oppressors."

35. Australian Prime The new image of the PM with his wife and two children
Minister Scott was meant to be his new official photograph for his person-
Morrison al website. However, his staff, keen to remove the prime
minister's scruffy shoes, photoshopped him with two left
feet.

36. Moon Jae-in South Korean President visited Malaysia and greeted his
audience at an afternoon press conference with Prime
Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad using the phrase "se-
lamat sore", which is more commonly used in Indonesia,
instead correct Malaysian greeting "selamat petang". And
he used that phrase, meaning "good afternoon", at a din-
ner beginning at 8pm — rather than "selamat malam", or
good night.
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37. Pope Francis The pope was making his way to the Nativity scene at the
center of Vatican City. As he walked away from the crowd,
a woman grabbed his hand and yanked him toward her,
video shows. He became visibly upset and began slapping
the woman's hand in an attempt to free himself from her
grip, and he briefly shouted at the woman.

38. Dukakis, Michael He was criticized during the campaign for a perceived
softness on defense issues, particularly the controversial
"Star Wars" program, which he promised to weaken. In
response to this, he orchestrated a photo op in an M1
Abrams tank. The image - along with his decision to wear
a protective helmet - were ridiculed by his rival, Bush, and
the media. The following week, a poll found that 25 percent
of respondents said they were less likely to support him
because of the tank ride.

39. Howard Dean It was one of the very first viral moments in American
(2004 Campaign) politics. Coming just two weeks before Facebook was
created, a year before there was a YouTube and two years
before there was Twitter, it was arguably the first meme in
politics. Speaking to his supporters afterward, he pledged
with a loud, energetic and guttural shout: "And then we're
going to Washington, D.C., to take back the White House.
Yaaaaaaaay."

40. Beto O'Rourke He posted a Story on Instagram, where he has over

(Oversharing) 750,000 followers, in which he interviewed his dental hy-
gienist about her life in El Paso while she cleaned his teeth.

41. Alexandria Oca- the youngest woman to serve in Congress in United States
sio-Cortez (Over- history streams live from her kitchen on Instagram and
sharing) tweets a clapback video, dancing in front of her office.

42. Mars Climate Or- The $125 million satellite was supposed to be the first
biter weather observer on another world. But as it approached
the red planet to slip into a stable orbit Sept. 23, the orbiter
vanished. The problem was in the software controlling the
thrusters. The software calculated the force the thrusters
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needed to exert in pounds of force. A separate piece of
software took in the data assuming it was in the metric
unit: newtons.

43. Ariane 5 On June 4, 1996 an unmanned rocket launched by the

European Space Agency exploded just forty seconds after
its lift-off from Kourou, French Guiana. The rocket was on
its first voyage, after a decade of development costing $7
billion. The cause of the failure was a software error in the
inertial reference system. Specifically a 64 bit floating point
number relating to the horizontal velocity of the rocket with
respect to the platform was converted to a 16 bit signed
integer. The number was larger than 32,767, the largest
integer storeable in a 16 bit signed integer, and thus the
conversion failed.

44. Therac-25 A computer-controlled radiation therapy machine. It was

involved in at least six accidents between 1985 and 1987,
in which patients were given massive overdoses of ra-
diation. Because of race conditions, it sometimes gave
its patients radiation doses that were hundreds of times
greater than normal, resulting in death or serious injury.

45. Boeing 737 Max It began flying commercially in May 2017 but has been
MCAS grounded following two crashes within five months (Lion
Air Flight 610 and Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302). The caus-
es of the two accidents link mainly to the manoeuvring
characteristics augmentation system (MCAS), which was
introduced to the planes to manage changes in behaviour
created by the plane having much larger engines than its
predecessors. The MCAS was designed to prevent stall
(a sudden loss of lift due to the angle of the wing) by
"pushing" the nose down. This meant that the nose was
continually pushed down, making it hard for pilots to keep
altitude or climb. The system was also hard to override. In
both cases, the flight crews were unable to override the
MCAS.

46. Tesla The design of the Autopilot feature contributed to a Janu-

ary 2018 accident in which a Model S sedan smashed into
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the back of a fire truck in Southern Californiathe driver's
inattention and overreliance on Autopilot were probable
causes of the crash. The driver's use of Autopilot was "in
ways inconsistent" with Tesla's guidance. He learned how
to use Autopilot from a Tesla salesperson but did not read
the owner's manual, which tells drivers exactly when and
where they should use Autopilot.

47. MissingNo The early Pokémon releases do contain a number of bugs,

errors and glitches, but arguably the most famous of these
is the appearance of a strange wild Pokémon. Nintendo
have officially described the glitch as a "programming
quirk". The root of the MissingNo. error derives from the
coding used to create the Old Man's Pokéball throw-
ing tutorial. An error in the programming of Cinnabar's
east coast prevents the battle programming from resetting
properly and fails to specify which Pokémon should spawn
in that area.

48. Y2K bug A computer flaw, Millennium Bug that caused problems
when dealing with dates beyond December 31, 1999. The
programming used a two-digit code for the year, leaving
out the "19". As such, computers might not interpret 00 as
2000, but as 1900
Areas most affected are banks, power plants, transporta-
tion.

49. Error fares When an airline or online travel agency (OTA) sells a
ticket for significantly less than they intended. It might be
caused by human error (a fat-finger discount), technology
issues (algorithms), communication problems (e.g. incor-
rect percentage discount), and devaluation of currency
(e.g. Myanmar 2012).

50. Volkswagen The company cheated in emission tests by making its cars
appear far less polluting than they are - affects 11m cars
worldwide. It resulted in $18bn fine, and €6.5bn (£4.7bn)
on fixes and compensation. The company apologied in 30
newspapers, saying "We're working to make things right."
However, it has yet to develop a solution.
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51. Lance Armstrong He wins his record 7th straight Tour de France but eventu-
doping ally stripped of his titles because of his ties to performance
enhancing drugs and blood doping. He admitted to his
doping and dishonesty, saying "I'll spend the rest of my
life trying to earn back trust and apologize to people". He
even made an apology tour.

52. Justin Trudeau: He wore brownface makeup to "Arabian Nights"-themed

Brown Face gala at the private school where he was teaching in 2001.
It was criticised as racist and he had to apologize for that:
"I shouldn't have done that. I should have known better
and I didn't. I'm really sorry."

53. Cho Hyun-ah - The Korean Air heiress lost her temper over the way she
nut rage was served nuts in first class before take-off from New
York. She was sentenced to a year in prison for ordering
the Seoul-bound Korean Air plane back to the gate so she
could have a flight attendant ejected.

54. Segolene Royal Ecology Minister of France said: "We should stop eating
Nutella Nutella... because it's made with palm oil." She claimed it
contributed to deforestation and climate change. She later
had to apologize for her statement because Nuttela's palm
oil is sourced in a responsible way.

55. James Gunn - The writer-director ofGuardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 was
Racist tweets fired because of the past offensive tweets joking about
pedophilia and molestation. He had to apologize for his
posts: "I have regretted them for many years since..."

56. Naspers - Africa's biggest media group apologized for the key role it
Apartheid played during Apartheid. For many years, it helped justify
violence of South Africa's Apartheid government. Howev-
er, the apology failed to mention how the company defend-
ed racial segregation and underreported and distorted
mass killings and political violence.

57. Russia's former top sports chemist who led the sys-
tematic doping schemes of Russian delegation at 2014
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Grigory Rod- Sochi Olympics: "I owe Professor Saugy an apology,"
chenkov - whis- Rodchenkov said. "Much speculation has been reported
tle-blowing that he somehow helped me cover up doping in Russia. I
certainly thought and hoped that he would be helpful to us
— because I lied to him and convinced him that we were
clean."

58. Stephen Harper - Canadian Prime Minister apologized the Sikh community
Komagata Maru for the 1914 Komagata Maru incident when hundreds of
Indians seeking a better life in Canada were turned away
and had to return to Calcutta. There, the Indian Imperial
Police attempted to arrest the group leaders. A riot en-
sued, and they were fired upon by the police, resulting in
the deaths of 20 people. The Sikh community rejected the
apology.

59. University of Wis- The video says "It's welcoming everyone into our home."
consin Virtually every student in the video was white. It caused
a furor, and a reckoning over what it means to be a black
student on campus. An example of Tokenism: the practice
of making only a symbolic effort to do a particular thing
to give the appearance of sexual or racial equality within
a workforce - gives the appearance of equality without
achieving it.

60. Shane Gillis - The public called for the comedian who posted racist
Cancel Culture language clips to lose his new job

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